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EST 120
BASIC CIVIL ENGINEERING
Module 3
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Syllabus
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FOUNDATIONS
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FOUNDATIONS

 Foundation is the lowest part of the structure which

transmit the weights of the structure to the ground.

 Usually located below the ground level.

 A foundation is required to distribute the loads of

superstructure equally on a large area.

 FUNCTIONS OF FOUNDATIONS 5

 Distribution of load: It spreads the load coming on it, over a large area at uniform rate, so that

the soil below the foundation will not be overloaded. Load bearing and distribution is one of
the most important functions of a foundation.

 Minimizing unequal settlement: The foundations distribute non-uniform load of the

superstructure evenly on the subsoil hence it minimizes chances of unequal settlement. If

unequal settlement takes place, additional forces develop on the superstructure, resulting in
cracks or collapse of the building.
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 FUNCTIONS OF FOUNDATIONS 6

 Providing stability : The building should not move or overturn under the action of lateral forces.

To provide lateral stability to the structure against various disturbing forces such as wind, rain,
earthquake etc..

 Providing level surface: The foundation provides a level and hard surface to build the plinth and
superstructure.

 Safety against undermining: The foundation provides safety against undermining by floods
or burrowing by animals.

 Prevention of soil movement: It prevents movement of soil under the building due to water flow or
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due to the expansion of soil.
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BEARING CAPACITY OF SOIL

 The soil supporting a building must be strong enough to carry the super imposed load.

 The ability of soil to support the super imposed load without excessive settlement or

failure is called bearing capacity of soil.

 The dimension of foundation, should be such that it can safely transmit the load from

building to the soil with out any failure.

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 CLASSIFICATION OF FOUNDATION 9

Depending upon the depth, foundations can be broadly classified into Shallow and Deep
foundation.

 Shallow Foundation: If the depth of the foundation is less than or equal to the width, then the

foundation is known as shallow foundation.

 Deep foundation: If the depth of foundation is more than its width, it is known as
deep foundation.
DEEP
D FOUNDATION D

11 B
SHALLOW FOUNDATION B
 SHALLOW FOUNDATION

• Shallow foundations support structures at shallow depth below the

ground surface
• The term footing is commonly used for shallow foundations.
 Types of shallow foundation

1. Wall footing

2. Isolated or column footing

3. Combined footing

4. Continuous footing

5. Grillage foundation

6. Raft or mat foundation

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WALL FOOTING

 Footing provided under a wall is known as wall footing

 It may be simple footing or stepped footing.

 Simple footing: For light load, simple footing is provided which is having only one

foundation block. For simple footing, base width is two times the wall thickness.

 Stepped footing: For heavy load ,total width of footing may be very high and this is

attained in three or four steps, is called stepped footing.

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WALL FOOTINGS
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ISOLATED OR COLUMN FOOTING

 Isolated or column footing is used to support isolated columns.

 Column footing may be either stepped or sloped footing.

 Reinforced cement concrete footing is provided when column

should carry heavy load otherwise plain cement concrete is

sufficient.

 Thickness of footing depends upon the load acting on the column.

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 If size of footing is large, we prefer stepped or sloped footing.
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Isolated Reinforced
column footing
 COMBINED FOOTING

 A common footing constructed for two or more columns is known as combined

footing.

 It is provided when isolated footings of individual column overlaps or when external

column is situated near the boundary.

 Combined footing may be rectangular or trapezoidal in plan view.

 Rectangular footing is adopted when load acting on two columns are almost equal.

 Trapezoidal footing is adopted when loads acting on one column is very high.
Combined footing
 CONTINUOUS FOOTING

 If a single RCC slab acts as a foundation of two or more columns, then that

footing is known as continuous footing.

 This type of foundation is used when there are two or more columns in one

row and footings of individual columns overlap.

 It is safe against unequal settlement

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 GRILLAGE FOUNDATION

 Grillage foundation is used to transfer heavy loads from steel columns to soil having low

bearing capacity, or where the depth of foundation is limited to 1 to 1.5m.

 It is constructed with Rolled Steel Joists (RSJ) which are placed in single or double tier.

 In double tier, lower tier must be arranged perpendicular to upper tier.

 On the upper tier, a base plate is provided on which column is resting.

 All these members are embedded in concrete.

 Grillage foundation is useful for structures having very high concentrated load like
A rolled steel joist (RSJ) is a common
factories, town halls, community halls etc. type of beam used for structural steelwork.
Rolled steel joists (RSJ)
Grillage foundation
Grillage foundation
 MAT OR RAFT FOUNDATION

 Mat foundation is also known as flat/raft foundation.

 It is a concrete slab which cover the entire area below the building and support all columns and walls.

 Mat foundation is used in the following situations:

 When the soil is soft clay / made up land with low bearing capacity

 Building loads are very heavy

 When there is chances of unequal settlement or possibility of earthquake.

 When soil is highly compressible, to reduce settlement by equalizing the weight of structure

 When columns are very close.

 STEPPED FOUNDATION

 When the ground is sloping (slope>10°) it is uneconomical to provide the foundation at

the same level. In such cases, a stepped foundation is provided

 Overlap b/w two slabs > depth of concrete slab

 Minimum depth of concrete slab below GL is 80cm

STEPPED FOUNDATION
STEPPED FOUNDATION
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 DEEP FOUNDATIONS

 Foundations whose depth is much more compared to its width are termed as

deep foundations.

 They are used when the hard soil layer is at a great depth from the ground

level.

 Most common type of deep foundation is pile foundation.

 PILE FOUNDATION

 Pile foundation is an example of deep foundation.

 Pile is a long vertical member made of wood,

concrete or steel.

 The pile is either driven into the soil or formed in

situ by cutting a core in the ground and then filling

it with concrete. Insitu: situated in the original, natural, or existing
place or position:
 PILE FOUNDATION
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 Classification of piles according to the 41
materials used
 Timber piles

 Concrete piles

 Steel piles

 Composite piles

 Sand piles

 Concrete piles are again classified into

 (i) Precast concrete piles

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 (ii) Cast in situ concrete piles
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Precast Concrete Piles

 They are cast in a yard, cured and then driven into the ground

 Commonly square in cross section with chamfered corners

 Diameter varies from 25 to 60cm

Cast in Situ Concrete Piles

• They are cast at place where they have function by driving a casing into an
excavated hole and filling up this casing with concrete.

A casting yard is a confined place where all the concrete

structures like segments, I-griders/ beams etc are casted.
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BRICK MASONRY
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INTRODUCTION

 Brick Masonry:
 is the art of building structures

 the systematic arrangement of laying bricks and bonding them with mortar to
form a unified mass, which transmits the superimposed load without failure

 The strength of masonry depends upon the quality of brick and type of mortar
used.
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TERMS USED IN BRICK MASONRY

 HEADER: The end surface of the brick when it is laid flat (9x9cm).

 STRETCHER: The side surface of the brick visible in elevation when brick laid flat is known as
stretcher. (19x9cm).

 COURSE : A complete layer of bricks laid on the same bed. Thickness of one course is
equal to thickness of brick +thickness of mortar joint.

 FROG: Depressions provided in the face of the bricks.

Frogs used to form a key with mortar to prevent sliding of bricks.

 BED: The bottom surface of the brick when laid flat.

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BRICK BATS

 The pieces of bricks, cut long their length and having width
equivalent to that of a full or half brick are called "Brick bats“.
 Some common Brick Bats are shown below
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TERMS USED IN BRICK MASONRY

 Two types of closer

1. Queen closer-half brick cut longitudinally. Generally placed next to first brick in a header
course.

2. King closer-obtained by cutting a triangular portion of brick. A king closer is used near door and
window opening to get satisfactory arrangement of mortar joints.

3. Bevelled closer: obtained by cutting a triangular portion of half width but full length.

4. Mitred closer: obtained by cutting a triangular portion of brick through its width making an
angle of 450 to 600 .
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BONDING IN BRICK WORK

 The overlapping arrangement of bricks in order to tie them together in a mass of brick work is known
as bonding.
 Different conditions for good bond

1. Length of one brick should be = 2 x width of brick + thickness of mortar joint

2. Overlap between two adjacent brick should be greater than or equal to one fourth the length of brick.
3. Vertical joints of alternate layers should not lie along the same vertical line
4. No of brick bats used for construction should be less
5. Bond distributes the superimposed load from an individual brick to an increasing no: of bricks, hence
reducing the tendency for settlement or cracks.
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TYPES OF BRICK BOND

 Stretcher bond  Garden wall bond

 Header bond  Raking bond

 Dutch bond
 English bond
 English cross bond
 Flemish bond
 Facing bond
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STRETCHER BOND

 All bricks are laid with their lengths in the longitudinal direction of the wall. ie, only stretchers are

visible. And hence called stretcher bond.

 It is suitable for half brick thick partition walls

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HEADER BOND

 All bricks are laid as headers towards the face of the wall. ie, only

headers are visible

 It is suitable for one brick thick walls and curved walls.

 Alternate courses are started with two ¾ bats for breaking the
continuity of vertical joints.
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Stretcher Bond

Header Bond
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ENGLISH BOND

 In English bond, alternate courses of headers and

stretchers are laid.

 A queen closer is placed in the header course, after

the first header to break the vertical joints of

successive courses.
 Considered as strongest bond in brick work

 Commonly used bond for the walls of all thickness

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FLEMISH BOND

 In Flemish bond, headers & stretchers are laid in the same course
 If a course starts with header, queen closers are required to break the vertical
joints.
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 Comparison of English and Flemish Bond 63
Sl English Bonds Flemish bond
No.

1 This bond consists of headers and stretchers laid in This bond consists of headers and stretchers laid
alternative courses. alternatively in each course.

2 It is strongest of all the bonds. It is less strong for walls having thickness more
than 13 ½ inches.
3 It provides rough appearance especially for one brick It provides good appearance for all thickness of
thick walls. walls.
4 There are no noticeable continuous vertical joints in There are partly continuous vertical joints in the
the structure built in this bond. structure built in this bond.
5 Much attention is not required in providing this bond. Special attention is required in providing this
bond.
6 Progress of work is more. Progress of work is less.
7 It is costly because the use of brick bats is not It is economical because brick bats are allowed
allowed. for forming this bind.
Bricks that are cut along their length are sometimes referred to as closers, while those cut across their width are referred to as brick bats.
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Random Rubble Masonry

 Uncoursed
 Built into courses
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Uncoursed Random Rubble masonry

 It is the roughest and cheapest form of stone masonry

 Irregular size and shaped stones are used
 These are so arranged that vertical joints are staggered
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Random rubble masonry – Built into courses

 In this type , the masonry is done in a manner that stonework is brought into courses of
thickness varying from 30 to 45 cm.
 All the courses need not be of same height
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Flooring

 Horizontal element which divide building into different levels for the purpose of
creating more accommodation one above other within limited space

 A floor consists of 2 components

1. A sub floor that provides proper support to floor covering and all loads
carried on it

2. A floor covering which provides a smooth, clean, impervious surface

 Floor consists of two components 68

1. Sub floor/base course

 Bottom most portion of a floor
 To impart strength and stability to support the floor covering and all other super
imposed loads.
 Materials:- brick, stone and concrete.

2. Floor covering or flooring

 To provide hard, clean, smooth, impervious, durable surface to the floor.
 Materials: concrete, timber, mosaic, terrazzo, marble.
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Selection of Flooring

 Initial Cost: Cost of both sub floor and floor covering has to be accounted while selection
 Appearance : the floor should provide a good appearance
 Durability : sufficient resistance to wear and tear, chemical action etc
 Cleanliness: Floor should be non absorbent and could be easily cleaned
 Sound Insulation : should neither create nor transmit noise
 Damp Resistance: should be free from dampness
 Thermal Insulation : should maintain temperature inside the building
 Hardness : good resistance to scratches, impressions when used for supporting loads
 Smoothness : smooth and even surface
 Fire Resistance
 Maintenance
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FLOORS

FUNCTIONS:

• Floor divide a building into different levels.

• It is the permanent covering of a rammed earth
• It is a term used to describe any finish material applied over a floor structure to provide
a walking surface.
Depending upon the position, floors can be divided into
o Ground floor
o Basement floor
o Upper-floors
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TYPES OF FLOOR COVERINGS

1. Mud flooring
2. Mosaic flooring
3. Brick flooring
4. Granite flooring
5. Tile flooring
6. Marble flooring
7. Cement concrete flooring
TYPES OF FLOOR COVERINGS
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 MUD FLOORING

• Most economical type of flooring.

• Mud is readily available and the flooring is easy to construct and maintain
 Mosaic Flooring 75
• Mosaic is the art of creating images with an assemblage of small pieces of colored
glass, stone, or other materials.
• It is a technique of decorative art or interior decoration.
• The floor topping consists of mosaic tiles or small regular cubes, square or hexagons,
embedded into a cementing mixture
 BRICK FLOORING

• Brick flooring is advantageous in areas where bricks are available

locally.
• Easy to construct with the help of local mason and are also economical.
• It provides a rough surface.
• It may absorb moisture from the surrounding areas and may cause
dampness in the building.
 GRANITE FLOORING

• Molten rock formed by fluid magma from inside the earth .

• Heat Resistance, Scratch Free surface, Hardness, Low retention of water.
 TILE FLOORING
• These are made from fired clay and finished with a glaze.
• They are hard-wearing, waterproof and fireproof.
• Tiles are available in different patterns, designs and utility options

hard-wearing: lasting for a long time

 Marble Flooring
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 Marbles are metamorphic rocks made by adjustment of limestone or dolomite.

 Durable but lesser than granite.

 Does not get older very easily.

 Inherent design patterns

Inherent : Existing something as permanent

 CEMENT CONCRETE FLOORING

• Cement concrete flooring is one of the most common types of flooring used in both
in residential as well as public buildings owing to its non-absorbent nature.
• It has highly durability, smooth and pleasing in appearance, good wearing
properties, easy maintenance and is economical
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Roofs
 Uppermost part of the building provided as a structural covering, to protect the building from weathering agencies
like sun, wind, snow, rain etc

 Requirements of an ideal roof

1. Should protect building from weathering agencies

2. Should be durable

3. Waterproof with good drainage arrangement

4. Should be fire resistant

5. Should have strength & stability

6. Should have thermal and sound insulation properties

 Roofs 82
• Topmost portion of a building

• To give protection to building from rain, snow, wind, direct sunlight etc.

• Types of roof depending upon the shape and material used.

 Classification of roof based on
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shape
– Pitched / sloped roof

– Flat roof

– Curved roof
1. Pitched roof/sloping roof
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Sloping top surface they are suitable for places where rainfall or snowfall is
heavy.
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2. Flat roof
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Suitable for moderate rainfall

Two way slab: a concrete

slab system in which two
rebars are arranged in two
directions regardless of the
presence or absence of a
beam that transmits a load
to a column'.

The one-way slab is a slab, which is supported by parallel walls or beams, and whose length to breadth ratio is
equal to or greater than two and it bends in only one direction (spanning direction) while it is transferring the loads
to the two supporting walls or beams, because of its geometry.
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3. Curved roof

 Top surface curved in the form of shells and domes.

 Suitable for building to develop architectural effect.
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Steel Roof Trusses

 Roof Truss is a framework, designed to support the roof covering

 Steel Truss is provided when,
1. When large column free area is required
2. Span of roof is more than 10m
3. Height of roof is more
4. Other roofs are uneconomical
5. For speedy construction
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Steel Roof Trusses

 Steel trusses are fabricated using structural steel sections

 Normally angle, channel, plate, T sections are used
 Various configuration can be adopted depending on
requirements
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Roof coverings
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Roof coverings

1. Asbestos Cement Sheet (AC sheets)

 Used for factories, sheds, auditoriums etc
 Asbestos is mixed with cement for manufacture of sheets
Advantages
 Cheap, lightweight, durable
 Water tight, fire resistant, termite resistant
 Available in larger size
 Do not require any protective coatings
 Less maintenance
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Roof coverings

2. Galvanized Iron Sheet (G I sheets)

 Stronger than AC sheet
 Iron sheets are galvanized with zinc to prevent rusting Fig: Galvanized
iron sheet
 Water proof, fire resistant
3. Aluminium Sheets
 Long lasting, economical
 Corrosion Free
 Zero maintenance
 No side effects on human body Fig: Aluminium
sheets
 Light weight
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Roof coverings

4. Fibre Reinforced Polymer sheets (FRP)

 Made with glass or any other fiber in a resin
 Also known as fibre glass sheets
 UV protected, rust proof Fig: FRP sheets
 Durable, lightweight, maintenance free
 Highly flexibile
5. Powder Coated Sheets
 Conventional GI or Aluminium sheets are coated with suitable powder to
enhance its properties
Resins are solid or semisolid, water-insoluble, organic substances with little or no tendency to crystallize.
They are the basic components of plastics and are also used for coatings on paper, particleboard, and other surfaces
that require a decorative, protective, or special-purpose finish. Fig: Powder coated sheets
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6. Roof Tiles
 Made of clay or concrete
 Clay roofing tiles can be : Plain tiles, Pan tiles, Pot tiles, Mangalore tiles, etc
 Plain tiles: rectangular in shape
 Pan Tiles: S shaped tiles
 Pot tiles: semicircular tiles Pan tiles
 Mangalore tiles: used in Kerala and Karnataka where monsoon is intense

Mangalore tiles Pot tiles

Plain tiles
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7. RCC roofs

 One way slab or Two way slab

 Length is more than twice of breadth : one way slab

 Reinforcements are provided in slab accordingly

Elevators, Escalators, and Ramps
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Basic Infrastructure services
 Vertical transportation is an important service to be designed with more care in
multi storied buildings for the circulation of traffic both in normal use and in
emergencies.
 Various measures of vertical transport are

 Staircases

 Elevators or lift

 Escalators

 ramps

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 1. LIFT OR ELEVATOR
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 It is a type of vertical transport equipment that moves people or goods between different
floors of a building
 It consist of a platform powered by electric motors

 It helps quick vertical movement between floors

 Types of lift selected for a building depends on the quantity and quality of service
required
 Quantity of service means passenger handling capacity and quality of service means
waiting time
 Used in high rise buildings, hospitals etc

99  The location of elevators should be such that it can be easily accessed by people.
• Types-Electric traction, Hydraulic
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1.Electric traction type-Used for Tall buildings

2. Hydraulic type-Low rise building (Max-6 floors)
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Types of Lifts
• Passenger lifts

• Hospital lifts

• Goods lifts

• Service Lift

• Fireman’s Lift
2. ESCALATORS
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• Escalators are power driven, inclined and continuous stairway used for raising or
lowering passengers

• Move large people from one floor to another

• Commonly used in Shopping malls, airports, railway stations etc

• Have continuous operations without operators

• Large capacity with low power consumption

• Speed- 0.5 to 0.75 m/s

• Design capacity 3200-6400 persons/ hour

• Used for heavy traffic

3.RAMPS 104
• Slopping surfaces used to provide an easy connections between floors or access
from ground to the floors
• Useful when large number of people/ vehicles have to be moved from floor to floor
• Constructed with a non slippery surface
• Slope of 8° to 10°is usually preferred
• Can be straight, curved, zig zagged or spiral
• Minimum width is 1.2m
• Garages , railway station , stadium , shopping
malls, Hospitals for movement of stretchers
 HVAC 105
‘HVAC’ refers to Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning, which can be used in buildings

to:

 Maintain internal air quality.

 Regulate internal temperatures.

 Regulate internal humidity.

 It is sometimes extended to include refrigeration (HVACR), heating, ventilating, air

conditioning and refrigeration.

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The three main types of HVAC systems available today are:

 Split and Window AC

 Packaged Heating & Air Conditioning System

 Central AC System

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 Air conditioning 107

 It is a heat transforming device

 The main function of an air conditioning system is to produce cool ventilation inside

the building in which the heat is taken out

 The refrigerant inside the air conditioner absorbs the heat from the indoor air and

transforming it to out door in cooling operation.

 It meet the requirements such as comfort and health of occupants, quality

improvement of industrial products, efficient working of equipment etc.

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CLASSIFICATION OF A/C
1. Window A/C
• It implements a complete A/C in a small space
• The units are made small enough to fit into a standard window frame
• It consist of two parts : outdoor unit and indoor unit
• It is built into a wall or window frame with the warm part outside and
cooling part inside
• But there is no separation between two parts, so heat from warmer part
may counter act the cooling of the room .
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2. Split A/C
 In case of large air conditioning application, it is better to use split system

 Here it splits the hot side from cold side of the system

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 Packaged Heating & Air Conditioning System 111
 These units provide an all-in-one benefit in that, they have both heating and cooling

equipment in a single “package”.

 Users can place them in mechanical rooms, on the rooftop or at a grade close to the

conditioning space.

 Unlike in split systems where the cold and hot units are separate, the package AC has

all the components in one unit.

 These elements have a centrifugal fan or blower that helps distribute the air throughout

111 the elements of the structure.

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112
 Central AC systems 113

• Central air conditioning (or central A/C) is a system in which air is cooled at a central
location and distributed to and from rooms by one or more fans and ductwork.

• The work of the air conditioner compressor is what makes the whole process of air
conditioning possible.

113 Ductwork refers to the system of ducts (metal or synthetic tubes) used to transport air from heating, ventilation and air-conditioning
(HVAC) equipment throughout your home.
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PURPOSE OF A/C
 It provide more comfortable environment in office, theatres, conference rooms etc..

 In industries, it provide comfortable working conditions for the workers to increase

productivity

 It helps to increase the comfort of occupants of the residential building

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Mechanical Electrical and Plumbing
(MEP)

 Mechanical systems most commonly relate to heating ventilation and air

conditioning systems (HVAC) and also transportation systems such as
elevators, escalators etc

 Electrical systems includes power supply and distribution, interior and

exterior lighting, telecommunication systems, security systems etc.

 Plumbing refers to system that allows the movement of fluids

 MEP

• Mechanical, Electrical and Plumbing( MEP) refers to the aspects of building

design and construction

• In commercial buildings these elements are often designed by a specialized

engineering firm.

• Its design is important for planning, decision making, performance and cost
estimation, construction of resulting facilities.
GREEN BUILDINGS

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 DEFINITION

• Green building is the practice of creating structures which uses

(a) Less water
(b) Optimizes energy efficiency
(c) Conserves natural resources
(d) Generates less waste
(e) Provides healthier spaces for occupants
Green building is also known as a sustainable or high performance building.
• A green building has four main elements or components on which it is designed:
materials, energy, water and health to make green building more sustainable. 11
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 MATERIALS FOR GREEN BUILDING

• Materials for a green building are obtained from natural, renewable sources that have
been managed and harvested in a sustainable way

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Fig: Parasoleil Recycled Content Panels Fig: Chocolate bamboo

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 Green Building Materials used in 121

Construction

• Earthen Materials
• Polyurethane
• Engineered Wood
• Fiber Glass
• Bamboo
• Cellulose
• Structural insulated panels (SIPs)
• Non- VOC paints
• Insulated Concrete Forms
• Fiber Cement
• Cordwood
• Straw Bale
• Natural Fiber
 1. Earthen Materials

• Earthen materials like adobe and rammed earth are being used for construction
purposes
• For good strength and durability- chopped straw, grass and other fibrous materials etc.
are added to earth.
• Even today, structures built with adobe or cob can be seen in some remote areas.

Adobe is a material used for

building that is made of organic
materials such as earth, clay,
Adobe made
straw, and so on. Structure Cob is a monolithic
structure usually with
Rammed earth: building material rounded walls and 122
made by compacting certain soils reinforced with straw,
 2. Engineered Wood

• Wood is one of the most famous building materials used around the world
• But in the process of conversion of raw timber to wood boards and planks, most
percentage of wood may get wasted
• This wastage can also be used to make structural parts like walls, boards, doors etc. in
the form of engineered wood.

Engineered Wood Board over Solid Wood Board

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 3. Bamboo

• Bamboo is one of the most used multipurpose and durable materials used
in construction.
• These trees grow faster irrespective of climatic conditions. So, it makes it economical
as well.
• They can be used to construct frames or supports, walls, floors etc.
• They provide a good appearance to the structures.

Bamboo Structure
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 4. SIPs

• Structural insulated panels (SIPs) consist of two sheets of oriented strand boards
or flake board with a foam layer between them.
• They are generally available in larger sizes and are used as walls for the structure.
• Because of their large size, they need heavy equipment to install however, they provide
good insulation.

Structural Insulated Panel (SIP)

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 5. Insulated Concrete Forms

• Insulated concrete forms contain two insulation layers with some space in between them.
• This space contains some arrangement for holding reinforcement bars, after placing
reinforcement, concrete is poured into this space.
• They are light in weight, fire resistant, low dense and have good thermal and sound
insulation properties.

Insulated Concrete Forms

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 6. Cordwood

• If wood is abundantly available and easily accessible to the site of construction,

cordwood construction is recommended.
• It requires short and round pieces of wood which are laid one above the other, width wise,
and are bonded together by special mortar mix.
• They are strong, environmental friendly and also give good appearance to the
structure.

Cordwood Wall

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 7. Straw Bale

• Straw bale is another green building material which can be used as framing material for
building because of good insulating properties.
• They can also act as soundproof materials.
• Since air cannot pass through them, straw bales also have some resistance to fire.

Straw Bale Wall

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8. Natural Fiber

• Natural fibers like cotton, wool can also be used as insulation materials.
• Recycled cotton fibers or wool fibers are converted into a batt and installed in
preformed wooden frame sections.

Cotton Insulation

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 9. Polyurethane

• Polyurethane foam is available in the form of spray bottles. They are directly sprayed
onto the surface or wall or to which part insulation is required.
• After spraying it expands and forms a thick layer which hardens later on.
• They offer excellent insulation and prevent leakage of air.

Polyurethane Foam Spray

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 10. Fiberglass

• Fiberglass is also used for insulation purposes in the form of fiberglass batts.
• Even though it contains some toxic binding agents, because of its super
insulation property at low cost, it can be considered as a green building material.

Fibreglass batt

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 11. Cellulose

• Cellulose is a recycled product of paper waste and it is widely used around the world
for insulation purposes in structure.
• It acts as good sound insulator and available for cheap prices in the market.

Installing Cellulose Insulation

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 12. Non-VOC paints

• Non-VOC paint or green paint is recommended over VOC containing paints.

• Presence of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in paint reacts with sunlight and
nitrogen oxide resulting in the formation of ozone which can cause severe health
problems for the occupants.
• If non-VOC paint is not available, then try the paint with very low-VOC content in
it.

Volatile organic compounds are compounds that have

a high vapor pressure and low water solubility. Eg:
benzene, ethylene glycol, formaldehyde, methylene Non-VOC Paint
chloride, tetrachloroethylene, toluene, xylene
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 13. Fiber Cement

• Fiber cement boards are made of cement, sand and wood fibers.
• For exterior siding, fiber cement boards are good choice because of their
cheap price, good durability and good resistance against fire.

Exterior siding means wood panels with a flat surface Exterior Siding with
made of solid wood, hardboard, or waferboard and are
intended for use in commercial or residential construction, Fiber Cement Boards
generally as a covering for an outside wall.

134
 ENERGY SYSTEMS IN GREEN BUILDING

• Passive solar design will dramatically reduce the heating and cooling costs of a building,
due to high levels of insulation and energy-efficient windows.

• Natural daylight design reduces a building’s electricity needs, and improves people’s
health and productivity.

• Green buildings also incorporate energy-efficient lighting, low energy appliances, and
renewable energy technologies such as wind turbines and solar panels.
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136
 i. Passive Solar Design

• Passive solar design uses sunshine to heat, cool and light homes and other
buildings without mechanical or electrical devices.

• It is usually part of the design of the building itself, using certain materials and
placement of windows or skylights.

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 Advantages Of Passive Solar Design
• High energy performance: lower energy bills all year round.

• Investment: independent from future rises in fuel costs, continues to save money long after
initial cost recovery.

• Value: high owner satisfaction, high resale value.

• Attractive living environment: large windows and views, sunny interiors, open floor plans.

• Low Maintenance: durable, reduced operation and repair.

• Unwavering comfort: quiet (no operating noise), warmer in winter, cooler in summer
(even during a power failure).

• Environmentally friendly : clean, renewable energy doesn’t contribute to global warming,

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acid rain or air pollution. 9
 140
ASSIGNMENT

 1. Rainwater Harvesting Techniques for Green Buildings

 2. Environment / health components of green building

 3. Fire safety in buildings

 WATER MANAGEMENT IN GREEN
BUILDING

Rainwater Harvesting in Green Building :

• Minimizing water usage is achieved by rain water harvesting.
• It is the principle of collecting and using rain water from a catchments surface.

Catchment surface: An area from which surface runoff is carried away by a single drainage system. 141
 Rainwater Harvesting Techniques for Green 142
Buildings

• There are two main techniques of rainwater harvestings.

1. Storage of rainwater on surface for future use.

2. Recharge to groundwater

a) Storage of rainwater on surface for future use.

The storage of rainwater on surface is a traditional techniques and structures used were underground tanks,
ponds, check dams, weirs etc.

b) Recharge to groundwater
Groundwater can be artificially recharged by redirecting water across the land surface through canals,
infiltration basins, or ponds
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 Environment / Health Components of
Green Building

• Using non-toxic materials and products will improve indoor air quality, and reduce the rate
of asthma, allergy and sick building syndrome.

• These materials are emission-free, have low or no VOC content, and are moisture resistant to
deter moulds, spores and other microbes.

• Indoor air quality is also addressed through ventilation systems and materials that control
humidity and allow a building to breathe.

• In addition to addressing the above areas, a green building should provide cost savings to
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the builder and occupants. 4
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 FIRE SAFETY IN BUILDINGS 146

• Even in well designed buildings fire may occur due to unexpected reasons
• To protect the life and valuable appliances, sufficient fire fighting arrangements should be
provided in a building.
• It consist of
a) early warning system
b) fire extinguishing systems
 147
FIRE SAFETY IN BUILDINGS

Fire fighting system

 Water, carbon dioxide and foam are used as fire fighters.

 The fire fighting arrangements consist of

1. Fire extinguishers/ fixed fire fighting installations- depending upon the height of building and occupants, fire
protection arrangements should be provided with installation of fire extinguishers, wet risers, down comers, automatic
sprinklers, foam, gaseous or dry powder system as mentioned in NBC.
 148
FIRE SAFETY IN BUILDINGS

2. Water tanks – an alternate source of water supply for fire fighting should be provided on the roof top or
below the ground level. The tank should be able to provide 1000 lit/ minute.
3. Automatic sprinklers – it should be provided in all high altitude building
4.Automatic high velocity water sprayers or emulsifying system- used for providing protection for oil
cooled transformers
5. Fixed foam installations- provided for protection in oil storage areas and where there are chances of
explosion.
6. Carbon dioxide fire extinguisher system- it is used where there is difficulty in fixing water or foam
extinguisher. In such conditions we can use BromoChlorodiFluro methane (BCF) or
BromoChloroTrifluromethane (BTF)
149