Experiment 01

Aim: To study introduction and overview of cloud computing

Introduction:

Cloud computing has emerged as a transformative technology, revolutionizing the way

businesses and individuals access and manage computing resources. This report aims
to provide a comprehensive overview of cloud computing, exploring its inception,
evolution, key components, and its impact on various industries.

Definition and Concept:

Cloud computing refers to the delivery of computing services, including storage,

processing power, and applications, over the internet. It enables users to access and
use these resources on-demand, without the need for extensive local infrastructure.
The term "cloud" in cloud computing is a metaphor for the internet, symbolizing the
abstraction of complex infrastructure into a simplified, easily accessible service.

History:

Cloud computing has a rich history that extends back to the 1960s, with the initial
concepts of time-sharing becoming popularized via remote job entry (RJE). The "data
center" model, where users submitted jobs to operators to run on mainframes, was
predominantly used during this era. This was a time of exploration and
experimentation with ways to make large-scale computing power available to more
users through time-sharing, optimizing the infrastructure, platform, and applications,
and increasing efficiency for end users.

The use of the "cloud" metaphor to denote virtualized services traces back to 1994,
when it was used by General Magic to describe the universe of "places" that mobile
agents in the Telescript environment could go. This metaphor is credited to David
Hoffman, a General Magic communications employee, based on its long-standing use
in networking and telecom. The expression cloud computing became more widely
known in 1996 when the Compaq Computer Corporation drew up a business plan for
future computing and the Internet. The company's ambition was to supercharge sales
with "cloud computing-enabled applications". The business plan foresaw that online
consumer file storage would most likely be commercially successful. As a result,
Compaq decided to sell server hardware to internet service providers.

In the 2000s, the application of cloud computing began to take shape with the
establishment of Amazon Web Services (AWS) in 2002, which allowed developers to
build applications independently. In 2006 the beta version of Google Docs was
released, Amazon Simple Storage Service, known as Amazon S3, and the Amazon
Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2), in 2008 NASA's development of the first open-source
software for deploying private and hybrid clouds.
The following decade saw the launch of various cloud services. In 2010, Microsoft
launched Microsoft Azure, and Rackspace Hosting and NASA initiated an open-source
cloud-software project, OpenStack. IBM introduced the IBM SmartCloud framework
in 2011, and Oracle announced the Oracle Cloud in 2012. In December 2019, Amazon
launched AWS Outposts, a service that extends AWS

Characteristics of Cloud Computing:

1)Agility: The Cloud Works in a distributed environment.It shares resources among

the user which makes it faster.

2)High availability and reliblity: The availability of servers is high and more reliable
because the chances of infrastructure failure are minimum.

3) High Scalability:Cloud offers "on-demand" provisioning of resources on a large

scale, without having engineers for peak loads.

4) Multi-Sharing With the help of cloud computing, multiple users and applications
can work more efficiently with cost reductions by sharing common infrastructure.

5) Device and Location IndependenceCloud computing enables the users to access

systems using a web browser regardless of their location or what device they use e.g.
PC, mobile phone, etc. As infrastructure is off-site (typically provided by a
third-party) and accessed via the Internet, users can connect from anywhere.

6) MaintenanceMaintenance of cloud computing applications is easier, since they do

not need to be installed on each user's computer and can be accessed from different
places. So, it reduces the cost also.

7) Low CostBy using cloud computing, the cost will be reduced because to take the
services of cloud computing, IT companies need not to set its own infrastructure and
pay-as-per usage of resources

Types of cloud computing

Cloud Computing Models Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

Infrastructure as a Service, sometimes abbreviated as IaaS, contains the basic building

blocks for cloud IT and typically provides access to networking features, computers
(virtual or on dedicated hardware), and data storage space. Infrastructure as a Service
provides you with the highest level of flexibility and management control over your IT
resources and is most similar to existing IT resources that many IT departments and
developers are familiar with today.
 Platform as a Service (PaaS)
Platforms as a service remove the need for organizations to manage the underlying
infrastructure (usually hardware and operating systems) and allow you to focus on the
deployment and management of your applications. This helps you be more efficient as
you don’t need to worry about resource procurement, capacity planning, software
maintenance, patching, or any of the other undifferentiated heavy lifting involved in
running your application.

Software as a Service (SaaS)

Software as a Service provides you with a completed product that is run and managed
by the service provider. In most cases, people referring to Software as a Service are
referring to end-user applications. With a SaaS offering you do not have to think about
how the service is maintained or how the underlying infrastructure is managed; you
only need to think about how you will use that particular piece of software. A common
example of a SaaS application is web-based email where you can send and receive
email without having to manage feature additions to the email product or maintaining
the servers and operating systems that the email program is running on.

Cloud Computing Deployment Models

Cloud

A cloud-based application is fully deployed in the cloud and all parts of the
application run in the cloud. Applications in the cloud have either been created in the
cloud or have been migrated from an existing infrastructure to take advantage of the
benefits of cloud computing. Cloud-based applications can be built on low-level
infrastructure pieces or can use higher level services that provide abstraction from the
management, architecting, and scaling requirements of core infrastructure.

Hybrid

A hybrid deployment is a way to connect infrastructure and applications between

cloud-based resources and existing resources that are not located in the cloud. The
most common method of hybrid deployment is between the cloud and existing
on-premises infrastructure to extend, and grow, an organization's infrastructure into
the cloud while connecting cloud resources to internal systems. For more information
on how AWS can help you with your hybrid deployment, please visit our hybrid page.

On-premises

Deploying resources on-premises, using virtualization and resource management tools,

is sometimes called “private cloud”. On-premises deployment does not provide many
of the benefits of cloud computing but is sometimes sought for its ability to provide
dedicated resources. In most cases this deployment model is the same as legacy IT
infrastructure while using application management and virtualization technologies to
try and increase resource utilization.
Public cloud

1. Public Cloud:

Computing in which a service provider makes all resources public over the internet. It
is connected to the public Internet. Service providers serve resources such as virtual
machines, applications, storage, etc to the general public over the internet. It may be
free of cost or with minimal pay-per-usage. It is available for public display, Google
uses the cloud to run some of its applications like google docs, google drive or
YouTube, etc.
It is the most common way of implementing cloud computing. The external cloud
service provider owns, operates, and delivers it over the public network. It is best for
the companies which need an infrastructure to accommodate a large number of
customers and work on projects which have diverse organizations i.e. research
institutions and NGOs etc.

Public Cloud Advantages:

● Scalability: Public cloud services are designed to be scalable, which means

you can easily add or remove resources as needed.
● Cost-Effective: Public cloud providers typically offer a pay-as-you-go
model, which allows you to only pay for the resources you use, making it
cost-effective.
● Accessibility: Public cloud services are accessible from anywhere with an
internet connection, which makes it easy to access data and applications
from anywhere in the world.
● Reliability: Public cloud providers usually have multiple data centers across
different locations, which ensures high availability and reliability.

Public Cloud Disadvantages:

● Security: Since public cloud services are available to anyone with an internet
connection, there is a risk of unauthorized access or data breaches. ● Control:
Public cloud providers have control over the infrastructure and services, which
means you have limited control over how your data is stored and managed.
● Compliance: Compliance requirements can be a challenge for public cloud
users since they have to comply with the regulations and standards that
apply to the cloud provider.
Private Cloud:

Private cloud computing refers to a model where computing resources are dedicated to
a single organization or entity. Unlike public cloud services, the infrastructure in a
private cloud is not shared with other organizations and is typically hosted either
on-premises or by a third-party service provider.
Advantages of Private Cloud:

● Enhanced Security: With a private cloud, resources are not shared with other
organizations, reducing the risk of unauthorized access or data breaches. This
allows for tighter control over security measures and compliance requirements.
● Greater Control: Organizations have full control over the infrastructure,
allowing them to customize configurations, security policies, and management
practices according to their specific needs and preferences.
● Customization: Private clouds can be tailored to meet the unique requirements of
an organization, including specific performance, compliance, and regulatory
needs.
● Enhanced Performance: Since resources are not shared with other users,
organizations can experience more predictable performance and higher levels
of resource availability.
● Compliance: Private clouds offer greater flexibility in meeting compliance
requirements, as organizations have more control over data governance and
privacy measures.

Disadvantages of Private Cloud:

● Higher Costs: Building and maintaining a private cloud infrastructure can

require significant upfront investment and ongoing operational expenses,
including hardware, software, and personnel costs.
● Limited Scalability: Private clouds may have limited scalability compared to
public cloud services, as resources are dedicated to a single organization and
may not be as easily scalable on-demand.
● Complexity: Managing and maintaining a private cloud infrastructure can be
complex, requiring specialized expertise and resources to ensure optimal
performance and security.
● Reduced Accessibility: Private clouds are typically hosted within an
organization's own data centers or by a third-party provider, which may limit
accessibility compared to public cloud services that are accessible from
anywhere with an internet connection.
● Dependency on Internal Resources: Organizations relying on a private cloud
may face challenges in scaling resources during peak demand periods or in
response to unexpected growth, as they are limited by their own internal
resources and infrastructure.