Sorting Algorithms

CS1006T Data Structures
Sorting Algorithms
Chandrabose Aravindan
<AravindanC@ssn.edu.in>
Professor of Information Technology

SSN College of Engineering
May 20, 2024
C. Aravindan (SSN Institutions) Data Structures May 20, 2024 1 / 32

Introduction
A sequence of objects can be arranged according to an order imposed

by a partial order ≤
A partial order is a relation among the objects which is reflexive,
anti-symmetric, and transitive
A sequence is sorted when every element xi ≤ xi+1 (except for the
last element!)

Inversions
A sequence of objects can be arranged according to an order imposed

by a partial order ≤
A partial order is a relation among the objects which is reflexive,
anti-symmetric, and transitive
Given a sequence of objects, out-of-the-order pairs are known as
inversions
For any two indices i and j, if i < j and A[i] > A[j] then the pair
(A[i], A[j]) is an inversion
A sequence is sorted when there are no inversions in it
Algorithm Idea: Systematically check all the pairs and “correct” the
inversions, if any

Basic Sorting Algorithms
Brute-force approach — exhaustive search (search all the pairs)

Selection Sort
Bubble Sort
Divide-Conquer-Merge (Does it help in reducing the number of
comparisons?)
Insertion Sort
Merge Sort
Quick Sort
Hybrid approaches

Insertion Sort
Divide and Conquer!

Decompose the sequence to head and tail
Sort the tail
Insert head in to the sorted tail (at the appropriate position)

Insertion Sort
Divide and Conquer!

Decompose the sequence to head and tail
Sort the tail
Insert head in to the sorted tail (at the appropriate position)
def i s o r t ( l s t ) :
i f ( l e n ( l s t ) == 0 ) :
return [ ]
else :
return insert ( l s t [0] , isort ( l s t [ 1 : ] ) )

Insertion Sort
Consider the same sequence [32, 108, 14, 72, 12]

Insertion Sort

ins(32, isort([108, 14, 72, 12]))

Insertion Sort

ins(32, isort([108, 14, 72, 12]))
ins(32, ins(108, isort([14, 72, 12])))

Insertion Sort

ins(32, isort([108, 14, 72, 12]))
ins(32, ins(108, isort([14, 72, 12])))
ins(32, ins(108, ins(14, isort([72, 12]))))

Insertion Sort

ins(32, isort([108, 14, 72, 12]))
ins(32, ins(108, isort([14, 72, 12])))
ins(32, ins(108, ins(14, isort([72, 12]))))
ins(32, ins(108, ins(14, ins(72, isort([12])))))

Insertion Sort

ins(32, isort([108, 14, 72, 12]))
ins(32, ins(108, isort([14, 72, 12])))
ins(32, ins(108, ins(14, isort([72, 12]))))
ins(32, ins(108, ins(14, ins(72, ins(12, isort([]))))))

Insertion Sort

ins(32, isort([108, 14, 72, 12]))
ins(32, ins(108, isort([14, 72, 12])))
ins(32, ins(108, ins(14, isort([72, 12]))))
ins(32, ins(108, ins(14, ins(72, ins(12, [])))))

Insertion Sort

ins(32, isort([108, 14, 72, 12]))
ins(32, ins(108, isort([14, 72, 12])))
ins(32, ins(108, ins(14, isort([72, 12]))))
ins(32, ins(108, ins(14, ins(72, [12]))))

Insertion Sort

ins(32, isort([108, 14, 72, 12]))
ins(32, ins(108, isort([14, 72, 12])))
ins(32, ins(108, ins(14, isort([72, 12]))))
ins(32, ins(108, ins(14, ins(72, [12]))))
ins(32, ins(108, ins(14, [12, 72])))

Insertion Sort

ins(32, isort([108, 14, 72, 12]))
ins(32, ins(108, isort([14, 72, 12])))
ins(32, ins(108, ins(14, isort([72, 12]))))
ins(32, ins(108, ins(14, ins(72, [12]))))
ins(32, ins(108, ins(14, [12, 72])))
ins(32, ins(108, [12, 14, 72]))

Insertion Sort

ins(32, isort([108, 14, 72, 12]))
ins(32, ins(108, isort([14, 72, 12])))
ins(32, ins(108, ins(14, isort([72, 12]))))
ins(32, ins(108, ins(14, ins(72, [12]))))
ins(32, ins(108, ins(14, [12, 72])))
ins(32, ins(108, [12, 14, 72]))
ins(32, [12, 14, 72, 108])

Insertion Sort

ins(32, isort([108, 14, 72, 12]))
ins(32, ins(108, isort([14, 72, 12])))
ins(32, ins(108, ins(14, isort([72, 12]))))
ins(32, ins(108, ins(14, ins(72, [12]))))
ins(32, ins(108, ins(14, [12, 72])))
ins(32, ins(108, [12, 14, 72]))
ins(32, [12, 14, 72, 108])
[12, 14, 32, 72, 108]

Insertion Sort
de f i n s e r t ( obj , seq ) :
i f ( l e n ( s e q ) == 0 ) :
return [ obj ]

Insertion Sort
i f ( l e n ( s e q ) == 0 ) :
return [ obj ]
e l i f ( o b j <= s e q [ 0 ] ) :
res = [ obj ]
r e s . extend ( seq )
return res

Insertion Sort
i f ( l e n ( s e q ) == 0 ) :
return [ obj ]
e l i f ( o b j <= s e q [ 0 ] ) :
res = [ obj ]
r e s . extend ( seq )
return res
else :
r e s = seq [ : 1 ]
r e s . extend ( i n s e r t ( obj , seq [ 1 : ] ) )
return res

Insertion Sort
Consider the case ins(32, [12, 14, 72, 108])

Insertion Sort

ins(32, [12, 14, 72, 108])

Insertion Sort

ins(32, [12, 14, 72, 108])
[12]:::ins(32, [14, 72, 108])

Insertion Sort

ins(32, [12, 14, 72, 108])
[12]:::ins(32, [14, 72, 108])
[12]:::([14]:::ins(32, [72, 108]))

Insertion Sort

ins(32, [12, 14, 72, 108])
[12]:::ins(32, [14, 72, 108])
[12]:::([14]:::ins(32, [72, 108]))
[12]:::([14]:::([32]:::[72, 108]))

Insertion Sort

ins(32, [12, 14, 72, 108])
[12]:::ins(32, [14, 72, 108])
[12]:::([14]:::ins(32, [72, 108]))
[12]:::([14]:::([32]:::[72, 108]))
[12]:::([14]:::[32, 72, 108])

Insertion Sort

ins(32, [12, 14, 72, 108])
[12]:::ins(32, [14, 72, 108])
[12]:::([14]:::ins(32, [72, 108]))
[12]:::([14]:::([32]:::[72, 108]))
[12]:::([14]:::[32, 72, 108])
[12]:::[14, 32, 72, 108]

Insertion Sort

ins(32, [12, 14, 72, 108])
[12]:::ins(32, [14, 72, 108])
[12]:::([14]:::ins(32, [72, 108]))
[12]:::([14]:::([32]:::[72, 108]))
[12]:::([14]:::[32, 72, 108])
[12]:::[14, 32, 72, 108]
[12, 14, 32, 72, 108]

Analysis of Insertion
(
d n≤1
T (n) =
T (n − 1) + c n>1

Analysis of Insertion
(
d n≤1
T (n) =
T (n − 1) + c n>1
Time complexity is Θ(n)

Analysis of Insertion Sort
(
d n≤1
T (n) =
T (n − 1) + cn n>1

Analysis of Insertion Sort
(
d n≤1
T (n) =
T (n − 1) + cn n>1
Time complexity is Θ(n2 )

Insertion Sort — in-place
It is possible to implement this algorithm as an “in-place” version


When the sub-sequence defined by positions 0 · · · j is already sorted,
insert the next object at position i = j + 1 by bubbling it down


When the sub-sequence defined by positions 0 · · · j is already sorted,
insert the next object at position i = j + 1 by bubbling it down
def i n s e r t i o n _ s o r t ( l s t ) :
n = len ( l s t )
f o r i in range (1 , n ) :
tmp = l s t [ i ]
j = i − 1
w h i l e ( ( j >= 0 ) and ( l s t [ j ] > tmp ) ) :
l s t [ j +1] = l s t [ j ]
j −= 1
l s t [ j +1] = tmp
return

Insertion Sort — Illustration


In the first pass, i = 1 and index j runs from 0 to 0


That is, up to index 0 is already sorted and insert object at index 1 in
to that list


to that list
[32, 108, 14, 72, 12]


to that list h i
[32, 108, 14, 72, 12] → 32, 108, 14, 72, 12


to that list h i
[32, 108, 14, 72, 12] → 32, 108, 14, 72, 12
In the second pass, i = 2 and index j runs from 1 to 0


to that list h i
[32, 108, 14, 72, 12] → 32, 108, 14, 72, 12
h i
32, 108, 14, 72, 12


to that list h i
[32, 108, 14, 72, 12] → 32, 108, 14, 72, 12
h i h i
32, 108, 14, 72, 12 → 32, X , 108, 72, 12


to that list h i
[32, 108, 14, 72, 12] → 32, 108, 14, 72, 12
h i h i
32, 108, 14, 72, 12 → 32, X , 108, 72, 12 → [X , 32, 108, 72, 12]


to that list h i
[32, 108, 14, 72, 12] → 32, 108, 14, 72, 12
h i h i
32, 108, 14, 72, 12 → 32, X , 108, 72, 12 → [X , 32, 108, 72, 12] →
h i
14, 32, 108, 72, 12


to that list h i
[32, 108, 14, 72, 12] → 32, 108, 14, 72, 12
h i h i
32, 108, 14, 72, 12 → 32, X , 108, 72, 12 → [X , 32, 108, 72, 12] →
h i
14, 32, 108, 72, 12
In the next pass, i = 3 and index j runs from 2 to 0


to that list h i
[32, 108, 14, 72, 12] → 32, 108, 14, 72, 12
h i h i
32, 108, 14, 72, 12 → 32, X , 108, 72, 12 → [X , 32, 108, 72, 12] →
h i
14, 32, 108, 72, 12
h i
We get, 14, 32, 72, 108, 12


to that list h i
[32, 108, 14, 72, 12] → 32, 108, 14, 72, 12
h i h i
32, 108, 14, 72, 12 → 32, X , 108, 72, 12 → [X , 32, 108, 72, 12] →
h i
14, 32, 108, 72, 12
h i
We get, 14, 32, 72, 108, 12
Finally, i = 4 and index j runs from 3 to 0


to that list h i
[32, 108, 14, 72, 12] → 32, 108, 14, 72, 12
h i h i
32, 108, 14, 72, 12 → 32, X , 108, 72, 12 → [X , 32, 108, 72, 12] →
h i
14, 32, 108, 72, 12
h i
We get, 14, 32, 72, 108, 12
Finally, i = 4 and index j runs from 3 to 0
h i
We get, 12, 14, 32, 72, 108

Insertion Sort — Analysis
n−1 i−1
T (n) = 1
XX
i=1 j=0

n−1 i−1
T (n) = 1
XX
i=1 j=0
n−1
= (i − 1) − 0 + 1
X
i=1

n−1 i−1
T (n) = 1
XX
i=1 j=0
n−1
= (i − 1) − 0 + 1
X
i=1
n−1
=
X
i
i=1

n−1 i−1
T (n) = 1
XX
i=1 j=0
n−1
= (i − 1) − 0 + 1
X
i=1
n−1
=
X
i
i=1
= (n − 1) + (n − 2) + · · · + 1

n−1 i−1
T (n) = 1
XX
i=1 j=0
n−1
= (i − 1) − 0 + 1
X
i=1
n−1
=
X
i
i=1
= (n − 1) + (n − 2) + · · · + 1
n(n − 1)
=
2

n−1 i−1
T (n) = 1
XX
i=1 j=0
n−1
= (i − 1) − 0 + 1
X
i=1
n−1
=
X
i
i=1
= (n − 1) + (n − 2) + · · · + 1
n(n − 1)
=
2
Time Complexity is Θ(n2 )

Lower bound for brute-force sorting algorithms
Given a sequence of n objects, there are n C2 pairs and that many
comparisons are made

Since adjacent objects are compared (either directly or indirectly),
each swap corrects one inversion only

Minimum number of inversions: 0

In such a case, bubble sort and insertion sort perform Θ(n)
comparisons only

comparisons only
Maximum number of inversions: n(n − 1)/2

comparisons only
The number of comparisons and swaps are to that effect and
worst-case time complexity is Θ(n2 )

comparisons only
What is the average case?

comparisons only
Expected number of inversions: n(n − 1)/4

comparisons only
Hence, Ω(n2 ) comparisons are required

comparisons only
Hence, Ω(n2 ) comparisons are required
Is it possible to eliminate more than one inversion per swap?
Merge Sort
Divide: Partition the sequence in to two equal halves, positions

begin · · · (mid − 1) and mid · · · end

Merge Sort

Conquer: Sort the sub-sequences separately

Merge Sort

Merge: Merge the sorted sub-sequences to single sorted sequence

Merge Sort

Merge: Merge the sorted sub-sequences to single sorted sequence
de f msort ( l s t ) :
length = len ( l s t )
i f ( length < 2):
return l s t [ : ]
else :
mid = l e n g t h // 2
r e t u r n merge ( m s o r t ( l s t [ : mid ] ) ,
m s o r t ( l s t [ mid : ] )
)

Merge Sort — Illustration

[32, 108, 14, 72, 12]
[32, 108] [14, 72, 12]
[32] [108] [14] [72, 12]
[72] [12]

When the recursions return, at each internal node the two sorted
sequences are merged to create a unified sorted sequences

When the recursions return, at each internal node the two sorted
sequences are merged to create a unified sorted sequences
[12, 14, 32, 72, 108]
[32, 108] [12, 14, 72]
[32] [108] [14] [12, 72]
[72] [12]

Merging — Illustration
Merge [32, 108] with [12, 14, 72]

Merge [32, 108] with [12, 14, 72]

[32, 108] ; [12, 14, 72] ; []

Merge [32, 108] with [12, 14, 72]

[32, 108] ; [12, 14, 72] ; []
[32, 108] ; [14, 72] ; [12]

Merge [32, 108] with [12, 14, 72]

[32, 108] ; [12, 14, 72] ; []
[32, 108] ; [14, 72] ; [12]
[32, 108] ; [72] ; [12, 14]

Merge [32, 108] with [12, 14, 72]

[32, 108] ; [12, 14, 72] ; []
[32, 108] ; [14, 72] ; [12]
[32, 108] ; [72] ; [12, 14]
[108] ; [72] ; [12, 14, 32]

Merge [32, 108] with [12, 14, 72]

[32, 108] ; [12, 14, 72] ; []
[32, 108] ; [14, 72] ; [12]
[32, 108] ; [72] ; [12, 14]
[108] ; [72] ; [12, 14, 32]
[108] ; [] ; [12, 14, 32, 72]

Merge [32, 108] with [12, 14, 72]

[32, 108] ; [12, 14, 72] ; []
[32, 108] ; [14, 72] ; [12]
[32, 108] ; [72] ; [12, 14]
[108] ; [72] ; [12, 14, 32]
[108] ; [] ; [12, 14, 32, 72]
[] ; [] ; [12, 14, 32, 72, 108]

Merge Sort
d e f merge ( l s t 1 , l s t 2 ) :
i = j = 0
res = [ ]

Merge Sort
i = j = 0
res = [ ]
w h i l e ( ( i < l e n ( l s t 1 ) ) and ( j < l e n ( l s t 2 ) ) ) :
if ( lst1 [ i ] < lst2 [ j ]):
r e s . append ( l s t 1 [ i ] )
i += 1
else :
r e s . append ( l s t 2 [ j ] )
j += 1

Merge Sort
i = j = 0
res = [ ]
w h i l e ( ( i < l e n ( l s t 1 ) ) and ( j < l e n ( l s t 2 ) ) ) :
if ( lst1 [ i ] < lst2 [ j ]):
r e s . append ( l s t 1 [ i ] )
i += 1
else :
r e s . append ( l s t 2 [ j ] )
j += 1
i f ( i < len ( lst1 )):
res . extend ( l s t 1 [ i : ] )
e l i f ( j < len ( lst2 )):
res . extend ( l s t 2 [ j : ] )
return res
Merge Sort — Analysis
(
d n≤1
T (n) =
2T (n/2) + n n>1

Merge Sort — Analysis
(
d n≤1
T (n) =
2T (n/2) + n n>1
Time complexity is O(n log n)

Mergesort — Discussion
Improved worst-case time complexity: O(n log n)

But, requires extra space for merging
We have discussed a variant that actually returns a new sorted
sequence
In-place variation is possible, but still requires extra space
Multi-way merging is also possible
Suitable for external sorting
Suitable for sorting dynamic structures such as linked lists

Quicksort
Invented by C. A. R. Hoare in 1962

Quicksort

Like in the case of merge sort, the input sequence L is partitioned,
but not in an uninformed way

Quicksort

One of the objects is selected as a pivot p. Partitioning is done wrt
the pivot: All the objects x < p belong to one partition L1 and the
objects x > p constitute the other partition L2

Quicksort

Now L1 and L2 are sorted separately

Quicksort

Now L1 and L2 are sorted separately
Finally sorted L is obtained as: sorted L1 , followed by p, followed by
sorted L2

Quicksort — Illustration


Suppose we select 32 as the pivot


Then partition may result in [14, 12], [32], [108, 72]


Now, sort the two partitions, resulting in [12, 14], [32], [72, 108]


Now, simply append them to get the sorted sequence
[12, 14, 32, 72, 108]


Now, simply append them to get the sorted sequence
[12, 14, 32, 72, 108]
It is possible to perform these steps in-place, in which case the final
append is not necessary

Quicksort — Implementation issues
How is this different from Mergesort and what may go wrong?

How to select a pivot?

Obviously median is the best choice, but how to find the median!?

Pick the object at a pre-determined location — such as first object or
the last object

the last object
Pick a random object

the last object
Instead of median of the entire sequence, select the median of, say 3
objects

the last object
objects
What may be a better partition strategy?

the last object
objects
Lomuto partition algorithm

the last object
objects
Hoare’s partition algorithm

the last object
objects
What may be a better base case?

the last object
objects
When n < 2, the sequence is already sorted

the last object
objects
Note that for small sequences, the overhead of divide and conquer may
be more

the last object
objects
Note that for small sequences, the overhead of divide and conquer may
be more
Hence we can think of hybrid sorting — perform insertion sorting when
the size of the partition is below a threshold
Quicksort — Implementation
def quick_sort ( l s t ) :
QUICK_BASE_CASE = 3
d e f q u i c k _ s o r t _ r e c ( l s t , b e g i n , end ) :
i f ( ( end − b e g i n ) < QUICK_BASE_CASE ) :
i n s e r t i o n _ s o r t _ r a n g e ( l s t , b e g i n , end )
return
p = p a r t i t i o n ( l s t , b e g i n , end )
q u i c k _ s o r t _ r e c ( l s t , b e g i n , p−1)
q u i c k _ s o r t _ r e c ( l s t , p+1, end )
return
q u i c k _ s o r t _ r e c ( l s t , 0 , l e n ( l s t ) − 1)
return
Quicksort — Finding a pivot
d e f f i n d _ p i v o t _ m 3 ( l s t , b e g i n , end ) :
mid = ( b e g i n + end ) // 2
i f ( l s t [ b e g i n ] > l s t [ mid ] ) :
l s t [ b e g i n ] , l s t [ mid ] = l s t [ mid ] , l s t [ begin ]
i f ( l s t [ b e g i n ] > l s t [ end ] ) :
l s t [ b e g i n ] , l s t [ end ] = l s t [ end ] , l s t [ begin ]
i f ( l s t [ mid ] > l s t [ end ] ) :
l s t [ mid ] , l s t [ end ] = l s t [ end ] , l s t [ mid ]
l s t [ mid ] , l s t [ end −1] = l s t [ end −1] , l s t [ mid ]
r e t u r n l s t [ end −1]

mid = ( b e g i n + end ) // 2
i f ( l s t [ mid ] > l s t [ end ] ) :
Note that this function has side effects!!!

mid = ( b e g i n + end ) // 2
i f ( l s t [ mid ] > l s t [ end ] ) :

The pivot is temporarily moved to (end − 1) position

mid = ( b e g i n + end ) // 2
i f ( l s t [ mid ] > l s t [ end ] ) :

The pivot is temporarily moved to (end − 1) position
We need to partition the sequence in the range (begin + 1) to
(end − 2)

Quicksort — Partitioning Algorithm
d e f p a r t i t i o n ( l s t , b e g i n , end ) :
p i v o t = f i n d _ p i v o t _ m 3 ( l s t , b e g i n , end )
i = begin ; j = end − 1
w h i l e ( True ) :
i += 1
while ( l s t [ i ] < pivot ):
i += 1
j −= 1
while ( l s t [ j ] > pivot ):
j −= 1
if ( i < j ):
lst [ i ] , lst [ j ] = lst [ j ] , lst [ i ]
else :
break
l s t [ i ] , l s t [ end −1] = l s t [ end −1] , l s t [ i ]
return i
Trace the execution of quick sort on the same sequence

[32, 108, 14, 72, 12]

Quicksort — Analysis
(
d n≤1
T (n) =
T (i) + T (n − i − 1) + cn n>1

(
d n≤1
T (n) =
T (i) + T (n − i − 1) + cn n>1
Worst case occurs when i = 0 or i = n − 1

(
d n≤1
T (n) =
T (i) + T (n − i − 1) + cn n>1
(
d n≤1
T (n) =
T (n − 1) + cn n>1

(
d n≤1
T (n) =
T (i) + T (n − i − 1) + cn n>1
(
d n≤1
T (n) =
T (n − 1) + cn n>1
Worst-case time complexity is O(n2 )

Best case occurs when i = n/2


(
d n≤1
T (n) =
2T (n/2) + cn n>1


(
d n≤1
T (n) =
2T (n/2) + cn n>1
Best-case time complexity is O(n log n)

To find the expected time on the average, consider i = 0 to i = n − 1,

where each has equal probability 1/n


1 n−1
T (n) = T (i) + T (n − i − 1) + cn
X
n i=0


1 n−1
T (n) = T (i) + T (n − i − 1) + cn
X
n i=0
2 n−1
" #
T (n) = T (i) + cn
X
n i=0


1 n−1
T (n) = T (i) + T (n − i − 1) + cn
X
n i=0
2 n−1
" #
T (n) = T (i) + cn
X
n i=0
Average case complexity is O(n log n)

Summary
Generate-and-Test
Check all the permutations of the input sequence
Brute force (or) Exhaustive search
Check all the pairs and swap all the inversions
Divide-Conquer-Merge
Decomposing 1 and (n − 1) does not help
Decomposing n/2 and n/2 changes the complexity class
Do more work on decomposition where merging becomes trivial
Hybrid Approaches

Sorting Algorithms

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CS1006T Data Structures

Professor of Information Technology

May 20, 2024

C. Aravindan (SSN Institutions) Data Structures May 20, 2024 1 / 32

A sequence of objects can be arranged according to an order imposed

C. Aravindan (SSN Institutions) Data Structures May 20, 2024 2 / 32

A sequence of objects can be arranged according to an order imposed

C. Aravindan (SSN Institutions) Data Structures May 20, 2024 3 / 32

Brute-force approach — exhaustive search (search all the pairs)

C. Aravindan (SSN Institutions) Data Structures May 20, 2024 4 / 32

Divide and Conquer!

C. Aravindan (SSN Institutions) Data Structures May 20, 2024 5 / 32

Divide and Conquer!

C. Aravindan (SSN Institutions) Data Structures May 20, 2024 5 / 32

Consider the same sequence [32, 108, 14, 72, 12]

C. Aravindan (SSN Institutions) Data Structures May 20, 2024 6 / 32

Consider the same sequence [32, 108, 14, 72, 12]

C. Aravindan (SSN Institutions) Data Structures May 20, 2024 6 / 32

Consider the same sequence [32, 108, 14, 72, 12]

C. Aravindan (SSN Institutions) Data Structures May 20, 2024 6 / 32

Consider the same sequence [32, 108, 14, 72, 12]

C. Aravindan (SSN Institutions) Data Structures May 20, 2024 6 / 32

Consider the same sequence [32, 108, 14, 72, 12]

C. Aravindan (SSN Institutions) Data Structures May 20, 2024 6 / 32

Consider the same sequence [32, 108, 14, 72, 12]

C. Aravindan (SSN Institutions) Data Structures May 20, 2024 6 / 32

Consider the same sequence [32, 108, 14, 72, 12]

C. Aravindan (SSN Institutions) Data Structures May 20, 2024 6 / 32

Consider the same sequence [32, 108, 14, 72, 12]

C. Aravindan (SSN Institutions) Data Structures May 20, 2024 6 / 32

Consider the same sequence [32, 108, 14, 72, 12]

C. Aravindan (SSN Institutions) Data Structures May 20, 2024 6 / 32

Consider the same sequence [32, 108, 14, 72, 12]

C. Aravindan (SSN Institutions) Data Structures May 20, 2024 6 / 32

Consider the same sequence [32, 108, 14, 72, 12]

C. Aravindan (SSN Institutions) Data Structures May 20, 2024 6 / 32

Consider the same sequence [32, 108, 14, 72, 12]

C. Aravindan (SSN Institutions) Data Structures May 20, 2024 6 / 32

C. Aravindan (SSN Institutions) Data Structures May 20, 2024 7 / 32

C. Aravindan (SSN Institutions) Data Structures May 20, 2024 7 / 32

C. Aravindan (SSN Institutions) Data Structures May 20, 2024 7 / 32

Consider the case ins(32, [12, 14, 72, 108])

C. Aravindan (SSN Institutions) Data Structures May 20, 2024 8 / 32

Consider the case ins(32, [12, 14, 72, 108])

C. Aravindan (SSN Institutions) Data Structures May 20, 2024 8 / 32

Consider the case ins(32, [12, 14, 72, 108])

C. Aravindan (SSN Institutions) Data Structures May 20, 2024 8 / 32

Consider the case ins(32, [12, 14, 72, 108])

C. Aravindan (SSN Institutions) Data Structures May 20, 2024 8 / 32

Consider the case ins(32, [12, 14, 72, 108])

C. Aravindan (SSN Institutions) Data Structures May 20, 2024 8 / 32

Consider the case ins(32, [12, 14, 72, 108])

C. Aravindan (SSN Institutions) Data Structures May 20, 2024 8 / 32

Consider the case ins(32, [12, 14, 72, 108])

C. Aravindan (SSN Institutions) Data Structures May 20, 2024 8 / 32

Consider the case ins(32, [12, 14, 72, 108])

C. Aravindan (SSN Institutions) Data Structures May 20, 2024 8 / 32

C. Aravindan (SSN Institutions) Data Structures May 20, 2024 9 / 32

C. Aravindan (SSN Institutions) Data Structures May 20, 2024 9 / 32

C. Aravindan (SSN Institutions) Data Structures May 20, 2024 10 / 32