Mid Term - 2018 2019

Ministry of Higher Education Subject: Computational Fluid
and Scientific Research Dynamics

University of Kufa Year: Four\ HVAC&R Branch
Faculty of Engineering Time: Two Hours
Mechanical Engineering Department Examiners: Ahmed Alhusseny
Air-conditioning & Refrigeration Branch Nasr Alkhalidy
Mid-Term Exam
(2018– 2019)
Q1\ A\ Select the correct answer for the questions below:
1- Liquid flows are usually treated as incompressible, but gas flows can also be regarded as
incompressible when Mach number is less than .….....
(a) 1 (b) 0.7 (c) 0.3
2- A differencing scheme is an approximation to compute the …….. values for the convective
terms on the discretised form of the general scalar equation.
(a) cell face (b) cell centre (c) neighboring cells centre
3- The central differencing scheme is not appropriate for problems where convection-diffusion
ratio is………...
(a) equal to 2 (b) less than 2 (c) greater than 2
4- The only unconditionally-bounded differencing scheme is the………………..
(a) QUICK (b) Central (c) first-order upwind
5- For a Newtonian fluid, shear stress proportional to the……….
(a) velocity gradient (b) velocity magnitude (c) pressure gradient
(15 Marks)
Q1\ B\ In any CFD simulation, the following stages are essential. Rearrange them according to their
sequence in a typical simulation.
a) Solve the resulting algebraic equations.
b) Analyse results (calculate derived quantities: forces, flow rates, etc.).
c) Construct a computational mesh (set of control volumes).
d) Discretise the governing equations.
e) Visualise (graphs and plots).
f) Formulate problem (geometry, equations, boundary conditions).
(10 Marks)
Q2\ The figure below shows part of a 2D square finite-volume mesh, with values of a scalar
concentration marked next to the nodes. The accompanying table gives some velocity components
on faces of the central cell. For an incompressible flow, do the following tasks:
a) Use the continuity principle to calculate the missing velocity component vs. (3 Marks)
b) Use the QUICK scheme (defined below) to calculate the value of on each of the central-cell
faces e, w, n, and s. Hence, find the net convective outflow of the physical quantity associated
with (as a multiple of cell-face area A and density ρ). (9 Marks)
c) Use the Van Albada et al. scheme (defined below) to calculate the value of scalar on each
of the central-cell faces e, w, n, and s. Hence, find the net convective outflow of the physical
quantity associated with (as a multiple of cell-face area A and density ρ). (9 Marks)
d) Define the terms transportive and bounded in the context of advection schemes and state
which of these properties is satisfied by each of QUICK and Van Albada et al. (4 Marks)
Data for Q2:

1 3 3
QUICK: ∅𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 = − ∅𝑈𝑈 + ∅𝑈 + ∅𝐷
8 4 8
𝑟+𝑟 2
1
∅ + ψ(𝑟)(∅𝐷 − ∅𝐷 ); 𝑖𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑐 ψ(𝑟 ) =
1+𝑟 2
Van Albada et al.: ∅𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 = { 𝑈 2 }, { ∅𝑈 −∅𝑈𝑈
∅𝑈 ; 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒 𝑟=
∅𝐷 −∅𝑈
Q3\ A fluid property ∅ is transported by means of convection and diffusion through the one-
dimensional domain sketched below. The equation governing the transport phenomenon is the steady
convection-diffusion general scalar equation with boundary conditions of ∅0 = 1 at x = 0 and ∅𝐿 = 0
at x = L. Using three equally spaced cells and each of the Central and Upwind differencing schemes
for convection-diffusion, write the discretised algebraic equations of Ø at each cell for: a) u = -0.2
m/s, b) u = -2.0 m/s. The following data apply: length L = 0.6 m, ρ = 1.0 kg/m3, Γ = 0.1 kg/m·s.
A u B
∅=1 ∅=0
x
(20 Marks)
Q4\ The schematic below illustrates a tank formed from two zones, i.e. liquid and solid. The tank is
heated from the left-side with a time-varying solar heat radiation 𝑞𝑠𝑜𝑙 = 𝑓 (𝑡) 𝑊 ⁄𝑚2 , while the right-
side is kept at a low temperature 𝑇𝑐 . The top surface of the tank is subjected to the ambient conditions,
i.e. (ℎ𝑎𝑖𝑟 & 𝑇𝑎𝑖𝑟 ), while its bottom is thermally insulated. Conjugate heat transfer takes place between
the two-physically different zones through the fluid-solid interface separating them, while fluid flow
is induced due to buoyancy effects where the buoyancy force is approximated according to
Boussinesq formulation 𝐹𝑏𝑢𝑜𝑦𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑦 = 𝜌0 𝛽𝑔(𝑇 − 𝑇0 ). Explain the following:
1- The assumptions required to simulate the below problem. (6 Marks)
2- The conservation equations governing the transport phenomena in each zone. (6 Marks)
3- The boundary conditions closing the mathematical model. (7 Marks)
4- The discretized form of each conservation equation stated in (point 2) above. (6 Marks)
5- The appropriate differencing scheme to be used for the fluid zone if (Pe ≤ 2). (5 Marks)
hair & Tair
Fluid-Solid
Interface
qsol
Solid Tc
Liquid Zone Zone H
ρf, μ, β, cp, kf ρs, cs, ks
Thermally Insulated
Lf Ls

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Mid Term - 2018 2019

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Ministry of Higher Education Subject: Computational Fluid

and Scientific Research Dynamics

Data for Q2:

hair & Tair

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