JOURNAL OF MODERN MANUFACTURING SYSTEMS AND TECHNOLOGY

VOLUME 4, ISSUE 1, PP. 45-51

JOURNAL OF MODERN
MANUFACTURING SYSTEMS
AND TECHNOLOGY
Homepage: http://journal.ump.edu.my/jmmst

FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF THE HEAT

TRANSFER IN A PISTON
A. Muhammad1* and I.H. Shanono2

*Correspondence ABSTRACT
ayshermuhd@gmail.com
1
Faculty of Manufacturing
The gas expansion process that takes place in a piston cylinder assembly have been used
and Mechatronic Technology
Engineering, Universiti in numerous applications. However, the time-dependent process of heat transfer is still not
Malaysia Pahang, 26600,
Pekan, Pahang, Malaysia fully apprehended as the expansion processes are complex and difficult due to the unsteady

2
property of the turbulent flow process. Internal combustion Engines(ICE) designs are
Faculty of Electrical
Engineering, Bayero conducted with the aim of achieving higher efficiency in the thermal characteristics. To
University Kano, Nigeria. optimize these designs, numerical simulations are conducted. However, modelling of the
process in terms of heat transfer and combustion is complex and challenging. For a designer
Articles Info:
Received 15 January 2020 to understand, calculate and quantify the thermal stresses and heat losses at different
Received in revised form 26 sections of the structure, understanding the piston-cylinder wall is needed. This study
February 2020
carried out a numerical simulations based on Finite Element Method (FEM) to investigatethe
Accepted 27 March 2020
Available online 31 March stresses in the piston, and temperature after loading. Appropriate boundary conditions were
2020 set on different surfaces for FE model. The study includes the effects of the thermal
conductivity of the material of piston, cylinder wall, and connecting rod. Results show the
Keywords:
ANSYS; Piston; Transient; maximum Von-misses stress occurs on the piston head with a value of 3486. 1MPa. The
SolidWorks. maximum temperature of the piston head and cylinder wall stands at 68.252 and 42.704
degree Celsius respectively. The heat generated in a piston affects the performance as well
as fatigue strength of an IC engine. Accurate analysis of the fatigue strength can be possible
if the temperature of the piston is determined. The thermal conditions were determined
using FEM and behaviour of the piston was explained to some details with the most critical
areas determined to be at the pin head

INTRODUCTION

Design of heat engines and thermos-fluid tools have increased the demand for understanding of
thermodynamics for the breakthrough of power and green technologies. The process of compression or
expansion of a gas in a piston-cylinder system is typical in numerous applications. Nonetheless, the
irreversible procedure is not well understood [1]-[6]. The process of gas expansion in a piston-cylinder
assembly prevails in lots of applications. The expansion process itself is incredibly intricate. These
expansions are defined by turbulent flow, and the procedure is inherently unstable. The complexity makes
the characterization of the heat transfer challenges, particularly when time-dependent transfer rates
throughout the development are required [7].
For the correct performance of the IC diesel engine, exact piston temperature level circulation was
required since piston temperature level has an essential influence on ignition process of the engine, rate,
ignition time delay, and efficiency. Understanding heat transfer becomes vital in order to comprehend such
systems [8], [9]. Engine components need to be created to hold up against heats, so it works to identify the
temperature level circulation of the liquid exposed surfaces, which is experimentally made complex as well

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 JOURNAL OF MODERN MANUFACTURING SYSTEMS AND TECHNOLOGY
VOLUME 4, ISSUE 1, PP. 45-51

as invasive [10], [11]. It is essential in premixed air-fuel fuel engines to figure out hot areas that might cause
very early ignition and auto-ignition triggering in irregular combustion.
Simulations, on the other hand, provide inexpensive means for calculating the temperature in the
combustion chamber and the heat transfer to the engine wall surfaces. There are nevertheless some
problems that may be encountered, as combustion has to be designed expertly, and the transfer models
from gas to wall needs robust wall designs, which increases the difficulty of this sort of simulations. In the
1980s, this was accomplished with little success because of the inadequate attributes of ceramic insulation
materials used to shield the engine walls [12]. Due to the recent studies in new insulating material, the
technology has boosted because new materials of reduced heat capacity and thermal conductivity are being
proposed [13]. These studies suggest that by finishing the piston surface area, the instantaneous
temperature on it transforms in phase with the gas temperature which further minimises warm losses.
In order to predict discharges at different procedure conditions without needing to spend much,
scientists have tried to simulate the combustion procedure in engines. Due to the complexity of the burning
procedure, several designs have been developed [14]. When emissions are not the focus of a study, it might
not be necessary to model the combustion with high accuracy. It was understood that Internal Combustion
Engine ICE) efficiency as well as gas performance may be improved if heat losses can be decreased [15]
This paper presents the study on a piston-cylinder system in order to understand the
fundamentals of the irreversible process through Finite Element Method in ANSYS software.

METHODOLOGY

2.1 Finite Element Method

Finite Element Analysis (FEA) is one of the most regularly utilised computational method used for
testing and changing layout of structures within specific design restriction. It entails diving into small
sections described as 'elements' with mathematically specified characteristics for static and dynamic
evaluation. With the use of computers, matrix algebra was used to solve complicated structures. The input
data include the design constraints on the meshed structures with physical properties of the material [16]-
[18] Multiphysics, general-purpose finite element analysis software. A series of CAE products were
established by ANSYS Inc, but still, it is best understood for ANSYS Mechanical & ANSYS Multiphysics. The
scholastic variations of these products are described as ANSYS Academic Research, ANSYS Academic
Teaching Advanced, and so on [19].
Sub-dividing a complicated structure into smaller sized elements is the critical suggestion in FEA.
It is one of the practical CAE computational tools as engineering structures can be design based upon the
layout criteria within a short period [20]. Computer-aided design software is used to design structures that
cannot be done manually. It also provides two-way access to computer-aided style software application
Figure 1 below depicts the FEM procedure and steps used to solve engineering problems.

Figure 1 Finite Element Analysis Process flow.

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VOLUME 4, ISSUE 1, PP. 45-51

The geometrical structure of the piston was established based upon the geometry of the actual
design. Figure 2 shows the CAD structure exported into the ANSYS workbench. Due to the complexity of
the structure, meshing sizes were different in particular sections of the structure; an advanced face sizing
of 2mm was used on the cylinder, and piston head whereas the other sections were set to a default
tetrahedron meshing size.

Figure 2 Imported piston-cylinder assembly in ANSYS

After meshing of the structure, the design constraints, a primary step required in an FE analysis
are set in a way that represents the piston-cylinder actual real situation [21]. To determine how the contact
bodies are going to move relative to each other, a no separation contact is used for the connection contact
for frictionless sliding of the faces without separation of the faces in contact. The transient analysis is
carried out in the Mechanical APDL solver to determine the transient response of the piston under the
design constraints. For the contact setting, the ANSYS software automatically recognises the contact area
between the bodies. Using three revolute joint type: (Ground to Crank, crank to Connecting rod and
Connecting rod to the piston), a translational joint type (piston to piston head) and to orient and assemble
the bodies, ground to the body(piston) fixed joint is added as shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3 Joint connection

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RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Failures of engineering structures make analysis to become very significant to ascertain the safety
of the structure because a failure of the whole or part of the structure leads to high risk of life and financial
loss [22]. This section presents the analysis result performed. Figure 4 shows the Von-misses stress
property of the material having maximum and minimum values of 3486.1MPa and 387.34Mpa,
respectively. A value of 1889.1 MPa pressure value was obtained as seen in Figure 5

Figure 4 Von-mises Equivalent stress

Figure 5: Pressure

The Joint Probe in the X, Y and Z plane, as shown in figure 6, displays the resultant reaction force for the
variation to time. The force at Z-axis has a maximum experienced at 5.2 seconds. The resultant force in the
Y-axis remains constant after 1 second throughout the period. While the x-axis takes its peak at
approximately 2.5 seconds with a force value of 1.0246E+5N. Hence, the total resultant force is towards the
x-axis with a slightly higher magnitude than that of the Y-axis.

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Figure 6 Joint Probe

Result of the transient temperature in the cylinder body and piston is displayed in Figure 7. the piston head
as clearly depicted graphically in figure 8 has higher temperature value when compared to the cylinder

Figure 7 cylinder temperature

Figure 8 Piston head temperature

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VOLUME 4, ISSUE 1, PP. 45-51

MAximum temperature[°C]
100
90
80
Temperature[°C]

70
60
50
40 Cylinder
30 Piston
20
10
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Time[s]

Figure 9 Cylinder-piston temperature comparison

Further repeated refinement of the FEA structure into much smaller elements results in the convergence
of the solution to an exact solution of the mathematical problem [23]. In this analysis, the convergence
criteria are based on force. Convergence was obtained for the static analysis solution after a maximum
number of 10 seconds as shown in figure 10

Figure 10 Convergence plot

CONCLUSIONS
In this paper, transient analysis of a piston-cylinder assembly using Finite Element Method (FEM) in ANSYS
workbench is carried out in order to observe its stress and temperature response under the design loading
conditions. The piston assembly structure was designed using SolidWorks software, saved as an IGES file
and then imported into the ANSYS software. From the transient analysis result of the piston, the maximum
Von-misses stress occurs on the piston head with a value of 3486.1MPa. The maximum temperature of the
piston head and cylinder wall stands at 68.252 and 42.704 degree Celsius respectively. The red colour
indicates this at the base-tip of the head while the stress distribution level across the connecting rod two
ends joint appeared to have no overstressed visible region.
This paper provides an introduction to FEM for engineering systems with similar models and gives away
for future research for structural optimisation of the structural design.
In order to accurately determine the thermal conditions of an IC engine, many details are required. A more
comprehensive investigation would certainly be extremely beneficial. As a future recommendation,
combining simulations and experimental could be used to get a more accurate understanding of the thermal
operating conditions of the piston.

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