Chapter 6

GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF
ISOLATION OF ELEMENTS
OCCURRENCE OF METALS

1. What are ores ? (NEET)

2. Ores are usually contaminated by earthly or undesired materials known as ______ (NEET)
3. Extraction and isolation of metals from ores involve the steps - (3)
4. ____ metal is the most abundant.
5. ____ is the 3rd most abundant element in the earth crust.
6. ___ is the impurity in ruby and ___ is the impurity in sapphire.
7. ___ is the 2nd most abundant metal in earth crust.
8. Bauxite composition is - (JEE 2021)
9. [Al₂(OH)₄Si₂O₅] name - (JEE 2021)
10. Haematite formula - (JEE 2021)
11. Magnetite formula - (NEET) (JEE 2021)
12. FeCO₃ is name - (JEE 2021)
13. Iron pyrites formula -
14. CuFeS₂ name - (NEET) (JEE)
15. CuCO₃.Cu(OH)₂ name - (NEET) (JEE 2021)
16. Copper glance formula -
17. Zinc blende is also called ______ with formula - (JEE 2021)
18. Calamine formula - (JEE 2021)
19. ZnO name -

CONCENTRATION OF ORES
20. Name the 4 methods of conc. of ore -
21. Upward/downward stream of running water is used in hydraulic washing.
22. Magnetic separation is used in case of _____ ores.
23. Froth flotation method is used to remove gangue from ______ ores. (JEE)
24. Ex of collectors - (3)
25. Froth stabilisers ex - (2)
26. What collectors do ?
27. In case of an ore containing ZnS and PbS, the depressant used is ______
28. It prevent ZnS/PbS from coming to the froth but allows ZnS/PbS to come with the froth.
ANSWERS 1
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF ISOLATION OF ELEMENTS 65

29. ______ saw that the Cu bearing compounds were caught in the soapsuds and so they came to the top.
30. ______ is often used if the ore is soluble in some suitable solvent.
31. Impurities present in bauxite are - (3)
32. In leaching, bauxite is treated with conc. solution of _____ at ____-____ K and ___-___ bar pressure.
33. Al₂O₃ + NaOH → (JEE)
34. Na[Al(OH)₄] (aq) + CO₂ (g)→
35. Al₂O₃.xH₂O (s) (on heating at 1470K)→
36. In metallurgy of Au and Ag, the metal is leached with ____ or ____.
37. M + CN⁻ + O₂ →
38. [M(CN)₂] + Zn →
EXTRACTION OF CRUDE METAL FROM CONCENTRATED ORE
39. The isolation of metals from conc. ore involves steps - (2)
40. Conversion to oxide is done by - (2) (JEE 2021)
→
41. Fe₂O₃.xH₂O + Δ
42. ZnCO₃ + Δ →
→
43. CaCO₃.MgCO₃ + Δ
44. In roasting, metal is heated above its melting point. T/F
45. ZnS + O₂ →
46. PbS + O₂ →
47. Cu₂S + O₂ →
48. Copper matte contains ____ and ____
49. FeO + SiO₂ →
50. What is ‘pyrometallurgy’ ?
51. The ΔH and ΔS values for ant chemical rxn remain nearly constant on change in temperature. T/F
52. Arrange the metals (given in ellingham diagram of NCERT) in order of their reducing power. (NEET)
→
53. Fe₃O₄ + CO Fe + CO₂. This rxn takes place at temp. -
54. At 500 - 800 K, the reactions that take place are - (4)
55. At 900 - 1500 K, the reactions that takes place are - (3)
56. Ex of slag is -
57. Pig iron contains ___% impurities. (NEET)
58. Cast iron is made by melting ______ with ______ and _____ using hot air blast. (JEE)
59. Cast iron have ___ % carbon content.
60. Cast iron is hard/soft.
61. Cast iron is brittle/resilient.
ANSWERS 1 ANSWERS 2
66 CHEMHACK

62. _______ is the purest form of commercial iron. (JEE)

63. Wrought iron is also called -
64. Wrought iron is preparation process -
65. The reverberatory furnace forming wrought iron is lined with -
66. ______ is added as a flux in its preparation.
67. ____, ____, ____ are oxidised and passed into the slag.
68. The metals is freed from slang by passing through ______
69. Copper oxide react with _____ or ___ to finally obtain the metal. (NEET)
70. Describe the process of extraction of Cu.
71. The 4 reactions that take place in its furnace are - (NEET)
72. The Cu have blistered appearance due to evolution of - (NEET)
73. The reduction of ZnO is done using _____ (JEE 2021)
74. The temp. in case of Zn is higher than that of Cu. T/F
75. ____ metal is collected by rapid chilling.
ELECTROCHEMICAL PRINCIPLES OF METALLURGY
76. Flux makes the molten mass more conducting. T/F
77. In metallurgy of Al, purified Al₂O₃ is mixed with _____ or _____ which lower M.P and brings conductivity.
(NEET) (JEE 2021)
78. _____ act as cathode and _____ act as anode. (JEE)
79. The process to procure Al through electrolysis is called - (NEET) (JEE 2021)
80. Tell the chemical equation of the Hall-Heroult process.
81. To produce 4 kg of Al, C needed is -
82. Reactions that operate at anode are - (2)
83. Cu is extracted by __________ from low grade ores.
84. Cu is leached out using ____ or ____
85. The solution of Cu²⁺ is treated with _____ or ____ to obtain pure Cu.
86. Electrolysis of molten NaCl produces NaOH and Cl₂. T/F
87. How are Au and Ag extracted ? (NEET) (JEE)
88. ____ act as a reducing agent in the extraction of Au and Ag. (NEET)
REFINING
89. Methods of refining are - (6)
90. Distillation is used for - (2) (JEE 2021)
91. Liquation is used for - (1)
92. In electrolytic refining, impure metal is made to act as cathode/anode.
ANSWERS 2 ANSWERS 3
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF ISOLATION OF ELEMENTS 67
93. Ex of metal which is refined using electrolytic refining - (2) (JEE 2021)
94. Anode mud contains - (6) (JEE)
95. The zone refining method is based on - (NEET)
96. Zone refining method is used for - (5) (JEE 2021)
97. Mond process is used for - (1) (NEET)
98. Ni reacts with _____ to form _____ at ___-___ K.
99. On cooling Ni(CO)₄, it decomposes. T/F
100. Van Arkel Method is used for - (2) (NEET) (JEE 2021)
101. Zr and Ti is reacted with ___ (JEE)
102. The metal iodide decomposes on a ______ filament, electrically heated above _____ K.

USES OF Al, Cu, Zn, Fe

103. Al is used to extract ___ and ___ from their oxides.
104. The fine dust of Al is used in ____ and ____
105. Brass is alloy of - (2) (JEE)
106. Bronze is alloy of - (2) (JEE)
107. Coinage alloy contains - (2)
108. German silver is alloy of - (3) (JEE 2021)
109. _____ is used in galvanising iron.
110. Brass contains ___% Cu and ___% Zn.
111. German silver contain ___% Cu, ___% Zn and ___% Ni.
112. Zinc dust is used as a reducing agent in the manufacture of _____ and ______
113. ______ is the most important form of iron.
114. Cryolite formula is - (JEE)
115. The maximum temperature that can be achieved in blast furnace is - (NEET 2021)
116. Which method can be used to obtain highly pure metal which is liquid at room temperature ? (NEET 2021)

ANSWERS 3
68 CHEMHACK

ANSWERS
OCCURRENCE OF METALS 23. Sulphide ores
1. Viable sources of metal 24. Pine oils, fatty acids and xanthates
2. Gangue 25. Cresols, aniline
3. Extraction and isolation of metals from ores 26. Enhance non-wettability of the mineral particles
involves 27. NaCN
I. Concentration of the ore 28. ZnS, PbS
II. Isolation of the metal from its conc. ore 29. Washerwoman
III. Purification of the metal 30. Leaching
4. Al 31. SiO₂, iron oxides and TiO₂
5. Al 32. NaOH, 473-523 K and 35-36 bar pressure
6. Cr, Co 33. Na[Al(OH)₄]
7. Fe 34. Al₂O₃.xH₂O + NaHCO₃
8. AlOₓ(OH)₃₋₂ₓ 35. Al₂O₃ + x.H₂O
9. Kaolinite 36. NaCN or KCN
10. Fe₂O₃ 37. [M(CN)₂]⁻ + OH⁻
11. Fe₃O₄ 38. [Zn(CN)₄]²⁻ + M
12. Siderite EXTRACTION OF METAL FROM ORE
13. FeS₂ 39. Isolation of metals from conc. ore involves
14. Copper pyrites I. conversion to oxide
15. Malachite II. reduction of the oxide to metal
16. Cu₂S 40. Calcination and Roasting
17. Sphalerite, ZnS 41. Fe₂O₃ + xH₂O
18. ZnCO₃ 42. ZnO + CO₂
19. Zincite 43. CaO + MgO + CO₂
CONCENTRATION OF ORES 44. F
20. Methods of conc. of ore 45. ZnO + SO₂
I. Hydraulic washing 46. PbO + SO₂
II. Magnetic separation 47. Cu₂O + SO₂
III. Froth flotation method 48. Cu₂S and FeS
IV. Leaching 49. FeSiO₃
21. Upward 50. the branch of science and technology concerned
22. Iron with the use of high temperatures to extract and

QUESTIONS 1 QUESTIONS 2
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF ISOLATION OF ELEMENTS 69
purify metals IV. solidified copper obtained
51. T 71. Reactions that take place in the furnace
52. Cu < Fe < Zn < Al < Mg →
2FeS + 3O₂ 2FeO + 2SO₂
53. 500-800 K →
FeO + SiO₂ FeSiO₃
54. At 500 - 800 K →
2Cu₂S + 3O₂ 2Cu₂O + 2SO₂
→
I. Fe₂O₃ + CO 2Fe₃O₄ + CO₂ →
2Cu₂O + Cu₂S 6Cu + SO₂
→
II. Fe₃O₄ + 4CO 3FeO + 4CO₂ 72. SO₂
→
III. Fe₂O₃ + CO 2FeO + CO₂ 73. Coke
→
IV. CaCO₃ CaO + CO₂ 74. T
75. Zn
55. At 900 - 1500 K
→
I. C + CO₂ 2CO ELECTROCHEMICAL PRINCIPLES
→
II. FeO + CO Fe + CO₂ 76. T
→
III. CaO + SiO₂ CaSiO₃ 77. Na₃AlF₆, CaF₂
56. FeSiO₃ 78. Cathode - Steel vessel with lining of C,
57. 4% Anode - Graphite
58. Pig iron with scrap iron and coke 79. Hall-Heroult process
59. 3% →
80. Al₂O₃ + C Al + CO₂
60. Hard 81. 2 kg
61. Brittle →
82. C + O²⁻ CO + 2e⁻
62. Wrought iron →
83. C + 2O²⁻ CO2 + 4e⁻
63. Malleable iron 84. Acid or bacteria
64. It is prepared from cast iron by oxidising impurities 85. Scrap iron or H₂
in a reverberatory furnace 86. F
65. Haematite 87. Extraction Au and Ag
66. Limestone I. Leaching the metal with CN⁻
67. S, Si, P →
4Au(s) + 8CN⁻ (aq) + O₂ (g) 4[Au(CN)₂]⁻(aq)
68. Rollers II. Recovering metal through displacement rxn
69. Cu₂S or C(coke) →
2[Au(CN)₂]⁻ + Zn 2Au + [Zn(CN)₄]²⁻
70. Extraction of Cu 88. Zn
I. Ore heated in reverberatory furnace after REFINING
mixing with SiO₂ 89. Methods of refining
II. Copper matte is produced as FeO slags of as (a) Distillation
FeSiO₃ (b) Liquation
III. Copper matte is charged into silica lined (c) Electrolysis
converter (d) Zone refining
QUESTIONS 2 QUESTIONS 3
70 CHEMHACK

(e) Vapour phase refining USES OF Al, Cu, Zn, Fe

(f) Chromatographic methods 103. Cr & Mn
90. Zn & Hg 104. Paints and lacquers
91. Sn 105. Cu & Zn
92. Anode 106. Cu & Sn
93. Cu, Zn 107. Cu & Ni
94. Antimony, tellurium, silver, gold and platinum 108. Cu, Zn & Ni
95. Greater solubility of the impurity in the molten 109. Zn
state than in the solid 110. 60% Cu, 40% Zn
96. Ge, Si, B, Ga, In 111. Cu - 25-30%, Zn - 25-30%, Ni - 40-50%
97. Ni 112. Dye-stuffs, paints
98. CO, Ni(CO)₄, 330-350 K 113. Cast iron
99. F, on heating it decomposes 114. Na₃AlF₆
100. Zr and Ti 115. Upto 2200 K
101. I₂ 116. Distillation
102. Tungsten, 1800K

QUESTIONS 3 QUESTIONS 4