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    Principles of Veterinary Drug Use: Presented by Audrie Mcnab, Veterinarian

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    Jerome Diplomatic Nugent
    This document provides an overview of veterinary drug use principles presented by Audrie McNab, Veterinarian. It discusses the roles of veterinarians and farmers/owners in prescribing and administering drugs. It explains that drugs are used in animals for relief of pain/suffering, food production gains, and infection control. The document outlines preventative strategies and consideration of other therapeutic options prior to antimicrobial therapy. It also discusses judicious antimicrobial use, extra-label use restrictions, utilizing culture/susceptibility results, minimizing treatment duration/exposure, limiting treatment to ill/at-risk animals, and minimizing environmental contamination.

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    Principles of Veterinary Drug Use: Presented by Audrie Mcnab, Veterinarian

    Uploaded by

    Jerome Diplomatic Nugent
    63 views46 pages
    This document provides an overview of veterinary drug use principles presented by Audrie McNab, Veterinarian. It discusses the roles of veterinarians and farmers/owners in prescribing and administering drugs. It explains that drugs are used in animals for relief of pain/suffering, food production gains, and infection control. The document outlines preventative strategies and consideration of other therapeutic options prior to antimicrobial therapy. It also discusses judicious antimicrobial use, extra-label use restrictions, utilizing culture/susceptibility results, minimizing treatment duration/exposure, limiting treatment to ill/at-risk animals, and minimizing environmental contamination.

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    Lectures 5

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    This document provides an overview of veterinary drug use principles presented by Audrie McNab, Veterinarian. It discusses the roles of veterinarians and farmers/owners in prescribing and administering drugs. It explains that drugs are used in animals for relief of pain/suffering, food production gains, and infection control. The document outlines preventative strategies and consideration of other therapeutic options prior to antimicrobial therapy. It also discusses judicious antimicrobial use, extra-label use restrictions, utilizing culture/susceptibility results, minimizing treatment duration/exposure, limiting treatment to ill/at-risk animals, and minimizing environmental contamination.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    63 views46 pages

    Principles of Veterinary Drug Use: Presented by Audrie Mcnab, Veterinarian

    Uploaded by

    Jerome Diplomatic Nugent
    This document provides an overview of veterinary drug use principles presented by Audrie McNab, Veterinarian. It discusses the roles of veterinarians and farmers/owners in prescribing and administering drugs. It explains that drugs are used in animals for relief of pain/suffering, food production gains, and infection control. The document outlines preventative strategies and consideration of other therapeutic options prior to antimicrobial therapy. It also discusses judicious antimicrobial use, extra-label use restrictions, utilizing culture/susceptibility results, minimizing treatment duration/exposure, limiting treatment to ill/at-risk animals, and minimizing environmental contamination.

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    Principles of Veterinary Drug Use

    Presented by Audrie McNab, Veterinarian

    The veterinary prescription originates with a veterinarian or a farmer/owner decides on a particular treatment. Administration of said drug (s) is again shared by the above two. Your Role as Pharmacist: Formulation and dispensing Proactive role in prophylaxis and treatment of parasitic diseases Advising clients as to what is available for their animals treatment

    Why are drugs used in animals???


    The safeguarding of Animal Health for:
    1. Relief of pain and suffering 2. Gains in food production capacity

    3.

    The control of animal infections

    In Veterinary Medicine, one should employ:


    1. Preventive strategies, such as appropriate husbandry and hygiene, routine health monitoring, and immunization, should be emphasized.
    - establishment of the definitive diagnosis - recognition of the many factors that influence the disease process viz. Genetics Nutrition Housing Management Health

    These principles govern drug use


    2. Other therapeutic options should be considered prior to or in conjunction with antimicrobial therapy.
    e.g. acidification of feed or water, electrolyte therapy, supportive care (e.g., antipyretic therapy).

    3.

    Judicious use of antimicrobials, when under the direction of a veterinarian, should meet all requirements of a veterinarian-client-patient relationship. Antimicrobials represent a powerful therapeutic option.

    These principles govern drug use


    4. Extra-label antimicrobial therapy must be prescribed only in accordance with the veterinarian.
    viz. The following drugs are expressly prohibited for extralabel use in food animals: chloramphenicol, clenbuteral, diethylstilbestrol, dimetridazole, ipronidazole, other nitroimidazoles, furazolidone, nitrofurazone, sulfonamide drugs in lactating dairy cows (except approved use of sulfadimethoxine, sulfabromomethazine, and sulfaethoxypyridazine), fluoroquinolones, glycopeptides (e.g., vancomycin), and phenylbutazone in female dairy cattle 20 months of age or older.

    These principles govern drug use


    5. Utilize culture and susceptibility results to aid in the selection of antimicrobials when clinically relevant.
    Clinical outcomes, history, and experience should also be used in the selection of antimicrobials.

    6. Therapeutic antimicrobial use should be confined to appropriate clinical indications.


    Accuracy in diagnosis is important

    These principles govern drug use


    7. Therapeutic exposure to antimicrobials should be minimized by treating only for as long as needed for the desired clinical response.
    Therapeutic exposure involves both dose and duration. Continued use of antimicrobials in chronic, non-responsive clinical cases should be discouraged. Withdrawal times must always be considered during the selection of antimicrobials.

    These principles govern drug use


    8. Limit therapeutic antimicrobial treatment to ill or at risk animals, treating the fewest animals indicated.
    - Consider group morbidity and mortality rates when deciding whether or not to initiate herd, group, or individual therapy.

    - Consider the herd health history for the therapeutic use of antimicrobials in the control and prevention of disease. - When these factors are appropriately considered, preventative therapy is a judicious use of antimicrobials.

    These principles govern drug use


    9. Minimize environmental contamination with antimicrobials whenever possible.
    Water medicators and feeders need to be properly adjusted to deliver the desired dose and to avoid spillage and waste.

    Glossary of Terms
    Antibiotic -- a chemical substance produced by a
    microorganism which has the capacity, in dilute solutions, to inhibit the growth of or to kill other microorganisms.

    Antimicrobial -- an agent that kills bacteria or


    suppresses their multiplication or growth. This includes antibiotics and synthetic agents. This excludes ionophores and arsenicals.

    Glossary of Terms
    Narrow Spectrum Antimicrobial -- an antimicrobial
    effective against a limited number of bacterial genera; often applied to an antimicrobial active against either Gram-positive or Gram-negative bacteria.

    Broad Spectrum Antimicrobial -- an antimicrobial


    effective against a large number of bacterial genera; generally describes antibiotics effective against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.

    Glossary of Terms
    Antibiotic Resistance -- a property of bacteria that confers
    the capacity to inactivate or exclude antibiotics or a mechanism that blocks the inhibitory or killing effects of antibiotics.
    or of becoming immune, either by conventional vaccination or exposure. of the population or individual animal examination.

    Immunization -- the process of rendering a subject immune Monitoring -- monitoring includes periodic health surveillance Therapeutic -- treatment, control, and prevention of bacterial
    disease.

    Glossary of Terms
    Extralabel -- actual use or intended use of a drug in an
    animal in a manner that is not in accordance with the approved labeling. This includes, but is not limited to, use in species not listed in the labeling, use for indications (disease or other conditions) not listed in the labeling, use at dosage levels, frequencies, or routes of administration other than those stated in the labeling, and deviation from the labeled withdrawal time based on these different uses.

    Withdrawal Period/Time the time which passes


    between the last dose given to the animal and the time when the level of residues in the tissues or products fall below the minimum residue limit (MRL).
    Until this period has elapsed, the animal or its products (milk, eggs, cheese) must not be used for human consumption.

    Glossary of Terms

    Types of Veterinary Medicines


    Prophylactic medicines designed to prevent disease and parasitic infestation and include: a) endoparasiticides b) ectoparasiticides c) endectocides d) vaccines e) antiseptics

    Types of Veterinary Medicines


    Therapeutic medicines these are designed to treat disease and include: a) antibiotics b) hormones c) sedatives d) cardiovascular drugs e) drugs acting on gastrointestinal tract f) immunological products

    Types of veterinary medicines


    Other medicines to help the veterinarian/farmer a) digestive enhancers b) anaesthetics includes painkillers and euthanasia products c) dietary supplements used for treating or prevention of specific dietary deficiencies

    General Characteristics of Veterinary medicines


    Safety for humans Intrinsic toxicity organophosphate products - drug residues e.g. MRSA, VRE Environmental safety faecal residues; waste dips Risk during administration Strict observance of Withdrawal Periods

    General Characteristics of Veterinary medicines


    Safety issues for animals

    Toxicity a number of adverse reactions are possible as a result of a drugs intrinsic toxicity
    a) allergies i.e. nausea, vomiting, urticaria; attentuated and inactivated vaccines may cause a hyposensitivity treatable with adrenaline SQ; ivermectin in dog breeds as the Collie; acepromazine in the Boxer

    General Characteristics of Veterinary medicines


    Safety issues for animals contd. b) Renal changes (aspirin, griseofulvin in dogs) c) CNS effects (glucocorticoids, clindamycin)
    d) Dermatological eczema, alopecia( coal tar shampoos, prednisone e) Ocular a transient blue eye with the use of certain canine vaccines

    General Characteristics of Veterinary medicines


    Safety issues for animals contd.
    Injury from administration method reuse of injection needles (blood-borne transmission/abscessing); local allergic responses to adjuvants/ vehicles; physical and/or infection from incorrect use of intrammary tubes, balling guns and drenching equipment; risk of adverse reactions from topically applied creams and ointments

    General Characteristics of Veterinary medicines


    Convenience of use
    Medicines that come ready for administration are convenient to use and preclude errors. Calculating the dose can be difficult in OTC products esp. when the dose is given w.r.t. weight. Tricky is determining a small/medium/large dog and varies with manufacturer. Refrigerator may be necessary for storage Oral routes preferable to injection route

    General Characteristics of Veterinary medicines


    Convenience of use contd.
    Drugs must be appropriately formulated drugs must be appropriately formulated to ensure ease of administration eg. Topical flea preparations are to be water resistant; coccidiostats for poultry must be water soluble

    General Characteristics of Veterinary medicines


    Palatibility A nightmare for unpalatable medicinal products, hence the flavoured dosage forms of drugs e.g. tuna; pill pockets Administration Route the nature of the animal must be taken into consideration eg fish live in water, thus drug administration must be via water; or intravenous administration is to be considered for a moribund, comatose patient; aerosolization of poultry medication.

    General Characteristics of Veterinary medicines


    Cost
    Economic decisions to cull in farm animals vs. pet owners emotional link.

    Efficacy
    All medicines must do what they clam to do when used as instructed on the label.

    Withdrawal period
    Strict observance of this time period w.r.t. food animal drug use.

    Main Chemical Groups of Veterinary Medicines


    Primary Focus: 1. Parasiticides 2. Antimicrobials 3. Rehydration and electrolyte balance products 4. Antiseptics and disinfectants 5. Vaccines 6. Prebiotics and Probiotics

    ROUTES OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION IN ANIMALS

    Wednesday, October 12, 2011

    Audrie F.E. McNab, Veterinarian

    28

    Cattle: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Am-3L3IVQBs&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JuX5SKXEs4k Horses: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UaSWtafCqAA&NR=1


    Cats: http://www.youtube.com/watch?NR=1&v=3VnLcmZwEag Dogs: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GgAuvoxu5Ic

    Medicating Animals

    Subcutaneous fluid administration http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C843OGxIgJs

    Wednesday, October 12, 2011

    Audrie F.E. McNab, Veterinarian

    29

    Routes of Administration
    Many exist Each has disadvantages and advantages Selection of a particular route depends on:
    patient size temperament disease state unique species characteristics characteristics and commercial formulation of the drug knowledge and expertise of administrator cost of drug

    Routes of Administration

    intravenous

    Routes of Administration

    Subcutaneous Intramuscular, intradermal , intranasal ID

    ID allergy testing & local anaesthetics; SQ vaccine use

    Routes of Administration
    Intratracheal, intraosseous, intraperitoneal Topical opthalmic, aural Oral, Oro-oesophageal, orogastric Naso-oesophageal, nasogastric Transdermal, intrarectal Intramammary Inhalation

    Routes of Administration
    Oral (enteral) administration tablets, capsules, powders, suspensions & solutions

    Parenteral administration IV, IM, IP, SC; epidural, intra-dermal, Topical (Local) application to skin and adnexa / mucous membranes Inhalation (Pulmonary) gases, volatile agents

    Some Advantages /Disadvantages of Routes


    ORAL convenient ease of administration, economical, accurate and uniform dosing, less stress (birds); first-pass metabolism, gag reflexes, restraint necessary, possibility of damage to tissue and administrator PARENTERAL sterility required, less painful (SQ), ease of administration; adverse effects e.g. circulatory collapse, tissue irritation/sloughing/extra-vasation leading to permanent tissue loss and damage, erratic absorption, longer duration of action due to decreased absorption (SQ)

    Routes of Administration
    Some Advantages /Disadvantages of Routes
    TOPICAL easily applied, good for localised treatment and local effects instead of systemic ones; possibility of toxicities INHALATION drug delivered directly to target organ (lungs)

    Drug Action
    Drugs do not induce different actions in the body; they enhance or modify general or specific cellular functions
    Drugs also cause two types of effects: Type A and Type B

    Examples of unique responses


    Species horses Drug Reaction Phenothiazine neuroleptics Permanent penile paralysis Monensin Fatal cardiac failure

    Tetracyclines, macrolides
    Cats Acetaminophen Phenolic compounds

    Fatal colitis
    Fatal centrilobular hepatic necrosis Marked sensitivity

    Examples of unique responses


    Cats Morphine & other opiod analgesics
    aminoglycosides Cattle Xylazine

    excitatory
    Sensitive to neurotoxic effects Extreme sensitivity to depressant effects with copious vols of saliva prodxn. Excitatory, aberrant behaviour

    Morphine

    Type A Effects
    These reflect excess or diminished but predictable, pharmacological actions Are generally dose-dependent
    Rarely lead to death

    Type A Effects
    Causes of these Type A effects are:
    Physiological factors: species, breed, genetics, age, sex, body weight and surface area, diet, nutritional status, temperament, relative activity, circadian rhythms, environmental conditions

    Type A(Pharmacological factors): contd Effects Causes


    Dosage form, generic equivalence Dose rate and delivery route
    Time and frequency of administration

    Direct drug-drug interactions Pharmacokinetic interactions

    Drug-diet interaction

    Type A Effects Causes contd.


    (Pathological states):

    toxaemia and pyrexia shock, electrolyte and acid-base disorders uraemia and renal disease, hepatopathy cardiovascular disease, anaemia, respiratory disorders GI disorders, neurological disturbances and impaired immunocompetence

    Type B Effects
    These lead to aberrant drug effects

    Unrelated to anticipated responses


    Independent of dose used

    Mortality may be high

    Type B Effects Cause and Form


    Genetic differences between animals of same species and breed (Ivermectin and Collies; acepromazine and Boxers) The common form of Type B reaction is Drug allergy or Hypersensitivity (cats and acetaminophen)

    THANK YOU

    Wednesday, October 12, 2011

    Audrie F.E. McNab, Veterinarian

    Audrie F.E. McNab, Veterinarian

    Thursday, November 03, 2011

    46

    46

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