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BIOTECHNOLOGY: DEFINITIONS, TYPES AND MAIN APPLICATIONS

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BIOTECHNOLOGY:
DEFINITIONS, TYPES AND MAIN APPLICATIONS
Dr. BENTAHAR Soumia* 1, 2 Dr ABADA Rofia 1, 3, Pr YKHLEF Nadia 2

1
Associate professor at Abdelhafid Boussouf University Center, Algeria
2
Laboratory of Genetics, Biochemistry and Plant Biotechnology, MENTOURI brothers
university Constantine I, Algeria
3Laboratory of cities and health, Faculty of Architecture and Urbanisme, University Salah

Boubnider Constantine 3, Algeria.

Corresponding Author* s.bentahar@centre-univ-mila.dz

ABSTRACT

Biotechnology is a multidisciplinary field that utilizes living organisms or their components

to develop products and processes that benefit human society. It draws on a range of
scientific disciplines, including molecular biology, genetics, biochemistry, and engineering,
and has made significant strides in recent years. Biotechnology has had a significant impact
on various aspects of our lives, such as healthcare, agriculture, industry, and the
environment. Its contribution to the development of new drugs, vaccines, and diagnostic tests
has been invaluable, while its role in increasing crop yields and improving nutritional
content has enhanced food security. Moreover, biotechnology has enabled the production of
sustainable and environmentally friendly products and materials. Biotechnology is a
technology of hope, with the potential to improve human health, raise living standards, and
protect our planet.
The aim of this paper is to provide a comprehensive overview of biotechnology, including its
definitions, types, and main applications. The paper will explore the fundamental principles
of biotechnology and the various subfields it encompasses. It will also provide an in-depth
analysis of the most significant applications of biotechnology in healthcare, agriculture,
industry, and the environment. Ultimately, the paper seeks to increase awareness and
understanding of biotechnology and its impact on society, while also highlighting potential
areas for future research and development.

Keywords: Biotechnology, multidisciplinary, applications, biotechnology areas, biotech

advancements.

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1. INTRODUCTION
Biotechnology is multidisciplinary field which has major impact on our lives. The technology
is known since years which involve working with cells or cell-derived molecules for various
applications. It has wide range of uses and is termed “technology of hope” which impact
human health, well being of other life forms and our environment (Gupta et al.2016).
The basic principle of biotechnology is to use living organisms or their components, such as
cells, enzymes, and proteins, to create new products or processes. The techniques and
applications of biotechnology are diverse and have a broad range of applications.
Biotechnology uses science and engineering to process materials with biological agents
(Chekol C. 2018) .Biological agents such as enzymes, plant cells and microorganisms are
used to produce pharmaceuticals, foods and biochemical used for warfare Its application is
held in nanotechnology, cloning, gene therapy, recombinant DNA technology, embryonic
stem cell research, biofuels, biobanks, and in biotechnological industries. Chekol C ( 2018)
emphasizes that Biotechnology and bioindustries are becoming an integral part of the
knowledge-based economy, because they are closely associated with progress in the life
sciences and in applied sciences and technologies linked to them.
In the agricultural sector, biotechnology has helped to increase crop yields and improve
the nutritional content of crops. Biotechnology has also enabled the development of
genetically modified crops that are resistant to pests and can grow in harsh environmental
conditions, such as drought. In addition, Reverse breeding methods are also used to
accelerate breeding and create new cultivars to meet changing climate demands .The
applications of plant biotechnology are responding to the increasing demands for food
security, socio-economic growth, conservation, diversification, and sustainable use of plant
genetic resources as fundamental components of the future agricultural sector (Bentahar S &
Ykhlef N.2023). In industry, biotechnology has led to the development of new products and
materials that are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Biotechnology has enabled the
production of biofuels, bioplastics, and enzymes for use in laundry detergents, among other
things. Moreover, in the field of the environment, biotechnology has the potential to address
some of the most pressing global challenges, such as climate change and pollution.
Biotechnology can be used to create new biodegradable materials, clean up contaminated
sites, and produce sustainable energy sources. Finally, biotechnology is a rapidly evolving
and dynamic field that has the potential to address some of the most pressing challenges
facing society. It has transformed various industries and has led to the development of new
products and processes that have improved human health, increased food security, and
created a more sustainable world.
The purpose of this article is to undertake an in-depth exploration of biotechnology and its
various subfields, with a focus on critically analyzing its most significant applications in
healthcare, agriculture, industry, and the environment. By providing a comprehensive
examination of biotechnology, this study aims to enhance scholarly knowledge and
understanding of its impact on society, while also identifying promising areas for future
research and development.

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2. DEFINITIONS OF BIOTECHNOLOGY

The term “biotechnology” was coined by a Hungarian engineer Karl Ereky, in 1919, to
refer to the science and methods that permit products to be produced from raw materials with
the aid of living organisms. Biotechnology is a diverse field which involves either working
with living cells or using molecules derived from them for applications oriented toward
human welfare using varied types of tools and technologies. It is an amalgamation of
biological science with engineering whereby living organisms or cells or parts are used for
production of products and services (Gupta V et al.2016).

There exist a vast variety of definitions of biotechnology. The definition of the OECD
(Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development) should be given here. It says
that „Biotechnology is interdisciplinary branch of science and technology dealing with
transformation of living and inanimate matter by the use of living organisms, their parts or
products derived from them, as well as creation of models of biological processes in order to
produce knowledge, goods and services.

Three generations of biotechnology have been proposed, beginning with the use of whole
organisms (initially, unknowingly) in fermentation – for example, in brewing. The second
generation exploited greater microbiological understanding and led to development of culture
and extractive techniques in the first half of the twentieth century (e.g., for the production of
antibiotics from fungi). The third generation, dating from the 1970s, is related to the isolation
and application of restriction enzymes and monoclonal antibodies (e.g., recombinant
production of insulin in bacteria, monoclonal drugs from mammalian cell hybridomas)
(M.M. Hopkins et al.2007).

Modern biotechnology is one tool that can help meet the challenge this growth poses and
also contributed to (a) ecofriendly environment (b) safety and health, (c) reduced water
demand in manufacturing processes, (e) reduced industrial waste and (f) aided in pollution
remediation. (Vigneswaran et al. 2014).
In general, biotechnology uses either living material or biological products to create new
products for their use in various pharmaceutical, medical, agricultural, and environmental
applications, with the ultimate goal to benefit humanity, for example, production of
recombinant proteins, resistant crops, vegetables, higher milk producing animals, and the list
is endless. (Verma A et al 2011).

Based on applications, The main subfields of biotechnology are Green biotechnology is

a biotechnology applied to agricultural processes ,Industrial biotechnology (also known as
white biotechnology) is the practice of using cells to generate industrially useful products. It
has been applied in variety of industrial processes in different ways, particularly in the use of
biocatalysts in manufacturing processes. Medical Biotechnology or red biotechnology related
to the involvement of engineering and technology principles to the domain of living or
biological systems. (Gupta V et al. 2016). Blue biotechnology or marine biotechnology
seeks to explore and use marine biodiversity as a source of new products, bioprospecting the

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environment and using molecular biology and microbial ecology in marine organisms to
obtain beneficial advances for humanity (Mayara C et al.2018).

3. HISTORY OF BIOTECHNOLOGY

Biotechnology is a field that has been evolving over the past few decades and is based on the
application of biological processes and systems to create useful products and services. The
term biotechnology was coined in 1919 by the Hungarian engineer, Karl Ereky. However, the
history of biotechnology dates back to ancient times when people used fermentation to
produce food and drink, such as beer, wine, and bread (Bud. 1993; Carol Gigliotti .2009).

In modern times, the development of biotechnology can be traced back to the mid-20th
century when scientists began to use genetic engineering to manipulate organisms at the
molecular level. One of the early breakthroughs was the discovery of the structure of DNA in
1953 by Watson and Crick, which laid the foundation for understanding the genetic code

In the 1970s, the first genetically engineered organism was created by Paul Berg, who
combined DNA from a monkey virus with that of a bacterial virus. This breakthrough led to
the development of recombinant DNA technology, which allows scientists to manipulate
genes and create new organisms with specific traits

Since then, biotechnology has continued to advance rapidly, with new techniques such as
gene editing, synthetic biology, and bioinformatics emerging in recent years. Biotechnology
has had a significant impact on a wide range of fields, including medicine, agriculture,
energy, and the environment.

In summary, here are examples of biotechnologies throughout history according to

(Jain, et al., 2021):

Examples Biotechnologies Throughout History

Agriculture1) -The earliest form of biotechnology was agriculture, where plants were
intentionally cultivated as living organisms for food and other purposes. This
practice allowed early humans to transition from a hunter-gatherer lifestyle
to a more settled, agricultural lifestyle, leading to the development of
civilizations.
2) -Agricultural technology has evolved greatly over time, with crop rotation
being one of the earliest advancements in ancient Greece. Modern
agricultural biotechnology has led to the creation of genetically modified
organisms (GMOs), which are the result of manipulating the DNA of plants
to enhance their desired traits.
Vaccinations -The use of biotechnology in medicine can be traced back to the

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development of vaccination, which involves administering an inactive virus

to a patient, allowing the immune system to learn how to recognize and fight
off the virus in the future.
-In the early 19th century, the first vaccine was developed to protect people
from smallpox, demonstrating the potential of biotechnology to improve
public health.
Fermentation -Fermentation is an early biotechnology that has been utilized for centuries
in the preparation of food and beverages such as bread and beer.
-These processes rely on the use of living organisms, particularly yeast, to
ferment the ingredients and create a desirable end product. The ancient
Chinese (circa 7 BCE) and Egyptians (circa 4 BCE) were among the first to
use fermentation techniques in food preparation.
Animal -Domestication of animals, such as cattle, sheep, and goats, began over
husbandry 10,000 years ago and was one of the earliest forms of biotechnology.
Selective breeding techniques were used to produce animals with desirable
traits, such as increased productivity and better disease resistance.
-In the 20th century, advances in artificial insemination, embryo transfer,
and genetic engineering have allowed for even more precise control over
animal breeding and production.

4. IMPORTANCE OF BIOTECHNOLOGY

Biotechnology is a rapidly growing field of study that has emerged as a key driver of
progress and innovation in various areas, including agriculture, medicine, and environmental
science. Biotechnology involves the application of scientific and engineering principles to
develop new products and processes based on living organisms, their parts, and their
interactions with the environment.

One of the key areas where biotechnology has made a significant impact is in the
development of new medicines and therapies. Nevertheless, the field has developed greatly
over the past century in ways that interfere with the genetic makeup and biomolecular
functions of living organisms. Molecular biology, bionics, chemistry, genomics, genetic
engineering, informatics, and nanotechnology are just a few of the science and technological
disciplines that are used in modern biotechnology (Roque-Borda, 2022). Consequently,
Biotechnology has enabled the creation of new drugs and treatments for a variety of diseases
that were previously untreatable, such as cancer and genetic disorders. Through the use of
biotechnology techniques, scientists are able to develop targeted treatments that can be
tailored to specific patients, leading to more effective outcomes and improved quality of life.

In addition to medicine, biotechnology is also playing a vital role in agriculture, where it

is helping to increase crop yields and improve the nutritional value of food. Through the use
of biotechnology, farmers can grow crops that are resistant to pests and diseases, and that

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require less water and fertilizer. This not only benefits the environment, but also helps to
ensure a reliable and sustainable food supply for an ever-growing global population.

Another important area where biotechnology is making a difference is in environmental

science. Biotechnology is being used to develop new technologies for the production of
renewable energy, such as biofuels, and to clean up contaminated sites. Biotechnology is also
being used to study and protect biodiversity, by enabling scientists to better understand the
genetics and behavior of organisms, and to develop new strategies for conservation. As the
world faces numerous challenges in the coming decades, such as climate change and the
emergence of new diseases, biotechnology is likely to play an increasingly important role in
finding solutions to these problems. Therefore, it is essential for academic researchers and
students to continue to explore and innovate in this field.

5. TYPES OF BIOTECHNOLOGY

Biotechnology is a diverse and rapidly evolving field that encompasses a wide range of
technologies and applications. At its core, biotechnology involves the use of living
organisms, or their components, to develop new products and processes that can benefit
human health, agriculture, the environment, and many other areas. There are several different
types of biotechnology, including medical biotechnology, agricultural biotechnology,
industrial biotechnology, and environmental biotechnology. Medical biotechnology involves
the use of biotechnology to develop new drugs, vaccines, and therapies for the treatment of
diseases. Agricultural biotechnology focuses on developing new technologies for crop
improvement and food production, such as genetically modified crops. Industrial
biotechnology involves the use of biotechnology to develop new products and processes for
industrial applications, such as the production of biofuels. Environmental biotechnology
involves the use of biotechnology to address environmental challenges, such as pollution
control and waste management.

Each type of biotechnology presents unique opportunities and challenges, and

understanding these different types of biotechnology is essential for the development of new
and innovative solutions to complex problems. Although, there are alternative ways to
categorize biotechnology, the most common method is by using a color code. This system
aims to facilitate the recall and organization of the various fields of biotechnology.
Biotechnology encompasses numerous fields, each separated by a specific color that
corresponds to a particular aspect of biotechnology.

As mentioned in Table (1), and based on frequent uses and applications, biotechnology is
divided into sub disciplines that are color-coded .Thus, this color-coded system serves as an
efficient tool for classifying and understanding the different areas of biotechnology
(Kafarski, 2012).

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Table (1): Classification of Biotechnology According to Colors

Color Area of activity

Red Medicine and human health

Green Processes improving agriculture
Blue Marine biotechnology
Yellow Food and nutrition
Grey Environmental biotechnology
Gold Bioinformatics, computer science
Brown Biotechnology of dessert and dry regions
Violet Law, ethics, philosophy
Dark Bioterrorism, biological warfare
White Industrial processes involving microorganisms
1. Green biotechnology: Any biotechnology used in the agricultural industry is referred to as
"green biotechnology." One area of active research within the discipline is the genetic
engineering of pest-resistant plants (in order to reduce the usage of chemical pesticides).
2. White biotechnology: Industrial biotechnology, also referred to as "industrial biotech," is
another name for white biotechnology. Any biotechnology applied to industry is referred to
by this phrase. To produce specialized chemicals or enzymes, for instance, certain firms use
microbes (Riberio, et al., 2015).
3. Blue biotechnology: For a variety of industrial and commercial uses, blue biotechnology
makes use of marine-based organisms. The creation of biofuel from photosynthetic algae is
one instance.
4. Dark Biotechnology: Biological terrorism or biological weapons are examples of dark
biotechnology. Examples include the creation of toxins using microorganisms and the genetic
modification of viruses for use as weapons.
5. Yellow biotechnology: Any biotechnological applications in the food business fall under the
umbrella of yellow biotechnology. It's interesting to note that many of these examples date
back hundreds or even thousands of years, but they are still used today on a larger, more
industrial level. Brewing beer, manufacturing cheese, and baking bread are a few examples.
6. Violet Biotechnology: The legal subset of biotechnology is known as violet biotechnology.
The area focuses on ensuring the safe use of biotechnology as well as patent law and
intellectual property rights.
7. Red biotechnology: Any biotechnology employed in medicine or pharmaceuticals is referred
to as red biotechnology. One well-known use of red biotechnology is the synthesis of
antibiotics from different mold species (or other microbes) (Mayara, et al.2018).
8. Brown biotechnology: This term describes biotechnology applications, such as the
development of drought-resistant crops, in arid, drought-stricken areas.
9. Bioinformatics: It is also referred to as "computational biology" and "gold biotechnology."
In a nutshell, bioinformatics uses computer methods to look for answers to biological
problems.

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10. Gray biotechnology: Any biotechnology utilized for environmental goals is referred to as
"gray biotechnology." The practice of "bioremediation," which uses anaerobic bacteria to
break down and remove harmful contaminants, is one typical example (Mayara, et al.2018).

6. MAIN APPLICATIONS OF BIOTECHNOLOGY

6.1 APPLICATIONS IN MEDICINE

Biotechnology has become an essential tool in the field of medicine and has led to significant
advancements in healthcare. Here are some potential topics for a scientific paper on the
application of biotechnology in medicine:

➢ Gene Therapy: Gene therapy is a technique that involves the insertion of genes into cells to
treat or prevent disease. This can be achieved using a variety of methods, including viral
vectors or non-viral methods such as electroporation. Some of the diseases that have been
targeted using gene therapy include cystic fibrosis, muscular dystrophy, and some types of
cancer. (Ginn, S et al. 2018) and (Raper, S et al.2019).
➢ Recombinant Protein Production: Biotechnology has enabled the large-scale production of
recombinant proteins, which can be used as therapeutics. Recombinant proteins are produced
by genetically modifying bacteria, yeast, or mammalian cells to express a specific protein.
Examples of recombinant protein-based therapeutics include insulin for diabetes, growth
hormone for growth disorders, and clotting factors for hemophilia. (Walsh, G 2018) ;
(Langer, E. S., et al. 2018 ).
➢ Genome Editing: The ability to manipulate the genetic code has revolutionized medicine.
Genome editing techniques such as CRISPR-Cas9 can be used to modify genes in cells or
organisms, with potential applications in treating genetic disorders, cancer, and infectious
diseases. (Zhang, Yet al 2018 ; Slaymaker et al. 2019).
➢ Personalized Medicine: Advances in biotechnology have paved the way for personalized
medicine, which tailors treatment to an individual's unique genetic makeup. This can be
achieved using techniques such as genetic testing and pharmacogenomics, which involves
studying how an individual's genes affect their response to drugs.( Hasin, Y.et al.2017;
Delaney, S. K., & Haas, M. J. 2019).
➢ Stem Cell Therapy: Stem cells have the potential to develop into any type of cell in the
body, making them a valuable tool for treating diseases and injuries. Biotechnology has
enabled the large-scale production of stem cells, as well as the ability to manipulate their
properties for specific applications (Trounson, A., & McDonald, C. 2015; Baghbaderani et
al.2018).

6.2 APPLICATIONS IN AGRICULTURE

Biotechnology has had a significant impact on agriculture, with a range of applications that
have led to improvements in crop yields, disease resistance, and more sustainable farming
practices. According to many researchers here are some of the main applications in the
agricultural sector:

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➢ Genetically modified crops: Genetically modified crops are plants that have been
engineered to possess specific traits, such as resistance to pests, diseases, or herbicides. This
technology has been widely adopted by farmers worldwide, and has been shown to have
significant economic and environmental benefits. Some studies have found that GM crops
can increase crop yields by up to 25%, reduce pesticide use by up to 37%, and decrease
greenhouse gas emissions by up to 22% (Klümper, W., & Qaim, M. 2014).
➢ Molecular breeding: Molecular breeding involves using molecular markers to select for
desirable traits in plants, such as disease resistance or drought tolerance. This technology has
enabled breeders to develop new crop varieties more efficiently, with higher precision and
greater speed ( Gupta, P et al.2005; Varshney, et al.2019).
➢ Precision agriculture: Precision agriculture involves using technologies such as GPS,
sensors, and drones to monitor crop growth and optimize farming practices. This approach
can lead to more efficient use of resources such as water and fertilizers, as well as higher
yields and improved soil health (Mueller, et al.2019 and Valdivia et al.2020).
➢ Plant biotechnology for stress tolerance: Plant biotechnology can be used to develop crops
that are more resistant to abiotic stresses such as drought, heat, and salinity. This can lead to
improved crop yields in areas that are affected by these stressors ( Hasanuzzaman et al.2013
).
➢ The use of microbial inoculants: Microbial inoculants are living microorganisms that are
added to soil or seeds to enhance plant growth and health. These microorganisms can
promote nutrient uptake, increase resistance to diseases and pests, and improve soil fertility (
Compant et al.2020 and Gouda, et al 2018).

6.3 BIOTECHNOLOGY APPLICATIONS FOR ENVIRONMENT SOLUTIONS

Biotechnology applications have significant potential for addressing environmental
challenges by providing innovative and sustainable solutions for various sectors such as
agriculture, industry, and waste management.
➢ Bioremediation: is a process that uses living organisms to clean up environmental pollution.
It is a sustainable and cost-effective approach that can be customized to treat specific
contaminants in a given environment. Bioremediation can be carried out in situ, reducing the
cost and environmental impact associated with the transportation of hazardous waste.
Overall, bioremediation is an important tool of environmental biotechnology that has the
potential to be used on a large scale to address a wide range of environmental problems (Das,
N., & Chandran, P. 2011 and Glick, B. R. (2010) ; Singh, A et al.2005; Zaidi, S et
al.2006).
➢ Phytoremediation : is an environmentally friendly and sustainable biotechnology tool that
uses plants to remove, degrade, or immobilize pollutants from contaminated soil, water, or air
It can be used for the treatment of various contaminants such as heavy metals, organic
pollutants, pesticides, and explosives. The process involves the use of specific plant species
that can tolerate high levels of contaminants and accumulate them in their tissues. The
contaminants can then be removed by harvesting the plants or allowing them to degrade the
contaminants naturally. (Shahid et al.2017; Pandey, V., & Srivastava, P. 2017 and Baker,
A. J. M., & Reeves, R. D. 2018).

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➢ Biogas production: Biogas technology is an important tool of biotechnology because it can

help to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, generate renewable energy, and provide economic
benefits to farmers and other stakeholders. Biogas is produced through a process called
anaerobic digestion, which involves the breakdown of organic matter by bacteria in the
absence of oxygen. The end product of this process is a gas mixture containing methane,
carbon dioxide, and other gases, which can be used as fuel for electricity generation, heating,
and cooking. Biogas technology has several advantages over other renewable energy sources,
including its ability to utilize various types of organic waste, its potential to reduce
greenhouse gas emissions, and its ability to provide a reliable source of energy in rural areas
(Demirbas.2010 ; Fernández-López, M., & Pérez, M. 2016) and Khan et al.2019).
6.4. OTHER APPLICATIONS
Biotechnology is a rapidly advancing field with applications that extend beyond its traditional
domains of environment, medicine, and agriculture. One such application is industrial
biotechnology, which utilizes enzymes, microorganisms, and other biological agents to
produce chemicals, fuels, and materials in a more sustainable and efficient manner (Kumar,
A., & Sharma, S. 2017).
Biotechnology can also be used to enhance food production and quality, such as the
development of genetically modified crops, and to improve food processing and preservation
(Ramessar, K et al.2008). In addition, biotechnology can help address energy challenges by
developing renewable sources of energy, such as biofuels and biogas, which can reduce
dependence on fossil fuels and mitigate climate change (Peralta-Yahya et al.2012).
Biotechnology can also be applied in forensic science to identify individuals through DNA
analysis and to detect and analyze biological evidence (Butler, J. M. 2006).
Finally, the combination of biotechnology with nanotechnology has led to the development
of novel materials and devices with unique properties and functions, such as drug delivery
systems and biosensors (Zhang, Y., & Wang, Z. 2019). These applications demonstrate the
wide range of potential uses for biotechnology in various fields, and highlight the importance
of continued research and innovation in this area.
CONCLUSION AND PROSPECTS
Biotechnology has had a remarkable impact on human life by revolutionizing healthcare,
agriculture, industry, and environmental management. However, the future prospects of
biotechnology are even more promising. The integration of biotechnology and information
technology is driving the development of personalized medicine, where treatments are
tailored to the individual patient's genetic makeup, leading to better health outcomes. Gene
editing and synthetic biology advancements offer the potential to create novel and more
effective therapies for diseases, while also improving crop yields and sustainability.
Furthermore, biotechnology has the potential to contribute to the development of sustainable
biofuels, bioplastics, and other renewable resources, reducing reliance on fossil fuels and
mitigating environmental pollution. The continued growth and development of
biotechnology hold great promise for solving some of the most pressing challenges facing
humanity in the 21st century. From developing innovative diagnostic tools and therapies for
diseases to optimizing agricultural productivity and sustainability, biotechnology will play a
vital role in shaping the future of our planet. The potential for further advancements is

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significant, and the continued development of biotechnology could hold the key to improving
the quality of life for people around the world.

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