UNIT I Construction and Operation 1.

CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION

Syllabus
Constructional details of spark ignition (SI) and compression ignition (CI) engines.
Working principles. Two stroke SI and CI engines – construction and working.
Comparison of SI and CI engines and four stroke and two stroke engines. Engine
classification, firing order. Otto, diesel and dual cycles.
PART –A
1. Define mean effective pressure. What is its importance in reciprocating
engines?
(Dec2004) (Dec2007) (Dec2009) (May 2010) (Dec2011) (May 2012)
(Dec2014)
The average pressure inside the cylinder of an IC engine based on the
calculated power output is called mean effective pressure.

2. What do you mean by valve overlapping period? (May 2011)(Dec2014)

3. Draw the actual and theoretical PV diagram of two stroke engines.
(Dec2014)
4. What is the purpose of deflector in two stroke engines?
(Dec2006) (May 2014)
To separate the fresh charge from the spent gas to increase the efficiency.
5. Classify internal combustion engine based on cycle of operations. (May 2014)
6. The compression ratio of diesel engine is 16. If cut-off takes place 8% of stroke
volume, calculate the air standard efficiency of the cycle. (Dec2013)

7. What is firing order? Why is it required? (May 2009) (Dec2011) (Dec2013)

The order in which the engine cylinder are fired for combustion is called firing
order of the engines. It is required to balance the engines.

8. Sketch the dual cycle on P-V and T-S diagram for a dual cycle.
Automotive Engines 1. 2
(Dec 2010)(May 2013)
9. Enumerate the assumption made in Otto cycle.
(Dec2006)(May 2009) (May 2011) (May 2013)
Assumptions made in Otto cycles:
1. The working medium is assumed to be perfect gas
2. There is no change in the mass of the medium.
3. All the processes that constitute the cycle are reversible.
4. It is assumed that there is no heat losses from the system to the
surroundings
5. Some heat is assumed to be rejected to a constant volume low temperature
sink during the cycle.
10. The bore and stroke of a water cooled, vertical, single cylinder, four stroke
diesel engine are 80 mm and 110 mm respectively and the torque is 23.5 Nm.
Calculate the mean effective pressure of the engine. (Dec 2012)

11. What is air standard cycle? Why are such cycles conceived? (Dec 2012)

12. Discuss the relative advantages and disadvantages of internal combustion and
external combustion engines. (May 2012)

13. State the applications of CI engines. (May 2012)

i) Heavy and light commercial and passenger vehicles
ii) Oil engines for irrigation
iii) Stationary power generating applications
iv) Marine applications
14. What is cubic capacity of an engine? (May 2012)
The stroke or swept volume of a engine expressed in cubic centimeter is called
cubic capacity of the engine.

Where

15. The efficiency of an Otto cycle is 60 % and ɣ = 1.5. What is the compression
ratio? (May 2012)
 UNIT I Construction and Operation 1. 3
16. For a given compression ratio, the air standard Diesel cycle is less efficient than
air standard Otto cycle. Explain. (May 2012)

17. What is double overhead camshaft engine? (May 2012)

If two overhead cam shafts are used for opening and closing of inlet and outlet
valves are called double overhead cam shaft engine.
18. Mention any applications of 2S and 4S engines. (Dec 2011)
19. Compare spark ignition and compression ignition engines.
(May 2010) (Dec2011)
S. Spark Ignition engine Compression Ignition engine
No
1. Works an Otto cycle Works on Diesel cycle
2 Range of compression ratios Range of compression ratios
between 6 to 10 between 16 to 20
3 Lighter in weight due to low Heavier in weight due to high peak
peak pressure pressure
4 Low thermal efficiency due to Higher thermal efficiency due to
low compression ratios higher compression ratios

20. In an engine working on an ideal Otto cycle, the temperatures at the beginning
and end of compression are 27 ᴼC and 327 ᴼC respectively. Find the
compression ratio and the air standard efficiency of the engine.
(Dec 2011)

21. What are the functions of camshaft and crankshaft? (Dec2011)

The functions of camshaft:
i) To open and close the inlet and out let valves.
ii) To give drive for engine auxiliary systems
iii) To generate electric power for the engines.
The functions of Crankshaft:
i) To transmit power from engine to the gear box
ii) To give drive to the camshaft and other auxiliary systems
22. Write the difference between Otto and Diesel engines. (Dec2011)
S.No Otto Cycle Diesel Cycle
1 This is called constant volume This is called constant pressure
cycle cycle
2 For the same compression ratio For the same compression ratio and
and heat addition, the efficiency heat addition, the efficiency of
Automotive Engines 1. 4
of Otto cycle is greater than that Diesel cycle is lower than that of
of Diesel cycle Diesel cycle
3 Low peak pressure High peak pressure
4 Applied to SI engines Applied to CI engines

23. How do you compare diesel and petrol engines on compression ratio based?
(May 2011)

24. Which air standard cycle (Otto / Diesel / Dual) is more efficient for the same
heat input? Justify. (May 2011)
25. As a car gets older, will its compression ratio change? How about the mean
effective pressure? [May 2011]
26. Define cut off ratio for a diesel engine. (May 2011)

27. State the merits of a diesel engine over a petrol engine. (May 2011)
28. What is meant by scavenging? (May 2011)
Cleaning of the spent gases from the engine cylinder is called scavenging. It is
important in the case of two stroke SI engines.
29. What is the use of air standard cycle analysis? (Dec2010)
30. Draw the Valve timing diagram for a CI engine (Dec 2010)
31. Draw the cross section of the piston arrangement and mark the important parts.
(May 2010)

32. What is the effect of compression ratio on efficiency of Otto cycle?

(May 2010)
33. Define scavenging efficiency (May 2010)
It is defined as the ratio of amount of charge retained in the cylinder to the
cylinder charge of the engine.

34. What is meant by mean piston speed? (May 2010)

̅
Where
L = Stroke length
N = Rotational speed of the crankshaft in rpm.
8 to 15 m/s is the range of values.
35. Define clearance volume. (May 2010)
 UNIT I Construction and Operation 1. 5
The nominal volume of the combustion chamber above the piston when it is at
the top dead Centre is the clearance volume. It is denoted as Vc and expressed
in cubic centimeter.

36. Compare actual and ideal PV diagram of a four stroke compression ignition
engine. [Dec 2009]
37. A diesel engine has a compression ratio of 20 and cut-off takes place at 5% of
the stroke. Find the air standard efficiency. Assume = 1.4. [May 2009]

38. Define compression ratio. (Dec 2004) (May 2009)

It is the ratio of the total cylinder volume when the piston is at the bottom dead
Centre, VT to the clearance volume.

39. In an Otto cycle, pressure ratio during compression is 11. Calculate the air
standard efficiency. (May 2009)
40. Define volumetric efficiency. (May 2009)
It is defined as the volume flow rate of air into the intake system divided by the
rate at which the volume is displaced by the system.
The average values of SI and CI engines are 80 to 85% and 85 to 90 %
respectively.
41. What is meant by indicator diagram of an engine? What for is it used?
(Dec 2008)
42. Draw the actual valve timing diagram of a 4 stroke S.I Engine and indicate the
salient points. (Dec2008)
43. What is the difference between air- standard and actual cycles? (Dec 2008)
Sl Air standard Cycle Actual Cycle
No
1 Instantaneous combustion Progressive combustion
2 Air is the working medium Air- fuel charge is the working
medium
3 High thermal efficiency Low thermal efficiency
4 No heat transfer between the Heat transfer takes place between
combustion chamber and the the combustion chamber and the
cylinder wall considered cylinder walls
5 Ratio of specific heat is Variable specific heat
considered constant
Automotive Engines 1. 6
44. Compare Otto, diesel and dual cycle for the same compression ratio and with
the same heat rejection. (May 2008)
45. Sketch the PV and TS diagram of a diesel cycle. (Dec 2004) (May 2008)
46. What is the function of the piston rings in I.C engines? (May 2008)
47. What is the function of push rod and rocker arm? (Dec 2007)
48. What is the function of camshaft and crankshaft? (May 2007)
49. Which basic thermodynamic cycle is involved in the practical diesel
engines? (May 2007)
Diesel or dual cycle is used.
50. State the necessity of reed valve in carbureted two stroke engines.
(Dec2006)
The reed valve acts as a one way valve. It will allow the charge during the
upwards moment of the piston due to the suction effect prevailing in the crank
case and will be closed during the downward stroke of the piston due to high
pressure.
51. What are the reasons for early opening and late closing of inlet valves?
(May 2006)
Early opening and late closing of the inlet valve is to admit more charge
thereby to increase the volumetric efficiency of the engines.
52. What is the advantage of double overhead camshaft? (Dec2005)
Two inlet and outlets valves can be used for a single cylinder. This will allow
more charge and increase the volumetric efficiency of the engines.
53. Enumerate the advantages of piston being circular in cross section.
(Dec2005)
To avoid ovality and thereby reducing the blow –by losses.
54. State the parameters to be considered for designing a firing order of multi-
cylinder engines? (Dec 2005)
55. Define delivery ratio and trapping efficiency of a two stroke engine.
(Dec 2004) (May 2005)

56. What are the factors limiting port size? (May 2005)
57. What is the function of reed valve? (May 2005)
58. Draw the Sankey diagram of two stroke engine. (Dec 2004)
PART B
59. A diesel engine has a compression ratio of 20 and cut – off takes place at 5 %
of the stroke. Find the air standard efficiency. Assume γ = 1.4. (May 2014)
 UNIT I Construction and Operation 1. 7
60. Explain the construction and working of crankcase scavenged 2S petrol engine.
State its advantages over 4S engines.
(Dec 2005) (May 2006) (May2011) (May 2014)
61. Derive the expression for the air standard efficiency of Otto cycle. Also
indicate the assumptions made. (Dec 2005)(May 2014)
62. Compare SI and CI engines with respect to

(i) Basic cycle

(ii) Fuel used
(iii) Introduction of fuel
(iv) Ignition
(v) Compression ratio
(vi) Speed
(vii) Efficiency
(viii) Weight.
(May 2010) (Dec 2011) (Dec 2012) (Dec 2013) (May 2014)

63. With neat diagrams, explain the construction and working of four strokes CI
engine. (May 2010) (Dec 2011) (Dec 2012) (Dec 2013) (May 2014)
64. An air standard Diesel cycle has a compression ratio of 18 and heat transferred
to air at constant pressure is equal to 1800 kJ/kg. At the beginning of the
compression stroke, the pressure is 1 bar and temperature is 300 K. Estimate
(i) The pressure and temperature at the cardinal points of the cycle.
(ii) The cycle efficiency and
(iii) The m.e.p of the cycle. (Dec 2013)

65. In an oil engine working on dual cycle, the heat supplied at constant pressure is
twice that of heat supplied at constant volume. The compression and expansion
ratios are8 and 5.3. The pressure and temperature at the beginning of cycle are
0.93 bar 27oC . Find the efficiency of the cycle and mean effective pressure.
Take . (May 2013)
66. Draw and explain the port timing diagram of two stroke cycle diesel engine.
(May 2013)

67. Sketch the PV and TS diagram for a diesel cycle and derive an expression for
the thermal efficiency and mean effective pressure.
Automotive Engines 1. 8

(May 2010) (Dec 2010) (May 2013)

68. A SI engine working on ideal Otto cycle has the compression ratio 6. The initial
temperature and pressure of air are 37ᴼC and 1 bar. The maximum pressure in
the cycle is 30 bar. For unit mass flow, calculate (i) p, V and T at various
salient points of the cycle and (ii) the ratio of heat supplied to the heat rejected.
Assume ɤ = 1.4 and R = 8.314 kJ/kgmol-K. (Dec 2012)
3 3
(Ans: (WOP) 0.889 m ; 0.148 m ; 361.8ᴼC; 1275ᴼC; 483.4ᴼC; 12.3 bar; 30
bar; 2.44 bar; 2.04)
69. An air standard dual cycle has a compression ratio of 18, and compression
begins at 1 bar, 40 ᴼC. The maximum pressure is 85 bar. The heat transferred to
the air at constant pressure is equal to that at constant volume. Estimate:
(i) The pressure and temperature at the cardinal points of the cycle.
(ii) The cycle efficiency
(iii) The mean effective pressure of the cycle.
(Dec 2012)

70. Air standard dual cycle has a compression ratio 9.5:1. The pressure and
temperature at the beginning of compression are 1 bar and 25ºC. The maximum
pressure reached is 38 bar and the maximum temperature is
1300ºC.Determinethe work done per kg of air and cycle efficiency. Take CP =
1.004 kJ/kg-K and CV = 0.717 kJ/kg-K for air. (May 2012)

71. Give a detailed comparison about two stroke and four stroke engines.
(May 2009)(May 2010) (May 2011) (Dec 2011) (May 2012)
72. Sketch the typical valve timing diagram of a high speed 4 stroke petrol engine.
(May 2011)(May 2012)
73. Compare Otto and diesel cycles. Draw p-V and T-S diagrams of both.
(May 2011) (May 2012)
74. In a compression ignition engine, working on a dual combustion cycle, pressure
and temperature at the start of compression are 1 bar and 300 K respectively. At
the end of – compression, pressure reaches 25 bar, 420 kJ of heat is supplied
per kg of air during constant volume heating and pressure becomes 2.8 bar at
the end of isentropic expansion. Estimate the ideal thermal efficiency. Take Cp
= 1 kJ / kg K and Cv = 0.712 kJ / kg K. (May 2012)
 UNIT I Construction and Operation 1. 9
75. An ideal Otto cycle has a compression ratio of 7. At the beginning of the
compression process, p1 = 90 kPa, and T1 = 27°C and V1 = 0.004 m3. The
maximum cycle temperature is 1127°C. For each repetition of the cycle,
calculate heat rejection and net work output. Also calculate the thermal
efficiency and mean effective pressure for this cycle. Use constant specific heat
at room temperature. (May 2012)
76. In an engine working on dual cycle, the temperature and pressure at the
beginning of the cycle are 900 C and 1 bar respectively. The compression ratio
is 9. The maximum pressure is limited to 68 bar and the total heat supplied per
kg of air is 1750 kJ. Determine,
(i) Pressure and temperature at all salient points.
(ii) Air standard efficiency.
(iv) Mean effective pressure.
(Ans: 21.67 bar; 68 bar; 3.81 bar;874.1K; 2742.9 K; 3166 K; 1389.8 K;58.34
%; 11.04 bar)
(Dec 2009) (May 2012)
77. Name the components that constitute an internal combustion engine (Cross
section) with a neat sketch. Briefly explain the functioning of each component.
(Dec 2006) (Dec 2011)

78. A 4S, four cylinder petrol engine of 250 mm bore and 375 mm stroke works on
Otto cycle. The clearance volume is 0.01052 m3. The initial pressure and
temperature are 1bar and 47C. If the maximum pressure is limited to 25 bar,
find the following:
(i) air standard efficiency of the cycle
(ii) mean effective pressure of the cycle.
(Dec 2011)
79. In an air standard dual cycle, the pressure and temperature at the beginning of
compression are 1 bar and 57 ᴼC, respectively. The heat supplied in the cycle is
1250 kJ/kg, two third of this being added at constant volume and rest at
constant at constant pressure. If the compression ratio is 16, determine the
maximum pressure and temperature in the cycle, thermal efficiency and mean
effective pressure.
Automotive Engines 1. 10
(Dec 2011)
(Ans: 106.53 bar; 2545.29 K; 66.59%; 9.67 bar)

80. Explain the construction of four stroke petrol engine with neat sketches.
(Dec 2006) (May 2009) (May 2010) (Dec 2010) (Dec 2011)
81. Give the classification of IC engines. (May 2011)

For air standard Otto cycle, the following data is available:

Compression ratio =9
Heat added / kg = 1200 kJ
Lowest temperature in the cycle = 300 K
Lowest pressure in the cycle = 1 bar
Calculate:
(1) Pressure and temperature at each point in the cycle
(2) Thermal efficiency
(3) Mean effective pressure
Assume CP = 1 kJ/kg-K and CV = 0.714 kJ/kg –K.
(May 2011)
82. The volume ratios of compression and expansion for a diesel as measured from
indicator diagram are 15.1 and 7.2 respectively. The pressure and temperature
at the beginning of the compression are 1.01325 bar and 300 K. Assuming an
ideal engine, determine the mean effective pressure, the ratio of maximum
pressure to mean effective pressure and the cycle efficiency. Also find the fuel
consumption per kW-h if the indicated thermal efficiency is 0.5 of ideal
efficiency, mechanical efficiency is 0.8 and calorific value of diesel is 43
MJ/kg. Assume for air Cp = 1.005 kJ/kg-K and ɣ = 1.4.
(May 2011)

83. Draw the theoretical and actual PV diagram of a four stroke Otto cycle engine
and explain the reasons for the deviations. (May 2008) (May 2011)

84. For air standard diesel cycle, the following data is available.
Compression ratio = 16
Heat added / kg = 2500 kJ/kg
Lowest temperature in the cycle = 300 K
Lowest pressure in the cycle = 1 bar
Calculate:
(1) Pressure and temperature at each point in the cycle
 UNIT I Construction and Operation 1. 11
(2) Thermal efficiency
(3) Mean effective pressure if air flow rate of 0.25 kg /sec.
Assume CP = 1 kJ/kg-K and CV = 0.714 kJ/kg –K.
(May 2011)
85. The compression ratio and expansion ratio of an oil engine working on the dual
cycle are 9 and 5 respectively. The initial pressure and temperature of the air
are 1.01325 bar and 300 K. The heat liberated at constant pressure is twice the
heat liberated at constant volume. The expansion and compression follows the
law pV1.25 = Constant. Determine:
(i) Pressure and temperature at all salient points
(ii) Mean effective pressure of the cycle
(iii) Efficiency of the cycle
(iv) Power of the engine if working cycles per second are 8.
Assume cylinder bore and stroke as 250 mm and 400 mm respectively.
(May 2011)

86. An air standard dual cycle has a compression ratio of 10. The pressure and
temperature at the beginning of compression are 1 bar and 270C. The maximum
pressure reached is 42 bar and the maximum temperature is 15000C. Determine
(i) The temperature at the end of constant volume heat addition.
(ii) Cut-off ratio
(iii) Work done per kg of air
(iv) The cycle efficiency
Assume CP = 1.004 kJ/kg-K and CP = 0.717 kJ/kg-K for air.
(Dec 2010)
87. The mean effective pressure of an ideal diesel engine cycle is 8 bar. If the initial
pressure is 1.03 bar and the compression ratio is 12. Determine the cut-off ratio
and air standard efficiency. Assume ratio of specific heat for air to be 1.4.
(Dec 2010)

88. A six cylinder four stroke petrol engine has a swept volume of 300 cubic cm
per cylinder, a compression ratio of 10 and operates at a speed of 3500 rpm. If
the engine is required to develop an output of 73.5 kW at this speed, calculate
the cycle efficiency, the necessary rate of heat addition, and the mean effective
pressure, maximum temperature of the cycle and efficiency ratio. The pressure
and temperature before isentropic compression are 1.0 bar and 15°C
respectively. Take Cv = 0.72 kJ/kg-K and γ = 1.4.
Automotive Engines 1. 12
[Dec 2010]
89. In a SI engine working on the ideal Otto cycle, the compression ratio is 5.5. The
pressure and temperature at the beginning of the compression are 1 bar and
27ºC respectively. The peak pressure is 30 bars. Determine the pressure and
temperatures at the salient points air –standard efficiency and the mean
effective pressure. Assume the ratio of specific heats to 1.4 for air. (May 2010)

90. An engine working on the Otto cycle uses hexane (C6H14) as fuel. The engine
works on chemically correct air – fuel ratio and the compression ratio is 8.
Pressure and temperature at the beginning of the compression are1 bar and 77ºC
respectively. If the calorific value of the fuel is 43000 kJ/kg and CV = 0.717
kJ/kg-K. Find the maximum temperature and pressure of the cycle. Assume the
compression follows the law pV1.3= constant. (May 2010)

91. Discuss the design performance data of SI engines. (May 2010)

92. Explain the following briefly:
(1) Mean effective pressure
(2) Thermal efficiency
(3) Specific fuel consumption
(4) Fuel – air ratio
(5) Heating value of the fuel. (May 2010)
93. The compression ratio of an air standard Dual cycle is 12 and the
maximum pressure in the cycle is limited to 70 bar. The pressure and
temperature of the cycle at the beginning of compression process are 1 bar
and 300 K. Calculate the thermal efficiency and mean effective pressure.
Assume cylinder bore = 250 mm, stroke length = 300 mm, Cp=1.005 kJ/kg-
K , Cv = 0.718 kJ/kg-K.
(Ans: 61.92%; 9.847 bar)
(May 2010)
94. The minimum pressure and temperature in an Otto cycle is 100 kPa and 27C.
The amount of heat added to the air per cycle is 1500 kJ / kg.
(i) Determine the pressure and temperature at all salient points of the air
standard Otto cycle.
 UNIT I Construction and Operation 1. 13
(ii) Also calculate the specific work and thermal efficiency of the cycle for
a compression ratio of 8:1
Take for air Cv = 0.72 kJ / kg K and  = 1.4
(Dec 2009)
95. A four cylinder four stroke petrol engine is designed to develop 44 kW
indicated power at a speed of 3000 rpm. The compression ratio used is 6. The
law of compression and expansion pV1.3 = constant and heat addition and
rejection takes place at constant volume. The pressure and temperature at the
beginning of compression is 1 bar and 50ºC. The pressure of the cycle is limited
to 30bar. Calculate the diameter and stroke of each cylinder assuming all
cylinders having equal dimensions. Assume diagram factor =0.6 and the ratio of
stroke/bore = 15. (May 2009)

96. A gas engine working on the Otto cycle has a cylinder of diameter 0.2 m and
stroke 0.25 m. The clearance volume is 1570 cc. Find the air standard
efficiency. Assume cp = 1.004 kJ/kg-K and cv = 0.717 kJ/kg K for air.
(May 2009)
97. A four stroke diesel engine runs at 1000 rpm. The bore and stroke of each
cylinder are 100 mm and 160 mm respectively. The cu-off is 6.62 % of the
stroke. Assuming that the initial condition of the air inside the cylinder are 1 bar
and20ºC, mechanical efficiency of 75%, calculate the air standard efficiency
and brake power developed in the engine. (May 2009)

98. Fuel supplied to an SI engine has a calorific value 42,000 kJ/kg. The pressure
in the cylinder at 30% and 70% of the compression stroke are 1.3 bar and 2.6
bar respectively. Assuming that the compression follows the law pV1.3 =
Constant. Find the compression ratio, if the relative efficiency of the engine
compared with the air-standard efficiency is 50%. Calculate the fuel
consumption in kg/kW-hr. [May 2009]
99. In an engine working on the diesel cycle the ratios of the weights of air and fuel
supplied is 50: 1. The temperature of air at the beginning of the compression is
333 K and the compression ratio used is 14: 1. What is the ideal efficiency of
the engine? Calorific value of fuel used is 4200 kJ/kg. Assume cp = 1004
kJ/kg-K and cv = 0.717 kJ/kg-K for air. (May 2009)
Automotive Engines 1. 14
100. The initial parameters at the beginning of the cycle of an internal
combustion engine with isobaric heat supply are 0.1 MPa and 80ºC. The
compression ratio is 16 and the heat supplied is 850 kJ/kg. Calculate the
parameters at the characteristic points of the cycle and the thermal efficiency, if
the working medium is air.
(Dec 2008)
101. Air standard diesel cycle has a compression ratio of 20, and the heat
transferred to the working fluid per cycle is 1800 kJ/kg. At the beginning of the
compression process, the pressure is 0.1 MPa and the temperature is 15ºC.
Determine:
(i) The pressure and temperature at each point of the cycle.
(ii) The thermal efficiency
(iii) The mean effective pressure. (May 2008)

102. Calculate the ideal air standard cycle efficiency based on the Otto cycle for a
petrol engine with a cylinder bore of 50 mm, a stroke of 75 mm and a clearance
volume of 21.3 cm3. [May 2008]
103. What is meant by fuel- air cycle and actual cycle? Draw them for a
diesel engine. Explain the salient features of it with respect to combustion and
performance. (May 2008)
104. Air at 1.01 bar, 200C is admitted into an oil engine, which is working on the
dual combustion cycle. The maximum cycle pressure is 69 bar. The
compression ratio is 18. Assuming that the heat added at constant volume is
equal to the heat added at constant pressure, calculate the following:
(i) Temperature at all salient points
(ii) Total heat supplied
(iii) Heat rejected
(iv) Air standard efficiency. (May 2008)
105. Explain the parameters involved in deciding the firing order of a six cylinder
engine and their significance in the performance of engine. (Dec 2006)
106. An ideal diesel engine operates on 1 kg of air with suction at 1 bar and
37ºC. The pressure at the end of compression is 33 bar and the cut – off takes
place at 6 % of the stroke from the TDC position. Treating the working
substance as air, determine
(i) Compression ratio
 UNIT I Construction and Operation 1. 15
(ii) Percentage clearance
(iii) The heat supplied
(iv) Heat rejected
(v) Thermal efficiency and
(vi) m.e.p (May 2007)

107. An engine working on Otto cycle has a volume of 0.45 m3, pressure 1 bar and
temperature 300C at the beginning of the compression stroke. At the end of the
compression stroke, the pressure is 11 bar and 210 kJ of heat is added at
constant volume. Determine the (i) pressures, temperatures and volumes at
salient points in the cycle. (ii) Efficiency. (May 2007)
108. Compare the air standard, Fuel- air and actual cycles for diesel engines in
detail. (May 2007)
109. Sketch valve timing diagram of a four stroke CI engine and explain its
significance. (May 2006)
110. Briefly discuss the charging process of two stroke engine. (May 2005)
111. Sketch and explain the Shankey diagram of two stroke cycle engine. Define
various scavenging parameters. (May 2005)
112. Discuss the various losses in two stroke engine intake system. (May 2005)
113. Discuss three theoretical scavenging processes. (May 2005)
114. Write short notes on Kadenacy system. (Dec 2004)(May 2005)
115. What do you mean by muffler back pressure? What is its effect? (Dec 2004)