Arunachala Medical Encyclopedia

Biomechanics All Repeated Questions

Essays
A.Mechanics
1. Describe in detail about Newton’s laws of motion.

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2. Explain three orders of Levers with examples. Add a note on

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mechanical advantage.
3. Discuss in detail the kinematic variables that describe the

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motion.

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B. Joint structure and function

general effects of injury and disease.

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2. Explain the general properties of connective tissue
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1. Describe the tissue present in human joints and mention
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3. Describe the general effects of injury and disease of the joint
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structure.
C.Muscle structure and function
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1. Write the structure and contractile unit of a muscle. Write the

types of muscle fibre and the types of muscle contraction.
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2. Difference between Phasic and Tonic muscle and add the

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notes on active and passive insufficiency.

3. Describe in detail about the muscle functions and factors
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affecting the muscle function.

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D.Vertebral column
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1. Describe the normal curves of vertebral column and discuss

the factors responsible for its mobility and stability.
2. Explain about effect of injury and developmental defects of
vertebral column.
3. Describe the structure and function of vertebral column.
4. Kinetics, Kinematics and Patho-mechanics of lumbar spine.
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 5. Factors of mobility and stability in Spine.
6. Describe the relationship between the Zygapophyseal joints
and the inter-body joints of vertebral column.

E. Shoulder complex
1. What is Scapulo-humeral rhythm? Explain the phases of

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scapulo-humeral rhythm in detail with neat diagram.

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2. Compare and contrast biomechanics of Hip and Shoulder
Joint.

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3. Discuss in detail the Kinematic variables that describe the
motion of Scapulothoracic and Glenohumeral joint.

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F. Elbow complex
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and Humeroradial joints.
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1. Describe in detail the structure and function of Humeroulnar
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G.Wrist and hand complex
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1. What is Prehension? Explain power grip and precision

handling in detail with examples.
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H.Hip complex
1. Explain the structure configuration of hip joint in relation to
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weight bearing in unilateral and bilateral stance along with

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factors contributing for its stability.

2. a. Enumerate the effect of limitation of hip joint motion on
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lumbar spine
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b. Compare architectural characteristics on functions of

quadriceps versus hamstring muscles.
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3. Describe why using a cane on the side opposite to hip joint

pain or weakness is more effective than using the cane on
the same side.
4. Write the structure and function of the Hip joint, with the Hip
joint pathology.
I. Knee complex
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 1. Discuss in detail the articulating structure, osteokinematics
and arthrokinematics of the tibio-femoral joint. Add a note on
pathomechanics of knee joint.
2. Describe in detail about the articulating structures
kinematics of Tibiofemoral joint and related Pathomechnics.
3. Explain the structure, configuration of hip joint in relation to
weight bearing in unilateral and bilateral stance with stability
factors.

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4. Biomechanics of Knee joint.

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5. Discuss the Kinematics and Kinetics of Patella Femoral Joint

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adding note on applied anatomy also.
J. Ankle and foot complex

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1. Explain the structure and function of Plantar arches in detail.
K.Posture E
1. Analyze posture and explain the postural deviations.
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2. Describe the postural deviations from optimal alignment in
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the frontal plane.

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3. Analyze posture with respect to the optimal alignment and

brief about postural deviations.
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L. Gait
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1. Discuss the biomechanical analysis of running gait versus

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walking.
2. Pathomechanics of gait.
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3. Biomechanics of Gait.
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5 Marks
A.Mechanics
1. Calculation of centre of gravity of the body.
2. Explain Newton’s law of inertia with example.
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 3. Centre of gravity and Line of gravity.
4. Torque.
5. Mechanical advantage - therapeutic use.
6. Centre of gravity and its application.
7. Gravity its uses in therapeutics.
8. Anatomical pulley.
9. Concurrent force system.

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10. Law of inertia.

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11. Shear force.

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B. Joint structure and function

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1. Composition of the connective tissue.
2. Load-deformation curve.
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3. Stress and strain
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4. Kinematic chains.
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5. Osteokinematics and Arthrokinematics.

6. Synovial joint and its subdivision.
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7. Pivot joint
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8. Describe the layers and functions of joint capsule.

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C.Muscle structure and function

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1. Types of muscle fibers and its function.

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2. Cumulative strain in tendons

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3. Excitation-contraction coupling.
4. Active and Passive insufficiency.
5. Explain active and passive tension.
6. Insufficiency.
7. Active insufficiency.
8. Passive insufficiency
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 9. Explain the factors affecting muscle function
10. Tonic and Phasic muscles.
11. Properties of tendon.

D.Vertebral column
1. Balancing of the head and vertebral column.
2. Lordosis and Kyphosis

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3. Explain about the function of cervical region

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4. Functions of intervertebral disc.

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5. Intervertebral disc – its structure and function.
6. Factors affecting the mobility of the lumbar vertebral column.

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7. Describe the structure and function of thoracolumbar fascia.

E. Shoulder complex E
1. Scapulo humeral rhythm
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2. Rotator cuff stabilization.
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3. Clavicular contribution to elevation of arm

4. Advantages and disadvantages of Coracoacromial arch
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5. Winging of scapula
6. Compare action of anconeus and triceps.
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7. Anconeus and Triceps.

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8. Shoulder joint stability.

9. Reverse scapulohumeral rhythm.
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10. Pathomechanics of supraspinatus impingement.

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11. Describe dynamic stabilization of glenohumeral joint.

12. Describe the role of sternoclavicular joint in shoulder
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movements.
13. Describe scapula humeral rhythm and codman’s
paradox.
14. Explain the structure and function of scapulothoracic
joint.
15. Codman’s paradox
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 16.

F. Elbow complex
1. Structures limiting motion in supination and pronation
2. Explain Tennis Elbow
3. Explain the ligaments of Radioulnar joints
4. Nurse maid’s elbow.

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5. Pronation and supination.

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6. Explain the structure and function of the ligaments
associated with proximal radioulnar joint.

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7. Tennis and nurse – maid’s Elbow
8. Carrying Angle.

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9. Muscles and movements of Radioulnar joint.

G.Wrist and hand complex

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1. Closed chain motion of the elbow.
2. Position of the wrist.
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3. Power grip
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4. Explain about the extensor mechanism of wrist and hand

5. Functions of hand
6. Lumbricals
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7. Prehension
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8. Explain the mechanism of finger flexion.

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9. Flexor mechanism of hand.

10. Describe the role of interossei and lumbricals at the
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MCP and IP joints.

11. Triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC)
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12. Volar plate.

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H.Hip complex
1. Ways to reduce forces acting on the femoral head.
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 2. Pelvic tilts
3. Trabecular system of hip joint
4. Osteokinematics of hip joint
5. Coxa valga and coxa vara.
6. Mechanical stress and structural adaptation of femur.
7. Draw and explain the angulation of the femur.

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8. Pelvic tilt.
9. Lumbar pelvic rhythm.

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I. Knee complex
1. Bursae around knee
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2. Axial rotation in the knee joint.
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3. Cross-eyed patella.
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4. Differentiate Coxa valga from Coxa vara

5. Explain patella as an Anatomic Pulley
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6. What is “Q” angle of knee joint? How is it measured and what

implications does it have for patellofemoral problems?
7. Locking and Unlocking of knee
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8. Knee joint incongruence.

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9. Ligaments of knee.
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10. Describe the role of Cruciate ligaments in knee stability

11. Describe the motions of patella with diagrams.
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12. Index of Insall and Salviti

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13.

J. Ankle and foot complex

1. Loading of the foot.
2. Talocalaneo navicular joint
3. Pronation twist of tarsometatarsal joint
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 4. Explain about Pes planus
5. Explain the coupled movements of subtalar pronation and
supination
6. Talocalcaneo navicular joint
7. Inversion and Eversion.
8. Plantar arches – mechanism.
9. Write about the attachments and functions of cruciate
ligaments of tibiofemoral joint.

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10. Explain the structure and function of plantar

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aponeurosis.

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11. Describe the intrinsic and extrinsic foot muscles.
12. Describe the functions of Tibiofemoral joint.

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13. Write about the ligaments supporting the subtalar joint.
14. Structure and function of Plantar arches.
15. Explain about pes planus.
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K.Posture
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1. Optimal posture
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2. Compensatory posture
3. Factors affecting normal posture.
4. Effects of gravity on posture.
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5. Frontal plane deviations from optimal vertebral alignment.

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6. Analysis of sitting posture.

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7. Describe the role of muscles that maintain the erect posture.

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L. Gait
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1. Parameters of gait
2. Determinants of gait
3. Phases of Gait cycle
4. Explain stair gait cycle.
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 5. Weight transference in single stance.
6. Temporal and distance variables in gait.
7. Abnormal gait due to muscle paralysis.
8. Compare running verses walking gait.

5 Marks others
Explain force velocity relationship.

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Concentric exercise.

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Explain fixed support synergies with examples.

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Differentiate isokinetic and iso-inertial exercise and testing.
Squat lifting versus stoop lifting.

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Proprioception.
Tensile forces
Fixed support synergies
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Muscular weakness and atrophy
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Analyze placing the hand behind the head.
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Reverse action
Effects of immobilization in a lengthened versus a shortened
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position
Joint receptors
Triceps surae
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2 Marks
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A.Mechanics
1. Axes and planes.
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2. Force vectors.
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3. Components of force.
4. What are joint reaction forces?
5. Define torque.

B. Joint structure and function

1. Facet joint.
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 2. Synarthrosis.
3. Synovial joint
4. Joint Play.

C.Muscle structure and function

1. What is a motor unit?
2. Spurt and shunt muscle.
3. Muscle spindle.

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4. H zone.

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D.Vertebral column
1. State the six main ligaments associated with intervertebral

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and zygapophyseal joints.
2. What is spondylolisthesis?
3. What is nutation and counternutation?
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E. Shoulder complex
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1. What is scaption?
2. Scapulohumeral rhythm.
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3. Coracoacromial arch.
4. Muscles of elevation of shoulder.
5. Subacromial space.
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F. Elbow complex
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G.Wrist and hand

1. What is Bunnell’s Sign
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2. What is dorsal intercalated segmental instability?

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3. State two functions of volar plate.

4. What is metatarsal break?
5. Name two structures that maintain the palmar arch.
6. Hook grip.
7. Pad to pad grip.
8. Intercalated segment.
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 9. Function of metatarsophalangeal joint.
10. Campers chiasma.
11. Prehension.
12. Types of hand grip.
13. Grip.

H.Hip complex
1. Counternutation.

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2. Ligaments of Bigelow.

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3. Draw the angle of wiberg.

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4. Anteversion and Retroversion.

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I. Knee complex
1. What is Genu recurvatum?
2. Ligamentum teres.
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3. What is patellar plica?
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4. Write the attachment and function of Ligamentum Teres.
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J. Ankle and foot complex

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1. Write the attachment of spring ligament.

2. Draw the Feiss line.
3. Claw toes.
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4. Arches of foot.
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5. Pes-cavus.
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K.Posture
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1. Postural muscle.
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L. Gait
1. Waddling gait.
2. Step width.
3. Cadence.
4. Equinus gait.
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 5. What is normal sway envelope?

Other 2 marks
What is Hysteresis?
What is Young’s modulus?
Synergist and fixator.
Squeeze film lubrication,
Latissimus Dorsi.

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Tenodesis.

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Synostosis.

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Shear.
Golgi tendon.

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Accessory movements.
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Me
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