I

ntroduct i
on
Exami nati
onTi psandNot es
FoodTest s
 Iodi net estforSt archi nfoodsampl es
 Test i
ngf orst archinl eaves-var
iegat
edandnonv ar
iegat
ed
 Benedi ct’
st estf orReduci ngSugar
 Benedi ct’
st estf orNonReduci ngSugar
 Bi urettestf orPr oteins
 Emul siont estforLi pids
 Gr easeSpott estforLi pids
 Bi ological enzymes
SpecimenDr awing
 Speci menDr awi ng
 Di agram Label i
ng
 Cal culat i
onsofMagni ficati
on
Pastexami nat i
onpaper s
 2002/ 2003/ 2004exami nati
onquest i
onsandanswerswitht
ipsonwr
onganswer
s.
 Mor eGener alComment s

©2014wear
ebutonl
yfaci
l
itat
orsi
nyoureducat
ion 1
 Resear
chedandCompi
l
edBy
:©Si
tengeD.
S.

1.
0INTRODUCTI
ON
Bi
ologypaper3f
inalexami
nat
ioni
smadeupoft
woquest
ions.Eachoft
hequest
ions
car
ri
est
went
y(20)mar
ks.
Onequest
i sal
oni way
sonf
oodt
est
s.One,t
woort
hreef
oodt
est
smaycomei
nthe
exami
nat
ion.Thesequest
ionscanei
therbeonst
arch,
reduci
ngsugar
,nonr
educi
ngsugar
,
pr
otei
nsorl
i
pids(
notnecessar
il
yfat
s-Ihopet
hecandi
dat
eknowst
hedi
ff
erence!
).
What
evert
hecase,t
hecandi
dat
eisadv
isedt
ounder
standwhatt
hequest
ionr
equi
res
t
hem t
odobef
oreembar
kingont
het
est
.Fort
heseexami
nat
ions,onl
ytheexami
ner
s
knowwhati
scont
ainedi
nthepr
ovi
dedexami
nat
ionmat
eri
alsorsampl
esandt
hest
udent
mustcar
ryoutt
het
estspeci
fi
edbyt
hequest
ionorpar
tquest
ioni
nor
dert
ofi
ndoutwhat
f
oodnut
ri
enti
scont
ainedi
nthesampl
e.Nev
erwr
it
ewhaty
our
eadori
sitmemor
ized
wi
thoutdoi
ngt
het
est
!
Theot
herquest
ioni
ntheexami
nat
ionnor
mal
l
ydeal
swi
thspeci
mensofpl
ant
ssuchas
f
rui
ts,f
lower
s,st
ems,l
eav
esorev
enani
mal
sandani
malpar
ts.Thest
udentcanbeasked
t
odi
ssectt
hespeci
men/
sandl
aterdr
awspeci
fi
edcr
osssect
ionalorl
ongi
tudi
nalpar
tsof
t
hespeci
men.Dr
awi
ngi
sal
mostal
way
sincl
udedi
nsuchquest
ionsandi
nsuchcases,
cal
cul
ati
onoft
hemagni
fi
cat
ionoft
hedr
awi
ngt
henf
oll
ows.St
udent
sther
efor
emust
dev
elopt
heski
l
lsofdr
awi
ng,l
abel
i
ngandcal
cul
ati
onofmagni
fi
cat
ionoft
hedr
awi
ngs.I
n
addi
ti
on,st
udent
sar
enat
ural
l
yexpect
edt
oful
l
yunder
standbasi
cpr
ocessest
hatt
ake
pl
acei
nli
vi
ngor
gani
smsandal
sot
hef
unct
ionsoft
hecel
l
s,t
issues,
organs,
andsy
stems
ofl
i
vingor
gani
smsasquest
ionsonsuchar
eoff
requentoccur
rence.Ther
eisal
sogr
eat
needf
orst
udent
stobeabl
etoappl
ythei
rBi
ologyknowl
edgeasexami
nat
ionquest
ionsdo
notonl
ycomeatknowl
edgel
evel
butal
soatappl
i
cat
ionandcompr
ehensi
onl
evel
s.
TI
P1.Thest
udentmustbeawar
eofanddot
hef
oll
owi
ng;
 Readeachquest
ioncar
eful
lybef
orecar
ryi
ngoutt
hef
oodt
est
.
 Fol
l
oweachquest
ion’
sinst
ruct
ionsv
erycar
eful
l
y–st
epbyst
ep.
 St
udentmustknowandunder
standt
hepr
ocedur
esf
oreachoft
hef
oodt
est
s.
 St
udentmustcar
ryoutt
het
est
saccor
dingt
othequest
ionnotr
epr
oduci
ngwhatt
hey
r
eadf
rom t
extbooks.E.
g.i
fthesampl
eisi
nli
qui
dfor
m,donotdealwi
thquest
ionasi
f
t
hesampl
eisasol
i
djustbecausewhaty
our
eaddeal
twi
thsol
i
ds.
 St
udent
smustpor
traybasi
csci
ent
if
icski
l
lsandknowl
edge.

©2014wear
ebutonl
yfaci
l
itat
orsi
nyoureducat
ion 2
 St
udent
smustr
efr
ainf
rom copy
ingwhatot
her
sint
heexami
nat
ionr
oom ar
edoi
ng–
y
oumaybecopy
ingwr
ongt
hings.

1.FOODTESTS
I
ODI
NETESTFORSTARCH
St
archi
stest
edf
orusi
ngI
odi
nesol
uti
on,whi say
chi ell
owi
shbr
ownsol
uti
on.Wheni
n
cont
actwi
thst
arch,
thecol
ourofI
odi
nesol
uti
oni
nst
ant
lychangescol
ourf
rom y
ell
owi
sh/
br
ownt
obl
uebl
ack.Thi
stestorr
eact
iondoesnotr
equi
reanyheat
ing.
Pr
ocedur
e:
 Pl
aceal
i
ttl
eoft
hef
oodsampl
eint
oacl
eant
estt
ube.
 Add2cm3ofcl
eanwat
erandshaket
odi
ssol
ve.
 Add1or2dr
opsofi
odi
nesol
uti
ont
othesampl
e.(
Whendescr
ibi
ngt
hepr
ocedur
e
pl
easest
atet
heexactnumberofdr
opswhi
chy
ouaddedory
ouwi
l
ladd.
)Donotj
ust
sayaddedorwi
l
laddi
odi
nesol
uti
on.
 Obser
vet
hecol
ourchange.
Not
e:St
archi
sinsol
ubl
eincol
dwat
er.Thecont
ent
smayneedt
obewar
medupt
o
i
ncr
easesol
ubi
l
ity
.Ift
hisi
sdone,t
henal
l
owt
hecont
ent
stocooldownbef
oreaddi
ngt
he
i
odi
neot
herwi
set
hei
odi
nemaybedecomposedbyt
heheati
fthecont
ent
sar
est
il
lhot
.
Obser
vat
ions/Resul
ts:
 I
fthesampl
econt
ainsanyst
arch,t
hei
odi
newi
l
lchangecol
ourf
rom y
ell
owi
shbr
own
t
obl
ue/bl
ack.Thi
sshoul
doccuri
mmedi
atel
y.
 I
fther
eisnost
archi
nthef
oodsampl
e,t
hent
hecol
ourofi
odi
newi
l
lremai
nunchanged.

Resul
ts/concl
usi
on:
Resul
ts Concl
usi
on
Colourofiodinesolut
ionchangesf
rom yel
l
owish Foodsampl
econt
ainsstar
ch
brownt oblue/black.
Colourofiodinesolut
iondoesnotchangefr
om Foodsampl
edoesnotcont
ain
yell
owishbr owntoblue/black. star
ch
Notes:

©2014wear
ebutonl
yfaci
l
itat
orsi
nyoureducat
ion 3
 1.I
fthesampl
eisal
readyi
nsol
uti
onf
orm,t
her
eisNO needt
oaddmor
ewat
er.
Pr
oceedt
otestf
orst
arch.
2.I
fthequest
ionr
equi
rest
het
estt
obecar
ri
edoutonadr
y/sol
i
d/powder
edsampl
e,
t
hent
her
eisnoneedt
odi
ssol
vei
nwat
er.Pr
oceedt
otestf
orst
archaf
terpl
aci
ng
t
hesampl
eonaPet
ridi
shorgl
asssl
i
de.
TESTFORSTARCHI
NLEAVES
A.I
NANON-
VARI
EGATEDLEAF
Mat
eri
als:
aleafspeci
men,
e.g.s21,
boi
l
ing/
testt
ube,
beaker
,wat
er,
tri
podst
and,
wir
e
gauze,
Bunsen/spi
ri
tbur
ner
Pr
ocedur
e:
 Det
achorgett
hepr
ovi
dedl
eafspeci
men.
 Di
piti
nhotwat
erf
or1mi
nut
e.
 Boi
lthel
eafi
nal
cohol
(et
hanol
)usi
ngawat
erbat
h–unt
ilt
hechl
orophy
lli
sremov
ed
f
rom t
hel
eaf
.
 Remov
ethel
eaff
rom t
heal
cohol
anddi
pthel
eafi
nhotwat
er.
 Dr
ythel
eafwi
thf
il
terort
issuepaper
 Spr
eadt
hel
eafonawhi
tet
il
eorpet
ridi
sh.
 Adddr
opsofi
odi
nesol
uti
onont
othel
eaf
.
 Obser
ve.
RESULTS:(
A)I
fthel
eafcont
ainsanyst
arch,t
hei
odi
nesol
uti
ont
urnsbl
ue/bl
ack
i
mmedi
atel
yuponaddi
ti
onoft
hei
odi
nesol
uti
on.
(
B)I
fthel
eafDOESNOTcont
ainsst
arch,
thei
odi
nesol
uti
onwi
l
lnott
urnbl
ue/bl
ackbut
wi
l
lremai
nyel
l
ow.

B.I
NAVARI
EGATEDLEAF
Mat
eri
als:
aleafspeci
menofav
ari
egat
edl
eaf
,e.g.s21,
boi
l
ing/
testt
ube,
beaker
,wat
er,
t
ri
podst
and,
wir
egauze,
Bunsen/spi
ri
tbur
ner
Pr
ocedur
e:
 Det
achorgett
hepr
ovi
dedl
eafspeci
men.

©2014wear
ebutonl
yfaci
l
itat
orsi
nyoureducat
ion 4
 Dr
awt
hel
eafspeci
mencar
eful
l
yonapi
eceofpaperi
ndi
cat
ingwhi
chpar
tshav
e
chl
orophy
ll(
green)andwhi
chonesdon’
thav
e(whi
te)andl
abel
itcar
eful
l
y.Thi
sist
o
ensur
ethaty
oudonotf
orgett
hecol
our
soft
hel
eafaf
tert
hel
eafhasbeenboi
l
edi
n
al
cohol
tor
emov
ethechl
orophy
ll
.
 Di
piti
nhotwat
erf
or1mi
nut
e.
 Boi
lthel
eafi
nal
cohol
usi
ngawat
erbat
h–unt
ilt
hechl
orophy
lli
sremov
edf
rom t
he
l
eaf
.
 Remov
ethel
eaff
rom t
heal
cohol
anddi
pthel
eafi
nhotwat
er.
 Dr
ythel
eafwi
thf
il
terort
issuepaper
 Spr
eadt
hel
eafonawhi
tet
il
eorpet
ridi
sh.
 Adddr
opsofi
odi
nesol
uti
onont
othel
eaf
.
 Obser
ve.
RESULTS:(
A)uponaddi
ti
onofi
odi
nesol
uti
on,
onl
ythei
odi
neont
hepar
tsoft
hel
eaft
hat
wer
eor
igi
nal
l
ygr
eenwi
l
lchanget
obl
ue/bl
ack.
 (
B)Thepar
tsofl
eafwhi
chwer
eor
igi
nal
l
ywhi
te(
nochl
orophy
ll
)wi
l
lnotchangecol
our
.
ARRANGEMENTOFAPPARATUSWHENUSI
NGTHEWATERBATH

NOTES:
1.Thegr
eencol
ourofchl
orophy
lli
sremov
ed-byboi
l
ingt
hel
eafi
nal
cohol(
ethanol
)or
met
hyl
atedspi
ri
t-i
nor
dert
oobser
vecol
ourchangescl
ear
ly.
2.Thel
eafi
sdi
ppedi
nhotwat
eratt
hebegi
nni
ngt
oki
l
l/orst
opanyf
urt
herchemi
cal
r
eact
ionst
aki
ngpl
acei
nthel
eaf
.

©2014wear
ebutonl
yfaci
l
itat
orsi
nyoureducat
ion 5
3.Thel
eafi
sdi
ppedi
nhotwat
eraf
terboi
l
ingi
nal
coholi
nor
dert
omakei
tsof
tagai
nsi
nce
al
coholmakest
hel
eaft
obev
erybr
it
tl
e.Thi
swi
l
lenabl
ethei
odi
net
openet
rat
eint
othe
l
eaf
.
4.Av
ari
egat
edl
eafi
sal
eaft
hathasonl
ychl
orophy
lli
ssomepat
ches.
5.Det
achi
ngmeanst
oremov
ethel
eaff
rom i
tspl
ant
.
6.I
nthet
estf
orst
archi
nal
eaf
,thewat
erbat
hisusedaspr
ecaut
ionmet
hodbecause
heat
ingdi
rectcancausebr
eakaget
otheappar
atus.Fai
l
uret
ost
atet
hismet
hodwi
l
l
r
esul
tinl
ossofmar
ks.

BENEDI
CTSTESTFORREDUCI
NGSUGAR
Benedi
ct’
sreagentorsol
uti sbl
oni uei
ncol
our
.Itcont
ainsCu2+ i
onswhi
chwhenr
eact
ed
wi
thanyr
educi
ngsugar
,e.
g.,Gl
ucose,wi
l
lber
educedf
rom Cu2+ t
oCu+ (
hencet
hename
r
educi
ngsugarsi
ncet
hesi
mpl
esugari
nducesar
educt
ionr
eact
ionont
heCopper(
II
)ions)
.
Thi
sreact
ionneedsheat
ingandt
hewat
erbat
hmet
hodi
sther
ecommendedwayof
heat
ingasi
tgi
vesgent
leheatwhi
chenabl
esagr
adualr
eact
iongi
vi
ngr
iset
oacl
ear
obser
vat
ionofal
lthecol
our
s.Thi
sgr
adualchangei
schar
act
eri
zedbyaser
iesofcol
our
changesoft
heBenedi
ct’
sreagent
,dependi
ngont
heconcent
rat
ionoft
her
educi
ngsugar
i
nthesampl
e.Gent
leheat
ingi
sal
sov
eryi
mpor
tantbecausest
rongheatmaybr
eakt
he
t
estt
ubei
fdi
rectheat
ingi
sused.
Pr
ocedur
e:
 Setupawat
erbat
h.(
Int
heexami
nat
iont
hismaybedonei
nadv
ancef
ory
ou.
)
 Pl
aceal
i
ttl
eoft
hef
oodsampl
eint
oacl
eant
estt
ube(
thequest
ionwi
l
lnor
mal
l
y
speci
fyhowmuchy
oushoul
duse,
par
t-
hal
f,quar
teroral
loft
hegi
vensampl
e).
 Add2cm3ofcl
ean(
dist
il
led)wat
er.
 Shaket
odi
ssol
ve.
 Add2cm3(
sameamountaswat
erused)ofBenedi
ct’
ssol
uti
on.
 Pl
acet
het
estt
ubei
nabeakerwi
thwat
eri
nawat
erbat
h.
 War
m gent
ly.
 Obser
ve.
e:I
Not fthesampl
eisi
nsol
uti
onal
ready
,donotaddwat
eragai
nbutj
ustpr
oceedt
oadd
t
her
eagent
.
Obser
vat
ion/Resul
ts/concl
usi
on:

©2014wear
ebutonl
yfaci
l
itat
orsi
nyoureducat
ion 6
 Resul
ts Concl
usi
on
ColourofBenedi
ct’
ssolut
ion Foodsampl edoesnotcont ainanyreducing
remainsblueordoesnotchange sugarortheconcentrat
ionofr educi
ngsugaris
colour
. solowt hati
tcannotchanget hecolourof
Benedict’
ssolut
ion.
ColourofBenedi
ct’
ssoluti
on Foodsampl econtai
nsv erylowconcentrati
onof
changesfrom bl
uetogreen. reduci
ngsugar .
ColourofBenedi
ct’
ssoluti
on Foodsampl econtai
nshi ghconcentrat
ionof
changesfrom bl
uetoyell
ow. reduci
ngsugar .
ColourofBenedi
ct’
ssoluti
on Foodsampl econtai
nsv eryhighconcentrat
ionof
changesfrom bl
uetoorange/ reduci
ngsugar .
bri
ckred.

NOTES:
Wat
er,f
rui
tjui
cesol
uti
ons,di
ssol
vedf
oodsubst
ances,cr
ushedandsoakedf
oodsampl
escanbe
gi
vent
othecandi
dat
est
ocar
ryoutt
est
sforr
educi
ngandnon-
reduci
ngsugart
est
s.Act
ualf
ood
sampl
escanal
sobesuppl
i
edt
othecandi
dat
est
ocr
ush,soakandt
estf
ort
hemsel
ves.The
candi
dat
est
her
efor
ear
esupposedt
oreadwi
del
ysot
hatt
heyknowwhi
chnut
ri
ent
sar
econt
ained
i
nfr
uit
ssuchasbananas,or
anges,t
uber
ssuchascar
rot
sorcassav
a.I
tisal
soi
mpor
tantf
ort
he
candi
dat
est
oknowt
hat
;
 Thef
unct
ion/
soft
henut
ri
ent
sinbot
hpl
ant
sandani
mal
s.
 Thest
orageoft
henut
ri
ent
sinpl
ant
sandani
mal
s.
 Theconv
ersi
onoft
hesenut
ri
ent
sfr
om onef
ormt
oanot
here.
g.f
rom r
educi
ngsugart
ost
arch
suchasf
rom gl
ucoset
omal
toseandv
icev
ersaandwhysuchconv
ersi
onsoccur
.

BENEDI
CTSTESTFORNONREDUCI
NGSUGAR
Pr
ocedur
e:
 Di
vi
det
hepr
ovi
dedf
oodsampl
eint
otwoequal
por
ti
ons,
AandB.
 Getpor
ti
onAandt
esti
tforr
educi
ngsugarasi
ntestf
orr
educi
ngsugardescr
ibed
abov
e.I
fthef
oodsampl
econt
ainsnor
educi
ngsugar
,youwi
l
lgetanegat
iver
esul
t.

©2014wear
ebutonl
yfaci
l
itat
orsi
nyoureducat
ion 7
 3
 Getpor
ti
onBandadd4cm ofconc.Hy
drochl
ori
caci
d.War
mthecont
entf
or1
mi
nut
e.
 Addconc.Sodi
um Hy
droxi
desl
owl
ytot
hecont
entunt
ilt
hef
izzi
ngst
ops.
 Testsampl
eforr
educi
ngsugarasst
atedear
li
er.
 Ther
esul
tsar
ethesameasf
ort
est
ingf
orr
educi
ngsugar
.Samecol
ourchangesi
f
hesampl
econt
ainsr
educi
ngsugar
.
TI
P1:Theaci
disaddedt
obr
eakt
henonr
educi
ngsugar–ei
therdoubl
eorcompl
ex
sugart
osi
mpl
esugarwhi
l
etheSodi
um Hy
droxi
deneut
ral
i
sest
heaci
d.Theheat
ingi
s
si
mpl
ytoi
ncr
easet
her
ateofr
eact
ion.
TI
P2:Si
ncepor
ti
on1gav
eanegat
iver
esul
tandpor
ti
on2gav
eaposi
ti
ver
esul
t,t
he
sampl
econt
ainsanonr
educi
ngsugarwhi
chwast
her
ebef
oret
heaci
dwasusedbutaf
ter
t
heaci
dwasused,
itwaschangedt
oreduci
ngsugar
.
Not
es:
1.WhenBenedi
ct’
ssol
uti
ondoesnotchangecol
our(
orcol
ourr
emai
nsbl
ue)
,iti
s
wr
ongf
orcandi
dat
est
ojustconcl
udet
hatt
her
eisnor
educi
ngsugarasr
educi
ng
sugarmaybet
her
ebuti
nver
ylowconcent
rat
ions-t
ool
owt
ocauseanyr
eact
ion.
2.When t
he sol
uti
on changes t
o ei
thergr
een,y
ell
ow,or
ange orbr
ick r
ed,t
he
concl
usi
onmustbr
ingoutt
heconceptofquant
it
yorhowmuchr
educi
ngsugari
s
av
ail
abl
eint
hesampl
einst
eadofj
ustst
ati
ng‘
reduci
ngsugari
spr
esent
.’each
col
oursi
gni
fi
eshowmuchr
educi
ngsugari
spr
esentandmustbest
atedassuch.
3.Met
hodofheat
ingi
.e.usi
ngawat
erbat
hmustbest
atedi
nthepr
ocedur
e.
4.Quant
it
iesofmat
eri
alsusedmustbest
at g.2cm3 ofBenedi
ede. ct’
ssol
uti
onwas
addedi
nst
eadofj
ustsay
ing‘
IaddedBenedi
ct’
ssol
uti
on.
’
5.Donotr
efert
othi
stestast
estf
orGl
ucose.Whent
hebr
ickr
edcol
ouri
sobser
ved,
donotsay“
Glucosei
spr
esent
.”Thi
siswr
ongbecauseGl
ucosei
snott
heonl
y
r
educi
ngsugart
hatcanchangeBenedi
ct’
scol
our
.Anyr
educi
ngsugarcandot
hat
.

BI
URETTESTFORPROTEI
NS
Bi
uretr
eagenti
scol
our
less.Ther
eagenti
smadeupoft
wochemi
cal
s,Sodi
um Hy
droxi
de
(
NaOH)andCopper(
II
)Sul
phat
e(CuSO4)
.Ther
eagentmaybesuppl
i
edt
othecandi
dat
eas
asi
ngl
echemi
cal
(Bi
uret
)orast
wosepar
atechemi
cal
s-Sodi
um Hy
droxi
deandCopper(
II
)
Sul
phat
e.
Caut
ion:Whengi
vent
hesi
ngl
echemi
cal
,usei
tassuchandi
fthet
wochemi
cal
sar
egi
ven,

©2014wear
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yfaci
l
itat
orsi
nyoureducat
ion 8
don’
taskf
orBi
uretagai
n.Justuset
hem oneaf
tert
heot
herbutbev
erycar
efulwhi
chone
t
oaddf
ir
st.
:Noheat
Remember ingi
nthi
stest
.
Pr
ocedur
e1:Whengi
venBi
uretr
eagent
,asasi
ngl
ereagent
.
 Pourt
hef
oodsampl
esol
uti
oni
ntoacl
eant
estt
ube.I
fthef
oodsampl
eisi
nsol
i
d
f
orm,
thendi
ssol
vei
tfi
r n2cm3ofwat
sti er.
 Add2cm3ofBi
uretr
eagent
.
 Obser
ve.
Pr
ocedur
e2:Whengi
venSodi
um Hy
droxi
deandCopper(
II
)Sul
phat
e.
 Pourt
hef
oodsampl
esol
uti
oni
ntoacl
eant
estt
ube.I
fthef
oodsampl
eisi
nsol
i
d
f
orm,
thendi
ssol
vei
tfi
r n2cm3ofwat
sti er.
 Add5dr
opsofSodi
um Hy
droxi
de.
 Shake.
 Add2dr
opsofCopper(
II
)Sul
phat
edr
opbydr
opwhi
l
eshaki
ng.
 Obser
ve.
Obser
vat
ion/Resul
ts/concl
usi
on:
Resul
ts Concl
usi
on
Colourofcontent
sremainsCol
ourl
essor Sampl
edoesnotcontai
nprot
eins.
NOobser vabl
ecolourchanget
othe
reagent
.
Colourchangestopurpl
e. Sampl
econt
ainsprot
eins.

Not
es:
1.Donoti
nter
changet
headdi
ti
onofSodi
um Hy
droxi
deandCopper(
II
)Sul
phat
eto
t
hef
oodsampl
e.Sodi
um hy
droxi
demustbeaddedf
ir
st.
2.Donotheatasheatdenat
urespr
otei
ns.

TESTSFORLI
PIDS
a)EMULSI
ONTESTFORLI
PIDS
I
nthi
stestacl
oudyorwhi
ti
shemul
sioni
sobser
vedwhenaf
oodsampl
ethatcont
ains
l
i
pidsi
stest
edwi
thdr
yet
hanol
andwat
er.
Pr
ocedur
e;

©2014wear
ebutonl
yfaci
l
itat
orsi
nyoureducat
ion 9
  Pourt
hef
oodsampl
eint
oacl
eant
estt
ube.
 Add3cm3ofet
hanol
andshaket
hor
oughl
y.
 Add2cm3ofcl
eanwat
er.
 Obser
ve.
b)GREASESPOTTESTFORLI
PIDS
Pr
ocedur
e;
 Getacl
eanpi
eceofopaquepaper
.
 Smearorr
ubt
hef
oodsampl
eunt
othepi
eceofpaper
-pr
efer
abl
yint
hemi
ddl
e.
 Al
l
owt
hef
oodsampl
etobeont
hepaperf
ort
womi
nut
es.
 Wi
pet
hef
oodof
fthepi
eceofpaper
.
 Hol
dthepapert
oli
ght
.
Resul
ts/
Obser
vat
ions/
Concl
usi
ons
Whi
teemul
siont
est Gr
easespott
est
Resul
ts Concl
usi
on Resul
ts Concl
usi
on
Colourof Nolipi
dsint
he Not ranslucentspoton Noli
pidsi
nthef
ood
content
s food the sampl
e.
remainclear
. sample. Pieceofpaperobser ved
when
paperi sheldagainst
l
ight.
Colourof Foodsampl
e translucentspotonthe Foodsampl
econt
ains
content
s contai
ns Pieceofpaperobser ved l
ipi
ds.
becomecloudy li
pids. whenpaperi sheld
orwhiti
sh. againstlight.

Not
es:
 Donotaddwat
erbef
oreaddi
ngdr
yet
hanol
.
 Donotheatorwar
mthecont
ent
s.
 Donotuset
ranspar
entpaperf
ort
hegr
easespott
est
.

3.SPECI
MENDRAWI
NG
1.Speci
menDr
awi
ng
Whengi
venspeci
menst
odr
aw,
takest
ri
ctnot
eoft
hef
oll
owi
ng;
 Nodoubl
eli
neswhendr
awi
ng.
 Usecl
earsi
ngl
eli
nest
oout
li
net
hedi
agr
am.

©2014wear
ebutonl
yfaci
l
itat
orsi
nyoureducat
ion 10
  Donotusecol
our
edpenci
l
s,cr
ayonsorf
eltpens.Onl
yHBpenci
l
s.
 Donotshadeorcol
oury
ourdi
agr
am.
 Thedr
awi
ngmustber
easonabl
e.I
tmustcl
osel
yresembl
ethespeci
meni
tis
i
ntendedt
orepr
esente.
g.adr
awi
ngofal
eafmustl
ookl
ikeal
eafnotaboator
somet
hingel
se.

2.Di
agr
am Label
ing:whenl
abel
i
ngdi
agr
ams,
takeser
iousnot
eoft
hef
oll
owi
ng;
 Donotusear
rowsasl
abell
i
nes.Ar
rowsi
nsci
encedepi
ctmov
ementormot
ion.
Usecl
earst
rai
ghtl
i
nes.
 Label
li
nesshoul
dnotcr
osseachot
her
.
 Labell
i
nesshoul
dnothang.Theyshoul
dreachandt
ouch/ki
sst
hepar
tst
heyar
e
poi
nti
ngat
.
 Label
li
nesshoul
dnotgobey
ondt
hepar
tst
heyar
epoi
nti
ngat
.
 Label
shoul
dbest
rai
ght
.
Not
e:Fai
l
uret
ofol
lowt
heabovewi
llaut
omat
ical
lyr
esul
tinl
ossofmar
ks.
e:Dr
Exampl awi
ngandLabel
ingofal
eaf–al
lthel
abel
sont
hedr
awi
ngbel
owar
ewr
ong.
I
dent
if
ywhati
swr
ongwi
thl
abel
sandt
hedr
awi
ng.Ev
eni
fthenamesmaybecor
rect
,ift
he
bel
owst
ateder
ror
sar
enotobser
vedt
hent
hecandi
dat
ewi
l
llosemar
ks.

©2014wear
ebutonl
yfaci
l
itat
orsi
nyoureducat
ion 11
 Cr
ossi
ng
l
abell
i
nes
Doubl
eli
nes

Not
st
rai
ght

NO
Ar
rows

Label
li
nehas
gonebeyond Hangi
nglabel
li
ne–l
abel
li
nenot
ki
ssi
ngthepart

3.Cal
cul
ati
onofMagni
fi
cat
ion
Whencal
cul
ati
ngt
hemagni
fi
cat
ionofdi
agr
amst
hecandi
dat
eshoul
dbecar
efulanddo
t
hef
oll
owi
ng:
1.St
atet
hef
ormul
aofMagni
fi
cat
ionasf
oll
ows;
Magni
fi
cat
ion=Si
zeofdr
awi
ngcm ormm
Si
zeofact
ual
speci
mencm ormm
=Subst
it
utet
hemeasur
ement
sint
othef
ormul
aandi
ncl
udet
he
uni
tsi
ncm ormm
=Di
vi
det
hef
igur
es;
remembert
ocancel
outt
heuni
ts.
=Expr
esst
heansweras;
X……or……Xor……t
imes,
wher
ethe
……r
epr
esentt
henumer
ical
val
uei
nfi
gur
esobt
ainedaf
ter
cal
cul
ati
ons.
=t
heanswershoul
dhav
enouni
ts.

©2014wear
ebutonl
yfaci
l
itat
orsi
nyoureducat
ion 12
Exampl
e:Wher
ethesi
zeofspeci
men’
slengt
his2cm,
thedr
awi
ng’
slengt
hsi
zei
s4cm.
Magni
fi
cat
ion=Si
zeofdr
awi
ngcm ormm
Si
zeofact
ual
speci
mencm ormm
=4.
0cm or 40mm
2.
0cm or 20mm
=X2 or2X or2t
imes

NOTES:
1.Donotabbr
evi
atet
hewor
dmagni
fi
cat
ionasei
therMgorMag.Wr
it
eiti
nful
l
.Mgi
sa
chemi
calsy
mbolf
orMagnesi
um i
nchemi
str
yandMag.i
sanunknownsy
mboli
nsci
ence.
2.Nowr
ongspel
l
ings.
3.Nouni
tsnomar
ks-i
nthesubst
it
uti
onsandcal
cul
ati
ononl
ybutnotf
inalanswerf
or
magni
fi
cat
ion.
4.I
fyouusecm,
thent
hef
igur
esmustbeshownt
o1deci
malpoi
nte.
g.3.2cm t
oindi
cat
e
mm f
ract
ionssi
nceameasur
ingr
ulecannotmeasur
eexact
lywi
thoutanyf
ract
ions.I
fnot
t
hent
heansweri
swr
ong.
5.I
fyouusemm,
thent
her
emustbenodeci
malpoi
nt/
s.t
hisi
sbecauseameasur
ingr
uler
cannotmeasur
eaf
ract
ionofamm,unl
essav
erni
ercal
i
per
s,whi
chi
snev
eruseddur
ing
pr
act
icalexami
nat
ionsf
orbi
ology
,wasused.
6.Theanswer
/st
omagni
fi
cat
ioncanei
therbe;
a)>1(
great
ert
han1)
:wher
ethedr
awi
ngsi
zei
sbi
ggert
hant
hespeci
mensi
ze.
b)<1(
lesst
han1)
:wher
ethedr
awi
ngsi
zei
ssmal
l
ert
hant
hespeci
mensi
ze.
c)=1(
equalt
o1)
:wher
ethedr
awi
ngsi
zeandspeci
mensi
zear
ethesame.
7.I
fyoumeasur
ethel
engt
hoft
hedr
awi
ng,t
henev
enont
heact
ualspeci
meny
oushoul
d
al
someasur
ethecor
respondi
ngl
engt
handi
ndi
cat
eony
ourdr
awi
ngwhi
chpar
tyou
measur
edbymar
kingi
twi
that
hinpenci
ll
inewi
thl
ett
ers
x y
.Thi
swi
l
lshowt
heexami
nert
hepoi
nty
oumeasur
ed.

Exampl
e:asi
ndi
cat
edi
nthef
igur
ebel
ow,x-
yshowt
hel
engt
hoft
hedi
agr
am usedi
nthe
cal
cul
ati
onofmagni
fi
cat
ion.I
fthi
sisnotshownont
hedr
awi
ng,t
heexami
nerwi
l
lnot
knowwhi
chdi
mensi
ont
hecandi
dat
eusedt
ocal
cul
atet
hev
alueofmagni
fi
cat
ion,
andt
his
nat
ural
l
yresul
tsi
nlossofmar
ks.
I
tisnotamusthowev
ert
hatonl
ythel
engt
hmustbeused,
Event
hebr
eadt
hcanbeused,

©2014wear
ebutonl
yfaci
l
itat
orsi
nyoureducat
ion 13
i
nwhi
chcaseacor
respondi
ngsi
deont
heact
ual
sampl
emustal
sobemeasur
ed.

Theanswershowshow manyt
imest
hedr
awi
ngi
sbi
ggerorsmal
lert
hant
heact
ual
speci
men,orwhet
heri
tist
hesamesi
zeast
hespeci
men.Thati
swhyi
tshoul
dnothav
e
anyuni
tofmeasur
ement
.

SECTI
ON2:SAMPLEPASTEXAMI
NATI
ONQUESTI
ONS

Thef
oll
owi
ngar
epastexami
nat
ionquest
ionsf
ort
hey
ear
s2002,2003and2004ast
hey
appear
ed i
ntheZambi
an SchoolCer
ti
fi
cat
eExami
nat
ionsf
ort
hest
ated y
ear
s.Al
so
pr
ovi
dedar
emodelanswer
sfort
hesameexami
nat
ions.Ihav
eal
soi
ncl
udedt
headv
ance
i
nfor
mat
iont
hatwasusedbysuper
visor
stopr
ovi
deandpr
epar
ethenecessar
ymat
eri
als,
appar
atusandsampl
esf
ort
hecandi
dat
es.Thi
sist
oenabl
eyouasacandi
dat
etohav
ean
i
nsi
ghtast
ohowt
heexami
nat
ioni
spr
epar
ed.

2002PRACTICALEXAMINATI
ON
I
nt hi
sexami
nati
onthef
oll
owi
ngmat
eri
alswer
epr
ovi
dedt
othecandi
dat
es;

ForQuest
ion1

©2014wear
ebutonl
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itat
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ion 14
  At
easpoonf
ullofpowder
edgr
oundnut
s
 Ast
ri
pofdupl
i
cat
ing/
tyi
ngpaperofsi
ze1cm x7cm l
abel
edS1
 Ast
ri
pofdupl
i
cat
ing/t
ypi
ngpaperofsi
ze1cm x7cm l
abel
edS2
N.
B.MondiRot
atr
im paperwasused
 10cm3ofal
cohol(
ethanol
)inat
estt
ube
 10cm3ofdi
sti
l
ledwat
eri
nat
estt
ube
 Wal
lcl
ock-
onef
orasmal
lroom andi
ntwoposi
ti
onsf
oral
argerr
oom.

ForQuest
ion2
 Speci
menP–f
lower(
Ipomeasp.
)E.g.sweetpot
ato
 Br
andnewr
azorbl
ade
 Handl
ens
 Rul
er(
mm)

NOTE:St
udent
smustknowt
hatt
hisi
nfor
mat
ioni
sonl
yknownbyt
het
eacher
swhopl
an
f
ort
heexami
nat
ions.Themat
eri
alsgi
vent
ost
udent
sar
elabel
edonl
ybycodesi
nmost
cases.

Q1.(
a)Takeasampl
eofpowder
edgr
oundnut
sandpr
essi
tagai
nstoneendofast
ri
pof
paperl
abel
edS1.
Repeatt
hisact
iononasecondst
ri
pofpaperl
abel
edS2.

(
i) St
atewhathappenst
obot
hst
ri
psofpaper
.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………[
1]
(
ii
) Whatf
oodt
esthav
eyouj
ustcar
ri
ed
out
? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…….
.……………………[
1]

(b)(i
)Immerseandshaket
hepar
tofS1,
wheret
hegr
oundnutpowderwaspr
essed,
in
alcoholf
or20minut
es.Remov
eexcessl
i
qui
d.
Observati
on

©2014wear
ebutonl
yfaci
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itat
orsi
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ion 15
(S1) ………………………………………………………………………………………
……………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………..
.…[
1]

Reason:
………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………..…[
1]

(
ii
)Immer
seandshaket
hepar
tofS2,
wher
ethegr
oundnutpowderwaspr
essed,
in
Di
sti
l
ledwat
erf
or20mi
nut
es.Remov
eexcessl
i
qui
d.
Observat
ion(S2)
:
………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………
Reason:
………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………. .
…[1]

(i
i
i)Whywasitnecessar
ytoshakest
ri
pS1andst
ri
pS2i
nthel
i
qui
ds?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………..
…[1]

(i
v)Whatwast
hepur
poseofusi
ngdi
sti
l
ledwateri
ntheexper
iment
?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………..
.………………[1]

(
c)(
i)Wher
eint
hehumanbodyi
sthenut
ri
enty
ouhavei
dent
if
ieddi
gest
ed?
.
..
………………………………………………………………………………………...
…[1]

(
ii
)Namet
heenzy
mei
nvol
vedi
nthedi
gest
ionoft
henut
ri
ent
.

.
.……………………………………………………………………………………….
..
…[1]

(
ii
i)Namet
hepr
oduct
soft
hedi
gest
ioni
n(c)(
ii
)abov
e.

………………………………………………………………………………….
.…….
..
…[2]

(
iv)Stat
ethreef
unct
ions,
int
hehumanbody
,oft
henut
ri
enty
ouhav
e
i
denti
fi
ed.

1.……………………………………………………………………………….
..
…….
..
…

2.……………………………………………………………………………….
..
…..
..
..
.…

©2014wear
ebutonl
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itat
orsi
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ion 16
 3.……………………………………………………………….
……………….
..
…..
..
..
.[
3]

(d)Descri
beanothermet
hody
ouwoul
duset
oconf
ir
mthepr
esenceoft
henut
ri
enty
ou
haveident
ifi
ed.

Procedure:
………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………. .
……[1]
Observati
on:
………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………. .
………[1]
[
Total
:
20]

Q2.Youar
epr
ovi
dedwi
thspeci
menP.
Usi
ngar
azorbl
ade,car
eful
l
ycutal
ongi
tudi
nalsect
ionofspeci
menP.Exami
net
he
sect
ionusi
ngamagni
fyi
nghandl
ensandmakeal
argel
abel
eddr
awi
ngt
oshow t
he
i
nter
nal
feat
ures.
(
a)

[
7]

(
b) (
i)Measurethel
engt
hofspeci
menp.(
drawal
i
neal
ongt
hel
engt
h
measured).

Lengt
h:…………………………………………………………………………….
…[1]

(
ii
)Cal
cul
atet
hemagni
fi
cat
ionofy
ourdr
awi
ng.

Cal
cul
ati
on:

Magni
fi
cat
ion:

………………………………………………………………….
.………………………[
3]

(
c) (
i)Namet
heagentofpol
l
inat
ionofspeci
menP.

……………………………………………………………………………………….
..
[1]

©2014wear
ebutonl
yfaci
l
itat
orsi
nyoureducat
ion 17
(
ii
)Gi
vet
hreer
easonsf
ort
heanswer
.

1……………………………………………………………………………………….
..
.
……………………………………………………………………………………….
..
.

2.………………………………………………………………………………….
.……
…………………………………………………………………………………………

3.……………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………...
.[
3]

(
d)Compl
etet
het
abl
egi
venbel
ow:

FLOWERPART FUNCTI
ON
Anther

Dev
elopsi
ntoaseed

Sepal

I
tisthepassageofpol
l
ent
ubesand
t
heirnucl
eitotheov
ary
.
Ov
ary

[
5]
[
Tot
al:20]

2003PRACTI
CALEXAMI
NATI
ON
Eachcandi
dat
ewaspr
ovi
dedwi
tht
hef
oll
owi
ngappar
atus,
reagent
sandspeci
mens;

ForQuest
ion1
(
a)Speci
menW31–apeel
edmat
urepar
tofsugarcane.Api
eceof4x2x1cm i
nsi
ze.

Appar
atus
(
b)(
i)scal
pel/r
azorbl
ade
(
ii
)3t
estt ofabout20cm3capaci
ubes( ty)
.
Thef
oll
owi
ngi
nsui
tabl
econt
ainer
s,eachwi
thadr
opper
.
(
c)(
i)Benedi
ctssol
uti
on
(
ii
)Di
l
utehy
drochl
ori
caci
d
(
ii
i)Sodi
um hy
droxi
desol
uti
on
(
d)(
i)t
estt
ubehol
der

©2014wear
ebutonl
yfaci
l
itat
orsi
nyoureducat
ion 18
 (
ii
)Testt
uber
ack
(
ii
i)Di
sti
l
ledwat
er
(
iv)Measur
ingcy
li 25cm3capaci
nder( ty)
(
v)Saf
emeansofheat
ing
ForQuest
ion2
(
a)Speci
menW32gr
oundnutseed
W33mai
zeseed
(
b)Appar
atus(
i)handl
ens
(
ii
)Rul
er(
mm)
Q1.
Youar
epr
ovi
dedwi
thspeci
menW31.Usi
ngascal
pel
ornewr
azorbl
ade,
cutspeci
men
W31i
ntopi
eces.Putt
hecutpi
ecesi
ntot ubeT1.Add5cm3ofdi
estt sti
l
ledwat
erand
shaket
het
estt
ube.Al
l
owt
hesol
i
dpar
ti
clest
oset
tl
edown.Pourequal
vol
umesoft
he
cl
earl
i
qui
dfr
om T1i
ntot
estt
ubesl
abel
edT2andT3.
(
N.B.Leav
ethesol
i
dpar
ti
clesi
nT1)
.

(
a)Taket
hel
i
qui
dint
estt
ubeT2andcar
ryoutt
het
estf
orr
educi
ngsugar
.
(
i)I
nthet
estmet
hodcol
umnoft
het
abl
e,descr
ibehowy
ouwi
l
lcar
ryoutt
het
est
f
orr
educi
ngsugar
.
(
ii
)Compl
etet
heobser
vat
ionandconcl
usi
oncol
umnsoft
het
abl
e.

Tabl
e1:Reduci
ngSugarTest
.
TestMet
hod Obser
vat
ion Concl
usi
on

©2014wear
ebutonl
yfaci
l
itat
orsi
nyoureducat
ion 19
 (
5
Mar
ks)

(
b)Taket
het
estt
ubel
abel
edT2andcar
ryoutt
het
estf
ornon-
reduci
ngsugar
.
(
i)I
nthet
estmet
hodcol
umnoft
het
abl
e,descr
ibehowy
ouwi
l
lcar
ryoutt
het
est
f
ornon-
reduci
ngsugar
.
(
ii
)Compl
etet
heobser
vat
ionandconcl
usi
oncol
umnsoft
het
abl
e.
Tabl
e2:Non-Reduci
ngSugarTest
.
TestMet
hod Obser
vat
ion Concl
usi
on

(
5Mar
ks)
(
c)Whatwast
hepur
poseofaddi
ngt
hef
oll
owi
ngt
othet
estl
i
qui
ds?
(
i) Di
l
utehy
drochl
ori
caci
d.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

©2014wear
ebutonl
yfaci
l
itat
orsi
nyoureducat
ion 20
 …………………………………………….
.[
2]
(
ii
) Sodi
um hy
droxi
de
sol
uti
on. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………….
.[
1]
(
d)(
i)I
nwhatf
orm doesW31st
oret
hecar
bohy
drat
ethatwast
est
ed?
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
…[1]
(
ii
)Gi
vear
easonwhyt
hiscar
bohy
drat
eisst
oredi
nthef
orm ment
ionedabov
e.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
..
[2]
(
ii
i)Namet
hest
orageor
ganW31.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………[
1]
(
e)I
nwhatf
orm ar
ecar
bohy
drat
est
ranspor
tedi
npl
ant
s.
…………………………………………………………………………………….
……………[
1]
Q2.Speci
menW32i
sacommonf
oodcr
op.
(
a)Usi
ngar
azorbl
adeorscal
pel
separ
atespeci
menW32.Chooset
hehal
fwi
thal
lthe
par
tsandexami
nei
tusi
ngahandl
ens.Makeal
argel
abel
eddr
awi
ngofW32t
o
showcl
ear
lyasmanyst
ruct
uresaspossi
ble. [
7]
(
b)(
i)Measur
eandr
ecor
dthel
engt
hofspeci
menW32.
…………………………………………….
..
……………………………………………[
1]
(
ii
)Measur
eandr
ecor
dthel
engt
hoft
hedr
awi
ngofspeci
menW32–2(
a)abov
e
(
drawal
i
neont
hedi
agr
am showi
ngt
hemeasur
edl
engt
h).
…………………………………………………………………………………….
…….
.[
1]
(
ii
i)Cal
cul
ateandr
ecor
dthemagni
fi
cat
ionofy
ourdr
awi
ng.(
Showy
ourwor
king)
.
[
2]
Magni
fi
cat
ion:…………………………………….
………………………………………………………[
1]
(
c)Speci
menW33i
sanot
hercommonf
oodcr
op.Towhi
cht
ypeoff
lower
ingpl
ant
s
doesW33bel
ong?
……………………………………………………………………………………….
.….
.[
1]
(
d)Usi
ngahandl
ensexami
nespeci
menW33.Descr
ibef
ourv
isi
blest
ruct
ural
si
mil
ari
ti
esbet
weenspeci
menW32andW33.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………

©2014wear
ebutonl
yfaci
l
itat
orsi
nyoureducat
ion 21
 ………………………………………………………………………………………….
..
…[4]

(
e)Descr
ibet
hreest
ruct
ural
dif
fer
encesbet
weenspeci
menW32andspeci
menW33.
Speci
menW32 Speci
menW33

(
3mar
ks)
Tot
al20mar
ks

MODELANSWERS
Not
e:Thesear
ejustmodel
answer
s,t
hel
anguagemaydi
ff
ersl
i
ght
lybutt
hemeani
ngand
f
act
smustbeascl
oseorsi
mil
araspossi
blet
otheexpect
edanswer
s.
KEY:WS;
wronganswer
,Accept
ed;
ananswert
hati
sal
socor
rectandcanbeaccept
edby
t
heexami
ner
.

2002PRACTI
CALEXAMI
NATI
ON
Q1.(
a) (
i)Bot
hst
ri
psbecomest
ainedwi
thagr
easespotwher
ethepowder
ed
gr
oundnut
swaspr
essed.
(
ii
)Gr
easespott
estf
orl
i
pids.
(
b)(
i) Obser
vat
ion(
S1)

©2014wear
ebutonl
yfaci
l
itat
orsi
nyoureducat
ion 22
 Thegr
easespotwhi
chwasf
ormedont
hest
ri
pdi
sappear
s/
di
ssol
vesaway
.
Reason:
Thel
i
pidshav
edi
ssol
vedi
ntheal
cohol
.
(
ii
) Obser
vat
ion(
S2)
:
Thegr
easespoti
sst
il
lvi
sibl
eont
hest
ri
pofpaper
,S2
Reason:
Li
pidsdonotdi
ssol
vei
nwat
erorl
i
pidsar
einsol
ubl
eindi
sti
l
led
wat
er.
(
ii
i) Toensur
ethatt
hewhol
eoft
hespotmi
xeswel
lorcomesi
nto
cont
actwi
tht
hel
i
qui
ds/orensur
ethor
oughmi
xi
ngofl
i
qui
dswi
th
t
hest
ainofl
i
pids.
(
iv) Di
sti
l
ledwat
eri
spur
e.Thi
stoav
oidanyot
hert
ypeofwat
erwhi
ch
mi
ghtcont
ainchemi
cal
sinwhi
cht
hel
i
pidsmaydi
ssol
ve.
(
c)(
i)I
nthef
ir
stpar
toft
hesmal
li
ntest
ineori
nthei
l
eum.
(
ii
)Li
pase.
(
ii
i)Fat
tyaci
dsandgl
ycer
ol
(
iv)1.Ener
gypr
ovi
sionwhenusedi
nrespi
rat
ion.
2.Fori
nsul
ati
ngt
hebody
.
3.Fort
hef
ormat
ionofcel
lmembr
aneofcel
l
s.
(
d)Pr
ocedur
e:
 Putal
i
ttl
eoft
hepowder
edgr
oundnut
sinacl
eant
estt
ube.
n3cm3ofet
 Pouri hanol
.
 Shaket
hor
oughl
y.
 Add3cm3ofdi
sti
l
ledwat
ert
othecont
ent
sint
het
estt
ube.
 Shaket
hemi
xtur
e.
Obser
vat
ion:
Acl
oudy/whi
teemul
sioni
sseenupont
headdi
ti
onoft
hedi
sti
l
ledwat
er.

Q2.
(
a)

Pet
al

St
igma
Ant
her
©2014wear
ebutonl
yfaci
l
itat
orsi
nyoureducat
ion 23
St
yle
 Not
e:Thef
oll
owi
nger
ror
smustbeav
oided:
 Noshadi
ngoft
hepar
tsdr
awn
 Nodoubl
eli
nes
 Nocol
our
edpenci
l
s/cr
ayonsmustbeused
 Label
li
nesmustnothangorf
ail
tot
ouch/
kisst
hepar
tst
heyar
esupposedt
o
l
abel
.
 Label
li
nesmustt
ouchorki
sst
hepar
tst
heyar
eindi
cat
ing.
 Label
li
nesmustnotcr
osseachot
her
.
 Label
li
nesmustbest
rai
ght
.
 Don’
tusear
rowsasl
abel
li
nes.
(
b)(
i)Lengt
h:5.
0cm or50mm
(
ii
)Cal
cul
ati
on:
Magni
fi
cat
ion=Si
zeofi
mage/dr
awi
ng:
XYcm /mm
Si
zeofobj
ect/speci
menP
(
1mar
k)

Magni
fi
cat
ion=5.
0cm /50mm
5.
0cm /50mm
Magni
fi
cat
ion=1.
0XORX1.
0

©2014wear
ebutonl
yfaci
l
itat
orsi
nyoureducat
ion 24
 Not
e:Theanswershoul
dhav
enouni
ts.
(
Accept
ed)M =Iwher
eM i
smagni
fi
cat
ion,
Iisi
mageandOi
sobj
ect(
in
O t
hiscaseIi
sdr
awi
ngandOi
sspeci
men
Wr
ongAnswer[ :M = I
WA]
O
Reason:
let
ter
sM,
IandOwi
thoutdenot
ingwhatt
heyst
andf
ori
soni
tsownnot
cor
rect
.Ful
lfor
mul
aisbet
ter
.
(
c)(
i)I
nsect
s
(
ii
)Anyt
hreeoft
hef
oll
owi
ng;
1.Thepet
alsar
ebr
ight
lycol
our
ed.
2.Thest
igmaandant
her
sar
eencl
osedwi
thi
nthepet
als,
thati
stheyar
e
nothangi
ngorexposedout
side.
3.Speci
menPhasscent
.
4.Thest
igmai
swhol
e,notf
eat
her
y.
5.Thest
yleandt
hef
il
ament
sar
erel
ati
vel
yshor
tandf
ir
m.
(
d)Compl
etet
het
abl
egi
venbel
ow:
Fl
owerPar
t Funct
ion
Ant
her Producespollengrainswhicharethemalegametesof
thefl
ower
Ovul
es Developsint
oaseed
Sepal Holds/enclosest hepetal
stogether
.
St
yle Iti
sthepassageofpol l
entubesandthei
rnucl
eit
ot he
ovary.
Ov
ary Containstheovulesanddev el
opsintot
hefrui
taf
ter
successfulf
erti
li
zati
on.
[
5]
[
Tot
al:20]
2003PRACTI
CALEXAMI
NATI
ON:ANSWERS

Q1.
REDUCI
NGSUGARS
Met
hod
Put2cm3ofW31sol
uti
oni
nat
estt
ube(
anyv
ol ween1cm3and3cm3ofW31
umebet
sol
uti
on.
Addequal
vol
umeofbenedi
cts’
sol
uti
on;
heatgent
lyusi
ngawat
erbat
hand/bunsen

©2014wear
ebutonl
yfaci
l
itat
orsi
nyoureducat
ion 25
bur
ner/spi
ri
tbur
ner
;shaket
hemi
xtur
e.
Wr
ongAnswer[
WA]
:heatwi
thoutt
hewor
dgent
ly/
slowl
yandwi
thoutwat
erbat
h

Obser
vat
ion:Thesol
uti
ont
urnsbl
ue.
Wr
ongAnswer[
WA]
:col
ourr
emai
nst
hesame/col
ourofbenedi
cts’
sol
uti
on.
Concl
usi
on:W31doesnotcont
ainr
educi
ngsugar/r
educi
ngsugar
sar
enotpr
esenti
n
W31.
Wr
ongAnswer[
WA]
:W31doesnotcont
ainsi
mpl
esugar
s/gl
ucose/negat
iver
esul
ts.
Wr
ongAnswer[
WA]
:Cor
rectconcl
usi
onbuti
ftheobser
vat
ioni
swr
ong.

NON-
REDUCI
NGSUGARS
Met
hod
 Put2cm3ofW31sol
uti
oni
nat
estt
ube;
 Add2dr
opsofdi
l
utehy
drochl
ori
caci
d/(
Accept
ed)3dr
opsofdi
l
utehy
drochl
ori
caci
d
andboi
lthemi
xtur
e;cool
themi
xtur
e;add2dr
opsofsodi
um hy
droxi
desol
uti
ondr
op
bydr
opunt
ilhi
ssi
ngst
ops./(
Accept
ed)3dr
opsofsodi
um hy
droxi
desol
uti
on.
 Addequal
vol
umeofbenedi
cts’
sol
uti
on;
andheatgent
lyusi
ngawat
erbat
h/Bunsen
bur
nerwhi
l
stshaki
ng.
Wr
ongAnswer[
WA]
:heatwi
thoutgent
ly/
slowl
yandwi
thoutwat
erbat
h
Obser
vat
ion:
Thesol
uti
on/mi
xtur
etur
nsasf
oll
ows:
Bl
ue gr
een/
yel
l
ow or
ange r
ed/br
ickr
edpr
eci
pit
ate
(
Accept
ed)Anyoft
hecol
our
sapar
tfr
om bl
ueandgr
een

Concl
usi
on:
Non–r
educi
ngsugar
/si
s/ar
epr
esenti
nW31/W31cont
ainsnonr
educi
ngsugar
s.
Wr
ongAnswer[
WA]
:posi
ti
ver
esul
tforr
educi
ngsugar
s/sucr
osei
spr
esent
.
(
c)(
I)Tohy
drol
yse/br
eakdownnon-
reduci
ngsugar
sint
oreduci
ngsugar
s.
(
ii
)Toneut
ral
i
zet
heaci
d
(
d)(
i)Sucr
ose
(
ii
)Iti
sinsol
ubl
einwat
er;
notv
eryr
eact
ive.
(
ii
i)St
em;
(
iv)Sucr
ose
Q2.

©2014wear
ebutonl
yfaci
l
itat
orsi
nyoureducat
ion 26
(
a)Dr
awi
ngmar
ks
 Lar
ge;
real
;cl
ear(
nodi
rtr
ubbi
ng,
nodoubl
eli
nesandnoshadi
ng)
.
 Label
mar
ks
Test
a;cot
yledon;
plumul
e;r
adi
cle
Wr
ongAnswer[
WA]
:label
swi
thl
i
nescr
ossi
ng/l
abel
srepr
esent
edbyl
i
neswi
thcr
osses/
notki
ssi
ngort
ouchi
ngl
i
nes.

(
b)(
i)l
engt
hofspeci
menW32
(
Mini
mum =1.
0cm,
maxi
mum 2.
0cm.ORmi
nimum 10mm;
mini
mum 20mm)
.
(
1mar
k)
(
ii
)Lengt
hoft
hedr
awi
ngmi
nimum =3.
0cm or30mm
Wr
ongAnswer[
WA]
:lengt
hwi
thoutt
hel
ineont
hedr
awi
ng
(
ii
i)Magni
fi
cat
ion=Si
zeofi
mage/dr
awi
ng
Si
zeofobj
ect/speci
menW32 (
1mar
k)
(
Accept
ed)M =I wher
eM i
smagni
fi
cat
ion,
Iisi
mageandOi
sobj
ect(
in
O t
hiscaseIi
sdr
awi
ngandOi
sspeci
men
Wr
ongAnswer[ :M =I
WA]
O
Cor
rectsubst
it
uti
on…………………………………………………………………(
1mar
k)
Wr
ongAnswer[
WA]
:subst
it
uti
onwi
thoutonedeci
mal
placei
fincm.
Wr
ongAnswer[
WA]
:subst
it
uti
onwi
thoutuni
ts[
uni
tsei
thercm ormm]
Magni
fi
cat
ion=X2.
0or2.
0Xor2t
imes
(
Accept
ed)Magni
fi
cat
ionbet
weenX1.
5andabov
e
Wr
ongAnswer[ :Ma
WA] gni
fi
cat
ionwi
thoutadeci
mal
place.
(
c)Monocot
yledonpl
ant
s……………………………………………………………(
1mar
k)
(
d)–Bot
hhav
eat
est
a
-Bot
hhav
eembr
yo
-Bot
hhav
ecot
yledon/
s
-Bot
har
eseeds
(
e)(
i)W32hast
wocot
yledonswhi
l
eW33hasonecot
yledon.
(
ii
)W32hasnoendosper
m whi
l
eW33hasanendosper
m.
(
ii
i)W32t
est
aisopaquewhi
l
eW33t
est
aist
ranspar
ent
.
Not
e:r
ememberW32i
sagr
oundnutseedwhi
l
eW33i
samai
zeseed.

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2004BI
OLOGYEXAMI
NATI
ON
Eachcandi
dat
ewaspr
ovi
dedwi
tht
hef
oll
owi
ngappar
atus,
reagent
sandspeci
mens;

Questi
on1.
a)Speci
menW31—Peel edmat ur
epar
tofsugarcane.
Apieceof4x2x1cm i nsize.
Apparat
us
b)i
)Scalpel/
Razorblade
ii
)3testtubes(about20cm3capaci
ty)

Thef ol
lowinginsui tablecontai
ner
s,eachwi
thadr
opper
.
(c)i
)Benedi ctssolution
ii
)Dil
utehy drochloricacid
i
ii
)Sodium hy droxidesoluti
on
(d)i)Testtubehol der
ii
)Testtuber ack
i
ii
)Disti
ll
edwat er
i
v)Measur ingcy l
inder(25cm3capacity
)
v)Safemeansofheat i
ng.

Quest
ion2.
(
a)SpecimensW32groundnutseedW33mai
zeseed
(
b)Apparat
usi)Handlens
i
i)Rul
er(
mm)

2004EXAM.Answeral
lthequest
ions.

1.Youareprov
idedwi thspeci
menW31.Usingascalpel
ornewr
azorbl
ade,cutspeci
men
W31intosmallpieces.Putthecutpi
ecesi
ntot
estt
ubeT1.Add5cm3ofdist
il
ledwater
andshakethetesttube.

Al
l
owt
hesol
i
dpar
ti
cl
est
oset
tl
edown.

Pourequalvolumesofthecl earl
iqui
df r
om testtubeT1i
ntotestt ubesl
abell
edT2andT3.
(NB:Leavethesoli
dparticlesinT1)
(a)Taket
hel i
quidint
het esttubelabell
edT2andcar r
youtthetestf orr
educi
ngsugar.
(i
)Inthet
estmet hodcolumnoft het abl
e,descri
behowy ouwillcarryoutt
hetestf
or
reduci
ngsugar .
(i
i)Complet
etheobservationandconcl usi
oncolumnsoft hetable.

Tabl
e1:
Reduci
ngsugart
est

TestMet
hod Obser
vat
ion Concl
usi
on

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[
5]

(
b)Taket
hetesttubel
abell
edT3andcarryoutthetestf
ornon-reduci
ngsugar
.
(
i)I
nthet
estmethodcolumnofthetabl
e,descri
behowy ouwillcarr
youtthet
estf
ornon-
r
educi
ngsugar.
(
ii
)Compl
etetheobser
vati
onandconclusioncolumnsofthetable.

Tabl
e2:
NonReduci
ngsugart
est

TestMet
hod Obser
vat
ion Concl
usi
on

[
7]

(
c)Whatwast
hepur
poseofaddi
ngt
hef
oll
owi
ngt
othet
estl
i
qui
ds?

(
i)Di
l
utehy
drochl
ori
caci
d[2]

………………………………………………………………………………………………

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 …………………………………………………………………………………………….
.
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
.
(
ii
)Dil
utesodi
um hy
droxi
desol
uti
on.[
1]
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
.
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
.

(
d)(
i)I
nwhatf
orm doesW31st
oret
hecar
bohy
drat
ethathast
est
edposi
ti
ve?

…………………………………………………………………………………………….
.[
1]

(
ii
)Gi
vear
easonwhyt
hiscar
bohy
drat
eisst
oredi
nthef
orm ment
ionedabov
e.[
2]

…………………………………………………………………………………………….
.[
1]

(
ii
i)Namet
hest
orageor
ganW31.

…………………………………………………………………………………………….
.[1]

(
e)I
nwhatf
orm ar
ecar
bohy
drat
est
ranspor
tedi
npl
ant
s?

…………………………………………………………………………………………….
.[1]

menW32andW33ar
2.Speci epart
sofanani
mal.
(a)(i
)NamespecimenW32…………………………………………………………………….
.[1]
(i
i)Usingahandl
ens,
exami
nespeci
menW32.

Makealar
ge,l
abel
leddr
awingoftheext
ernal
par
tsofspeci
menW32showi
ng
cl
ear
lyasmanystr
uctur
esaspossibl
e.

[
5]

(
ii
i)Measur
ethel
engt
hofspeci
menW32:………………………………………………..
Measur
ethel
engt
hofthedr ng…………………………………………………………[
awi 1]
(NB:Dr
awali
nealongt
helengt
hmeasured.
)

(
iv)Cal
cul
atethemagni
fi
cat
ionofy
ourdr
awi
ng.
Cal
cul
ati
on:

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 [
2]

Magni
fi
cat
ion……………………………………………………………………….
. [
1]

(
b)(i
)Onthedi
agr
am,i
ndi
cat
ethety
peofjoint
sf menW32.
oundateachendofspeci
[
1]
(
ii
)Gi
vetwoexampl
esofwher
eeachofthesetypesofj
oint
saref
oundinahuman
body
………………………………………………………………………………………….
.

………………………………………………………………………………………….
.

………………………………………………………………………………………….
.. [
4]

(
c)Usingahandlens,examinetheexternal
part
sofspeci
menW33car
eful
l
y.
Statef
ivest
ruct
uraldif
ferencesbetweenspeci
menW32andW33.

Speci
menW32 Speci
menW33

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 [5]
[
Tot
al:
20]

MARKI
NGKEY-
2004BI
OLOGYPAPERI
II

Q1

Reduci
ngsugar
s
Met
hod
Put2cm3ofW31sol
uti
oni
nat
estt
ube.(
Accept
abl
e)Anyv
ol ween1cm3and3cm3
umebet
ofW31sol
uti
on.
Addequal
vol
umeofBenedi
cts’
sol
uti
on;
heatgent
lyusi
ngawat
erbat
h/Bunsen
banner
/spi
ri
tbanner
;shaket
hemi
xtur
e.

Wr
ongAnswer[ :
WA]heatwi
thoutt
hewor
dgent
ly/
slowl
y.

Obser
vat
ion
Thesol
uti
on/mi
xtur
etur
nsbl
ue,

Wr WA]Col
ongAnswer[ ourr
emai
nst
hesame/col
ourofbenedi
cts’
sol
uti
on

Concl
usi
on
W31doesnotcont
ainr
educi
ngsugar
s/Reduci
ngsugar
sar
enotpr
esenti
nW31.
Wr WA]W31doe
ongAnswer[ snotcont
ainsi
mpl
esugar
s/gl
ucose/
negat
iver
esul
t.
Wr WA]Cor
ongAnswer[ rectconcl
usi
oni
ftheobser
vat
ioni
swr
ong.

Non—Reduci
ngsugar
s
-Put2cm3,
ofW31sol
uti
on,
inat
estt
ube;
-
Add2dr
opsofdi
l
utehy
drochl
ori d1(
caci Accept
abl
e)3dr
opsofdi
l
utehy
drochl
ori
caci
d
andboi
lthemi
xtur
e;cool
themi
xtur
e;add2dr
opsofsodi
um hy
droxi
de
sol
uti
onsdr
opbydr
opunt
ilhi
ssi
ngst
ops./(
Accept
abl
e)3dr
opsofsodi
um hy
droxi
de
-Addequal
vol
ume;
ofbenedi
cts’
sol
uti
on;
andheatgent
ly;
usi
ngawat
erbat
h/Bunsen
banner
/spi
ri
tbanner
;whi
l
stshaki
ng®heat
;wi
thoutgent
ly/
slowl
y.
Obser
vat
ion
Thesol
uti
on/
mixt
uret
urnsasf
oll
ows:
bl
ue—‘
green/y
ell
ow/
orange/r
ed/
bri
ckr
edpr
eci
pit
ate.
(
Accept
abl
e)anycol
ourapar
tfr
om bl
ueandgr
een
Concl
usi
on

©2014wear
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Non-
Reduci
ngsugar
sar
epr
esenti
nW31/W31cont
ainsnon-
reduci
ngsugar
s

Wr WA]pos
ongAnswer[ i
ti
ver
esul
tforReduci
ngsugar
s/Sucr
osei
spr
esent
(
c)i
)tohy
drol
yse/br
eakdownnon-
reduci
ngsugar
sint
oreduci
ngsugar
s.
i
i
)toneut
ral
i
zet
heaci
d
(
d)i
)sucr
ose;
i
i
)iti
sinnsol
ubl
einwat
er;
notv
eryr
eact
ive
i
i
i)st
em;
i
v)sucr
ose.

Q2.
(
a)Dr
awi
ngmar
ks
Lar
ge;
real
;cl
ear(
nodi
rtr
ubbi
ngnodoubl
eli
nesandnoshadi
ng)

Label
mar
ks
Test
a;cot
yledon;
plumul
e;Radi
cle. (
3
mar
ks)
Wr WA]l
ongAnswer[ abel
swi
thl
i
nescr
ossi
ng/
label
srepr
esent
edbyl
i
neswi
thcr
osses/no
ki
ssi
ngort
ouchi
ngl
i
nes.
(
i.
e.l
abel
li
nesnotr
eachi
ngandt
ouchi
ngt
hepoi
ntst
heyar
eint
endedt
o.)

(
b)i
.Lengt
hofspeci
menW32
(
mini
mum =1.
0cm,
maxi
mum =2.
0cm)
. (
1
mar
k)

i
iLengt
hoft
hedr
awi
ngmi
nimum =3.
0cm
Wr WA]l
ongAnswer[ engt
hwi
thoutt
hel
i
neont
hedr
awi
ng
i
i
i.Magni
fi
cat
ion=Si
zeofI
mage(
drawi
ng)
Si
zeofObj
ect(
speci
menW32) (
1
mar
k)
(
A)M=I
/O[
wher
e;Mi
smagni
fi
cat
ion,
IisI
mageandOi
sobj
ect
.
Wr WA]M=I
ongAnswer[ /O

Cor
rectsubst
it
uti
on (
1
mar
k)
Wr WA]Subs
ongAnswer[ t
it
uti
onwi
thoutonedeci
mal
placei
fincm.

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Wr
ongAnswer[ Subst
WA] it
uti
onwi
thoutuni
ts
[
uni
tsei
thercm ormm]
Magni
fi
cat
ion=X2.
0or0/
2.0Xor2t
imes
(
A)Magni
fi
cat
ionbet
weenXl
5andabov
e
Wr WA]Ma
ongAnswer[ gni
fi
cat
ionwi
thoutadeci
mal
place.
(
c)Monocot
yledonouspl
ant
s. (
1
mar
k)

(
d)-Bot
hhav
eat
est
a
-Bot
hhav
eembr
yo
-Bot
hhav
ecot
yledon
-Bot
har
eseeds

(
e)i
)W32hasonecot
yledonwhi
l
eW33hast
wocot
yledons.
i
i
)W32hasanendosper
m whi
l
eW33hasnoendosper
m.
i
i
i)W32t
est
aist
ranspar
entwhi
l
eW33t
est
aisopaque.

2006BI
OLOGYPRACTI
CALEXAMI
NATI
ON

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©2014wear
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©2014wear
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©2014wear
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©2014wear
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©2014wear
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©2014wear
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ENZYMES

Enzymesar
ebi
ologi
calcat
alyst
sthatal
tert
her
ateofbi
ologi
calchemi
calr
eact
ionswi
thout
t
hemsel
vesbei
ngchangedorusedup.

Enzymesandt
emper
atur
e
Ar
isei
ntemper
atur
eincr
easest
her
ateofmostchemi
calr
eact
ions;af
alli
ntemper
atur
esl
owst
hem
down.I
nmanycasesar
iseof10oCwi
l
ldoubl
ether
ateofr
eact
ioni
nacel
l
.Thi
sisequal
l
ytr
uef
or
enzyme-
cont
rol
l
edr
eact
ions,butabove50°
Ctheenzymes,bei
ngpr
otei
ns,ar
edenat
uredandst
op
wor
king.
Thi
sisoneoft
her
easonswhyor
gani
smsmaybeki
l
ledbypr
olongedexposur
etohi
ght
emper
atur
es.The
enzymesi
nthei
rcel
l
sar
edenat
uredandt
hechemi
calr
eact
ionspr
oceedt
oosl
owl
ytomai
ntai
nli
fe.
Onewayt
otestwhet
herasubst
ancei
sanenzymei
stoheati
ttoboi
l
ingpoi
nt,i
fitcanst
il
lcar
ryouti
ts
r
eact
ionsaf
tert
his,i
tcannotbeanenzyme.Thi
stechni
quei
susedasa‘
cont
rol
’i
nenzymeexper
iment
s.

EnzymesandpH
Aci
doral
kal
i
necondi
ti
onsal
tert
hechemi
calpr
oper
ti
esofpr
otei
ns,i
ncl
udi
ngenzymes.Mostenzymes
wor
kbestatapar
ti
cu¬l
arl
evelofaci
dit
yoral
kal
i
nit
y(pH)
.Thepr
otei
n-di
gest
ingenzymei
nyourst
omach,
f
orexampl
e,wor
kswel
latanaci
dit
yofpH2.Att
hispH,t
heenzymeamyl
ase,f
rom yoursal
i
va,cannot
wor
katal
l
.Insi
det
hecel
Is,mostenzymeswi
l
lwor
kbesti
nneut
ralcondi
ti
ons(
pH 7)
.ThepH or
t
emper
atur
eatwhi
chanenzymewor
ksbesti
sof
tencal
l
edi
tsopt
imum pHort
emper
atur
e.
Al
thoughchangesi
npHaf
fectt
heact
ivi
tyofenzymes,t
heseef
fect
sar
eusual
l
yrever
sibl
e,i
.e.anenzyme
whi
chi
sinact
ivat
edbyal
ow pH wi
l
lresumei
tsnor
malact
ivi
tywheni
tsopt
imum pH i
srest
ored.
Ext
remesofpH,however
,maydenat
uresomeenzymesi
rr
ever
sibl
y.
Enzymesar
especi
fi
c
Thi
smeanssi
mpl
ythatanenzymewhi
chnor
mal
l
yact
sononesubst
ancewi
l
lnotactonadi
ff
erentone
Thus,anenzymewhi
chbr
eaksdownst
archt
omal
tosewi
l
lnotal
sobr
eakdownpr
otei
nst
oami
noaci
ds.
Al
so,i
far
eact
iont
akespl
acei
nst
ages,e.
g.
st
arch mal
t st
ose( age1)mal
tose gl st
ucose( age2)
adi
ff
erentenzymei
sneededf
oreachst
age.

Thenamesofenzymesusual
l
yendwi
t aseandt
h- heyar
enamedaccor
dingt
othesubst
anceonwhi
ch
t
heyact
,ort
her
eact
ionwhi
cht
heypr
omot
e.Forexampl
e,anenzymewhi
chact
sonpr
otei
nsmaybe

©2014wear
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cal
l
edapr
otease;onewhi
chr
emoveshydr
ogenf
rom asubst
ancei
sadehydr
ogenase.
Thesubst
anceonwhi
chanenzymeact
siscal
l
edi
tssubst
rat
e.
Thus,t
heenzymesucr
aseact
sont
hesubst
rat
esucr
oset
opr
oducet
hemonosacchar
ides,gl
ucoseand
f
ruct
ose.

Rat
esofenzymer
eact
ions
Asexpl
ainedabove,t
her
ateofanenzyme-
cont
rol
l
edr
eact
iondependsont
het
emper
atur
eandpH.I
t
al
sodependsont
heconcent
rat
ionsoft
heenzymeandi
tssubst
rat
e.Themor
eenzymemol
ecul
es
pr
oducedbyacel
l
,thef
ast
ert
her
eact
ionwi
l
lpr
oceed,pr
ovi
dedt
her
ear
eenoughsubst
rat
emol
ecul
es
avai
l
abl
e.Si
mil
arl
y,ani
ncr
easei
nthesubst
rat
econcent
rat
ionwi
l
lspeedupt
her
eact
ioni
fther
ear
e
enoughenzymemol
ecul
est
ocopewi
tht
headdi
ti
onalsubst
rat
e.

I
ntr
a-andext
racel
lul
arenzymes
Al
lenzymesar
emadei
nsi
decel
l
s.Mostoft
hem r
emai
ninsi
det
hecel
ltospeedupr
eact
ionsi
nthe
cyt
opl
asm andnucl
eus.Thesear
ecal
l
edi
ntr
acel
l
ularenzymes(
'i
ntr
a'means'
i
nsi
de'
).I
naf
ewcases,t
he
enzymesmadei
nthecel
l
sar
eletoutoft
hecel
ltodot
hei
rwor
kout
side.Thesear
eext
racel
l
ularenzymes
(
'ext
ra'means'
out
side'
).Fungiandbact
eri
arel
easeext
racel
l
ularenzymesi
nor
dert
odi
gestt
hei
rfood.A
moul
dgr
owi
ngonapi
eceofbr
eadr
eleasesst
arch-
digest
ingenzymesi
ntot
hebr
eadandabsor
bst
he
sol
ubl
esugar
swhi
cht
heenzymepr
oducesf
rom t
hebr
ead.I
nthedi
gest
ivesyst
emsofani
mal
s,ext
ra-
cel
l
ularenzymesar
erel
easedi
ntot
hest
omachandi
ntest
inesi
nor
dert
odi
gestt
hef
ood.

PRACTI
CALWORK
Bel
owar
esomeoft
heexper
iment
sthatcanbeper
for
medt
odemonst
rat
ehowenzymeswor
k.

1.Ext
ract
ingandt
est
inganenzymef
rom l
i
vingcel
l
s
I
nthi
sexper
iment
,theenzymet
obeext
ract
edandt
est
edi
scat
alase,andt
hesubst
rat
eisHydr
ogen

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Per
oxi
de(
H202).Cer
tai
nreact
ionsi
nthecel
lpr
oducehydr
ogenper
oxi
de,whi
chi
spoi
sonous.Cat
alase
r
ender
sthehydr
ogenper
oxi
dehar
mlessbybr
eaki
ngi
tdownt
owat
erandoxygen.
cat
alase
2H202 2H2O+O2

Pr
ocedur
e
Gr
indasmal
lpi
eceofl
i
verwi
thabout20cm3 wat
erandal
i
ttl
esand,i
namor
tar
.Thi
swi
l
lbr
eakopent
he
l
i
vercel
l
sandr
eleaset
hei
rcont
ent
s.Fi
l
tert
hemi
xtur
eandshar
eitbet
weent
wot
est
-t
ubes,AandB.The
f
il
tr
atewi
l
lcont
ainagr
eatvar
iet
yofsubst
ancesdi
ssol
vedoutf
rom t
hecyt
opl
asm oft
hel
i
vercel
l
s
i
ncl
udi
ng manyenzymes.Becauseenzymesar
especi
fi
conl
yoneoft
hese,cat
alase,wi
l
lacton
hydr
ogenper
oxi
de.Addsomedr
opsoft
hef
il
tr
atef
rom t
est
-t
ubeAt ewcm3hydr
oaf ogenper
oxi
dei
na
t
est
-t
ube.Youwi
l
lseeavi
gor
ousr
eact
ionast
hehydr
ogenper
oxi
debr
eaksdownt
opr
oduceoxygen.
(
Theoxygencanbet
est
edwi
thagl
owi
ngspl
i
nt.
)
Nowboi
lthef
il
tr
atei
ntubeBf
orabout30seconds.Addaf
ewdr
opsoft
heboi
l
edf
il
tr
atet
oaf
reshl
ot
ofhydr
ogenper
oxi
de.Ther
ewi
l
lbenor
eact
ionbecauseboi
l
inghasdenat
uredt
hecat
alase.
Next
,shakeal
i
ttl
emanganese(
iv)oxi
depowderi
nat
est
-t
ubewi
thsomewat
erandpourt
hisi
nto
somehydr
ogenper
oxi
de.Ther
ewi
l
lbeavi
gor
ousr
eact
ionsi
mil
art
otheonewi
tht
hel
i
verext
ract
.If
younowboi
lsomemanganese(
IV)oxi
dewi
thwat
erandaddt
hist
ohydr
ogenper
oxi
de,t
her
eact
ion
wi
l
lst
il
loccur
.Manganese(
iv)oxi
dei
sacat
alystbuti
tisnotanenzymebecauseheat
inghasnot
al
ter
edi
tscat
alyt
icpr
oper
ti
es.
Theexper
imentcanber
epeat
edwi
thapi
eceofpot
atot
ocompar
eit
scat
alasecont
entwi
tht
hatoft
he
l
i
ver
.Thepi
eceofpot
atoshoul
dbeaboutt
hesamesi
zeast
hel
i
versampl
e.