GECREA Reviewer

Topic 1

Herodotus

- The word history derives from the usage of “historia” to define my “inquiries” and “researches”.
My inquiries are here set down to preserve the memory of the past by putting on record.

Socrates

- I argued the importance of coming up with terms before engaging in a discourse. In this way,
there will be a common ground for the exchange of discussion.

Table 1: Definition of History according to different Filipino historians.

Filipino Historians Meaning and importance of History

“History deals with the past, not with the future. We
Teodoro Agoncillo use history to avoid the mistakes of the past, not to
recreate the very same events. You cannot.”

Renato Constantino History is the achievement of man not the individual

but the collective. Therefore, we cannot assume that
history is a primary work of an individual leader but a
collective effort of the people.

Samuel Tan Defined history as the dynamic process of dealing

with the past in which the stages or aspects of
development are interrelated, brought about by the
understanding of the present and the future.
According to him history is a collective event.
“Mga pangyayari na may saysay para sa grupo ng
taong sinasaysayan nito”. Advocated the use of
Zeus Salazar Filipino in historical discourse.

It is the historian’s job not to seek historical evidences and facts but also to interpret these facts.
“Facts cannot speak for themselves.” it is the job of the historian to give meaning to these facts and
organize them into a timeline, establish causes and write history. Meanwhile, the historian is not a blank
paper who mechanically interprets and analyzes present historical fact. He is a person of his own who is
influenced by his own context, environment, ideology, education and influences, among others.
Primary and Secondary Sources of History

Historical research/writing is dependent on the availability of primary sources, documentary

sources, secondary event or testimonies of the authorities.

Historical Sources

Sources
- an object from the past or testimony concerning the past on which historians depend in order
to create their own depiction of that past. (Howell and Prevenier, From Reliable Sources an
Introduction to Historical Method)

- Tangible remains of the past (Anthony Brundage, Going to Sources)

Categories of Historical Sources

Written Sources:

A. Published materials (Books, magazines, journals, Travelogue transcription of speech

B. Manuscript (any handwritten or typed record that has not been printed Archival materials,
Memoirs, diary)

Non- written Sources:

A. Oral history
B. Artifact
C. Ruins
D. Fossils
E. Art works
F. Video recordings
G. Audio recordings

Primary Sources

- Testimony of an eyewitness
- A primary source must have been produced by a contemporary of the event
it narrates
- A primary source is a document or physical object which was written or created during
the time under study.
- These sources were present during an experience of time period and offer an inside view
of a particular event.
- Provide first hand testimony or direct evidence
- Created by witness or recorders who experienced first hand
- Created at the time when the events or conditions are occurring
- It includes autobiographies, memoirs, and oral histories
 Four main categories of Primary Sources

- Written Sources
- Images
- Artifacts
- Oral Testimony

Secondary Sources

- A secondary source interprets and analyzes primary sources. These sources are one or more steps
removed from the event.

- Secondary sources may have pictures, quotes or graphics of primary sources in them.

Examples:

- History textbook
- Printed materials

Historical Criticism

- History as an academic discipline follows the very rigid tradition set by logical positivism. This
tradition gives weight on the use of documents and other tangible artifacts as basis of historical fact.
- As a science, It should remain faithful to the tradition of producing knowledge based on scientific
methodology which is highly objective. At this juncture, it is imperative to all students of history to
understand internal and external criticism.

Internal Criticism
- Internal criticism deals with the analysis of the content of the documents. This means that
the historian should evaluate the relevance of the content of the documents to the time and place of
the phenomenon.

External Criticism
- Deals with analysis on the form of documents. This criticism allows the historian to evaluate
the authenticity of the documents by giving importance to the author of the document and the time
when the document was written.

Topic 2
Antonio Pigafetta: First Voyage Around the World
- This book was taken from the chronicles of contemporary voyagers and navigators of the
sixteenth century. One of them was Italian nobleman Antonio Pigafetta who accompanied Ferdinand
Magellan in his fateful circumnavigation of the world. It was one of the most primary sources in the study
of precolonial Philippines.
1. Antonio Pigafetta: First Voyage Around the World
• Antonio Pigafetta was born sometime in the closing year of the 15th century
• Was a native of Vicenza, Italy
• Antonio Pigafetta is the author of the First Voyage Around the World Magellan was a navigator
who was first to circumnavigate the world.
• Accompanied Ferdinand Magellan, together with Juan Sebatián Elcano in the famous
expedition to Moluccas which began in August 1519 and ended in September 1522.
• March is the month of the First Catholic Mass in the Philippines.
• Datu Humabon was the chief of Cebu who was Christianized.
• Limasawa is the original name of the site of the first Mass according to Pigafetta.
• Ladrones island is the name of the island where Magellan first arrived.
• Child Jesus/Sto. Nino is the gift of Magellan to the chieftain’s wife of Cebu

• According to Zula, the chief of Mactan, Cilapulapu refused to obey the king of Spain

• March 16, 1521 (dawn on Saturday)

- we came upon a high land at a distance of three hundred leagues from the island of Latroni – an
island named Zamal [Samar].
• March 18 (Monday afternoon)
- we saw a boat coming toward us with nine men in it. Therefore, the captain-general ordered that
no one would move or say a word without his permission.
- Their own island was called Zuluan and it is not very large. We took great pleasure with them, for
they were very pleasant and conversable. In order to show them greater honor, the captain-
general took them to his ship and showed them all his merchandise – cloves, cinnamon, pepper
ginger, nutmeg, mace, gold, and all the things in the ship.
- The island where we were is called Humunu; but inasmuch as we found two springs there of the
clearest water, we called it Acquada da li buoni Segniali [the Watering-place of good signs] for
there were the first signs of gold which we found in those districts.
- There are many islands in that district, and therefore we called them the archipelago of San
Lazaro, as they were discovered on the Sabbath of St. Lazarus.
• March 22 (Friday noon)
- those men came as they had promised us in two boats with cocoanuts, sweet oranges, a jar of
palm-wine, and a cock, in order to show us that there were fowls in that district. They exhibited
great signs of pleasure at seeing us.

Juan de Placencia: Customs of the Tagalog

Juan de Plasencia was a Spanish friar for the Franciscan order who was in the Philippines for most of
his missionary life. Wrote several religious and linguistic books including the Customs of the Tagalogs.
Some may know him for his work, Doctrina Cristiana (Christian Doctrine) which was the first book ever
printed in the Philippines.
2. Juan de Plasencia: Customs of the Tagalogs
• His book Customs of the Tagalogs describes the life of the Tagalogs as what he observed
during the Spanish time.
• Juan de Plasencia is the author of the Customs of Tagalogs.
• Datu’s House is where religious celebrations are often held described in the book Customs of
the Tagalogs.
• Datu/ Dato is regarded as the chief of the Tagalogs
• Badhala is Tagalogs' "all powerful", "maker of things
• The male usually gives dowries to the parents of female.

Customs of the Tagalogs

• Government
- This people always had chiefs, called by them datos/datus, who governed them and were
captains in their wars, and whom they obeyed and reverenced.
- These chiefs ruled over but few people; sometimes as many as a hundred houses, sometimes
even less than thirty.
- This tribal gathering is called in Tagalog a barangay.

• Social Class
- There were three castes: nobles, commoners, and slaves.
- The nobles were the free-born whom they call maharlica/maharlika. They did not pay tax or
tribute to the dato, but must accompany him in war, at their own expense.
- The commoners are called aliping namamahay. They are married, and serve their master,
whether he be a dato or not, with half of their cultivated lands, as was agreed upon in the
beginning. They live in their own houses, and are lords of their property and gold. Their children
inherit it, and enjoy their property and lands. The children, then, enjoy the rank of their fathers,
and they cannot be made slaves (sa guiguilir) nor can either parents or children be sold.
- The slaves are called aliping sa guiguilir. They serve their master in his house and on his
cultivated lands, and may be sold. For these reasons, servants who are born in the house of their
master are rarely, if ever, sold. That is the lot of captives in war, and of those brought up in the
harvest fields.

• Marriage and Inheritance

- If two persons married, of whom one was a maharlica and the other a slave, whether namamahay
or sa guiguilir, the children were divided: the first, whether male or female, belonged to the
father, as did the third and fifth; the second, the fourth, and the sixth fell to the mother, and so
on.
- Those who became slaves fell under the category of servitude which was their parent's, either
namamahay or sa guiguilir.
- The maharlicas could not, after marriage, move from one village to another, or from one
barangay to another, without paying a certain fine in gold, as arranged among them.
 - As for inheritances, the legitimate children of a father and mother inherited equally, except in
the case where the father and mother showed a slight partiality by such gifts as two or three gold
taels, or perhaps a jewel,

• Worship
- They have the name SIMBAHAN, which means a temple or place of adoration.
- They have this worship called PANDOT celebrated in the large house of the chief created a
temporary shed called sibi for the purpose of sheltering the assembled people the whole barangay
who are united and joined during the worship, they are called NAGAANITOS

• Distinctions Among the Priests of the Devil

CATALONAN
- either man or woman
- an honorable one among the natives and could be held by people of rank

MANGAGAUAY
- also known as witches, deceive or pretends to heal the sick, if wishes to kill someone at once, they
could; and they could prolong life for a year by binding to the waist a live serpent

MANYISALAT
- same with mangagauay had the power of applying remedies to lovers that they would abandon their
own wives, and prevent them in having sexual intercourse with the latter if the woman, constrained by
these, were abandoned it would bring sickness, would discharge blood and matter

MANCOCOLAM
- duty was to emit fire from himself at night, once or oftener each month. the fire emitted could not be
extinguished

HOCLOBAN
- another kind of witch but of greater efficacy than the mangagauay. they could kill someone whom they
chose either by saluting or raising the hand they could heal those whom they made ill by using other
charms

SILAGAN
- clothed in white who lives in the island of Catanduanes tears out liver and eats it, thus causing death

• Manner of Burying the Dead

- Deceased buried beside the house.
- If he were a chief, placed beneath the little house or porch that was built for this purpose before
interring him
- Mourns the chief for four days then afterward laid him in a boat that will serve as a coffin or bier,
a guard was kept over him by a slave.
- If the deceased was a warrior, a living slave is tied beneath him until the slave dies too.
- For many days the relatives of the deceased would bewail him, singing dirges, and praising him
of his good qualities until they got weary, this is accompanied by eating and drinking also.
Emilio Jacinto: Kartilya ng Katipunan
The Katipunan is an organization that sprout from the people and pushed for the genuine welfare
of their rank. As a mass movement, it represented the collective sentiments of the people, their advocacy,
grievance and consciousness. To better understand the people and society, it is best to decipher and
analyze the guiding philosophy of the members. In this case, the Kartilya being the primer of the
Katipunan is a good source of knowledge that can be utilized by scholars and students of Philippine history,
especially on matters that concern the mass movement and 1896 Revolution.

- As an organization, the Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan (KKK) developed a set of rules known
as Kartilya, to introduce new recruits to the Katipunan to the set of principles and values they
have to observe as members.
- The Kartilya which was written by Emilio Jacinto served as a guiding philosophy for the members
of the patriotic society. Although the Supremo, Andres Bonifacio, had prepared his own version
of rules to be followed by the members, his respect and trust in Jacinto made him decide to use
the Kartilya.
- Jim Richardson (2013) published the Kartilya of Emilio Jacinto, the youngest member of the
Katipunan as its code of conduct.
- Jacinto joined the Katipunan in 1894 when he was only nineteen years old. He was then a law
student at University of Sto. Tomas. He decided to forget his dream of becoming a lawyer when
he committed himself to the service of Katipunan.
- He also wrote literary pieces. His most famous literary piece was the La Patria. He served as an
editor of the Katipunan, revolutionary paper, Kalayaan.
- He contacted malaria and died on April 6, 1899 at the age of 24, in Majayjay, Laguna leaving
behind his wife Catalina de Jesus and his son, Emilio Jr.

Readings from Kartilya ng Katipunan: (PALABYI LANG BASA)

1. Ang buhay na hindi ginugugol sa isang malaki at banal na kadahilanan ay kahoy na walang lilim, kundi
(man) damong makamandag.
2. Ang gawang magaling na nagbubuhat sa paghahambog o pagpipita sa sarili (paghahangad na
makasarili), at hindi talagang nasang gumawa ng kagalingan, ay di kabaitan.
3. Ang gawang magaling na nagbubuhat sa paghahambog o pagpipita sa sarili (paghahangad na
makasarili), at hindi talagang nasang gumawa ng kagalingan, ay di kabaitan.
4. Ang tunay na kabanalan ay ang pagkaka-wang-gawa, ang pag-ibig sa kapwa at ang isukat ang bawat
kilos, gawa't pangungusap sa talagang katuwiran.
5. Maitim man o maputi ang kulay ng balat, lahat ng tao'y magkakapantay; mang-yayaring ang isa'y
hihigitan sa dunong, sa yaman, sa ganda; ngunit di mahihigitan sa pagkatao.

6. Ang may mataas na kalooban, inuuna ang (dangal o) puri kaysa pagpipita sa sarili; ang may hamak na
kalooban, inuuna ang pagpipita sa sarili sa puri. 6. Sa taong may hiya, salita'y panunumpa.

7. Huwag mong sayangin ang panahon; ang ya-mang nawala'y mangyayaring mag-balik; ngunit
panahong nagdaan na'y di na muli pang magda-daan.
8. Ipagtanggol moang inaapi; kabakahin (laba-nan) ang umaapi.
9. Ang taong matalino'y ang may pag-iingat sa bawat sasabihin; matutong ipaglihim ang dapat ipaglihim.
10. "Sa daang matinik ng buhay, lalaki ang siyang patnugot ng asawa at mga anak; kung ang uma-akay ay
tungo sa sama, ang pagtutunguhanng inaakay ay kasamaan din."
11. Ang babae ay huwag mong tingnang isang bagay na libangan lamang, kundi isang katuwang at karamay
(ng lalaki) sa mga kahirapan nitong buhay; gamitin mo nang buong pagpipitagan ang kanyang (pisikal
na) kahinaan,at alalahanin ang inang pinagbuhatan at nag-iwi sa iyong kasang-gulan.
12. Ang di mo ibig gawin (ng iba) sa asawa mo, anak at kapatid, ay huwag mong gagawin sa asawa, anak
at kapatid ng iba.
13. Ang kamahalan ng tao'y wala sa pagkahari, wala sa tangos ng ilong at puti ng mukha, wala sa
pagkaparing kahalili ng Diyos, wala sa mataas na kalagayan sa balat ng lupa: wagas at tunay na mahal
na tao, kahit laking-gubat at walang nababatid kundi ang sariling wika, yaong may magandang asal,
may isang pangu-ngusap, may dangal at puri, yaong di nagpa-paapi't di nakikiapi; yaong marunong
mag-dam-dam at marunong lumingap sa bayang tinubuan."
14. Paglaganap ng mga aral na ito, at maning-ning na sisikat ang araw ng mahal na kalayaan dito sa kaaba-
abang Sangkapuluan at sabugan ng matamis niyang liwanag ang nangagkaisang mag-kakalahi't
magkakapatid, ng ligayang walang kata-pusan, ang mga ginugol na buhay, pagod, at mga tiniis na
kahirapa'y labis nang matutumbasan.

Emilio Aguinaldo: Gunita ng Himagsikan

Between 1928 and 1946, Emilio Aguinaldo produced in long hand the first volume of his memoirs
“Mga Gunita ng Himagsikan” (1964). In his preface Aguinaldo says the memoirs were based on a diary he
kept, documents he preserved, and family lore gathered from his elders.

Emilio Aguinaldo
- Became the “Cabeza de Barangay” of Binakayan, when he was 17 years old to avoid
conscription.
- In 1895, the Maura Law that called for the reorganization of local governments was enacted.
- At the age of 25, Aguinaldo became Cavite el Viejo’s first “gobernadorcillo capitan municipal”
while on a business trip Mindoro.

Important Events:
• Philippine Revolution and battles (Himagsikang Pilipino)
August 23, 1896 – August 13, 1898It was a revolution and subsequent conflict fought between the
people and insurgence of the Philippines and the Spanish colonial authorities of the Spain East Indies
under the Spanish Empire.

• The battle of Imus

The Siege of Imus was the first major of battle of the Philippine revolution against the Spanish colonial
government province of Cavite. It was fought between September 1-3,1896 right after Bonifacio’s ill-fated
attack on the gunpowder magazine at the Battle of San Juan del Monte in Manila.
 • Twin Battles of Binakayan-Dalahican
November 9-11, 1896 A simultaneous battle during the Philippine Revolution that led to a decisive Filipino
victory. The result of the battle was the first significant Filipino victory in the country’s history.

• The Battle of Zapote Bridge

It was fought on February 17, 1897 as part of the Philippine revolution. Filipino revolutionary forces led by
General Emilio Aguinaldo defeated Spanish forces under the command of Governor-General Camilo de
Polavieja.

• The Tejeros Convention

The Tejeros convention was the meeting held on March 22-25, 1897 between the Magdiwang and
Magdalo factions of the Katipunan at San Francisco de Malabon (now General Trias), Cavite. These are
the first Presidential and vice presidential elections in Philippine history, although only Katipuneros were
able to take part, and not the general populace.

• The Execution of Bonifacio

The Bonifacio brothers were executed by Aguinaldo’s men on May 10, 1897 in the mountains of
Maragondon, Apolinario Mabini wrote that Bonifacio’s death demoralized many rebels from Manila,
Laguna and Batangas who had come to help those in Cavite, and caused them to quit.

• The Retreat to the Montalban

This occurred during the Philippine Revolution after the 1897 Battle of Naic southwest of Cavite when
Philippine General Emilio Aguinaldo and his forces retreated to Puray, Montalbon where they made a last
stand on May 3, 1897.

• Biak na Bato
The first republic ever declared in the Philippines by revolutionary leader Emilio Aguinaldo and his fellow
revolutionaries. Despite its successes, including the establishment of the Philippines’ first ever
constitution, the republic lasted just over a month.

• Return to the Philippines andthe Philippine Declaration of Independence

Philippine declaration of independence (June 12, 1898)

Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista: Proclamation of the Philippine Independence

READ PROCLAMATION OF INDEPENDENCE

Alfred McCoy: Political Caricatures of the American Era (Editorial Cartoons)

Alfred McCoy, and American professor and historian together with Alfredo Roces made a
compilation of political cartoons during the American Era. It deals with some of the editorial cartoons
compiled by McCoy and Roces, for students to have a glimpse of Philippine society during the American
Era from the lens of these selected editorial cartoons.
 • Public post is not a hereditary crown

The cartoon shows a politician from Tondo, named Dr. Santos, passing his crown to his brother-in-law,
Dr. Barcelona. A filipino Guy was trying to stop Santos, telling the latter to stop giving Barcelona the crown
because it is not his to begin with.

• War Against Speculator

This was drawn by Fernando Amorsolo. A Filipino child who stole a skinny chicken because he had nothing
to eat. The police officer was relentlessly pursuing the said child. A man wearing a salakot named Juan
de la Cruz was grabbing the officer, telling him to leave the small time pockets and thieves and to turn at
the great thieves instead. He was pointing to huge warehouse containing bulks of rice, milk and grocery
products.

• Colorum
The Philippines Free Press published this commentary when fatal accidents involving colorum vehicles
occurred often already and taxis.

• CINEMA
A blown-up officer was at the screen saying that couple are not allowed to neck and make love in the
theater. Two youngsters looked horrified while n older couple seemed amused

• UNCLE SAM RIDING A CHARIOT

Uncle Sam Riding a chariot pulled by Filipinos wearing school uniforms. The Filipino boys were carrying
American objects like baseball bats, whiskey, and boxing gloves.

• EL TURNO LOS PARTIDOS

Was published by Lipang Kalabaw on August 24, 1907. In the picture we can see the Uncle Sam rationing
porridge to the politicians and member of the Progresista Party while members of Nacionalista Party look
on and wait for their turn.

From a source bwahahaha

• Given by the men to the woman’s parent
-DOWRY
• It is the marker that separates history from what comes before
-WRITING
• According to him, “The role of the Filipino historian must be the role of all historians.
There is, of course, [Filipino history], but as rule, the role of the historian is to tell the
truth-- in so far as documents are concerned.”
-TEODORO AGONCILLO
• it deals with the analysis of the content of the documents
 -INTERNAL CRITICISM
• The poem of Dr. Jose Rizal which became the subject of scrutiny of some historians.
-SA AKING KABATA
• It is the pseudonym used by Andres Bonifacio when he published in the First issue of
Kalayaan in 1896 which is known to be the Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa
-AGAPITO BAGUMBAYAN
• The first volume memoir of Emilio Aguinaldo where the preface says that it based on a
diary he kept, documents he preserved, and family lore gathered by his elders.
-MGA GUNITA NG HIMAGSIKAN
• It is an organization that sprout from the people and pushed for genuine welfare of the
ranks.
-KATIPUNAN
• Along with Antonio Pigafetta and Ferdinand Magellan, this person became their mate to
whom he continued the first voyage around the world in 1522 when Magellan died.
- JUAN SEBASTIAN ELCANO
• It describes the life of the Tagalogs as what he observed during the Spanish time. The
purpose was to put an end to some injustices being committed against the natives by
certain government officials.
-CUSTOMS OF THE TAGALOGS
• The term refer to the worship done by the whole barangays
-NAGAANITOS
• It also known as witches, deceive or pretends to heal the sick, if wishes to kill someone
at once, they could; and they could prolong life for a year by binding to the waist a live
se
-MANGANGAUAY
• They are referred as commoners
-ALIPING NAMAMAHAY
• The year when Magellan started his voyage around the world
-1519
• What did Magellan called the group of islands which is also a part of Samar?
-ARCHIPELAGO OF ST. LAZARUS
• The law that called for the reorganization of local governments
-MAURA LAW
• It was the meeting held on March 22-25, 1897 between the Magdiwang and Magdalo
factions of the Katipunan at San Francisco de Malabon(now General Trias), Cavite
-TEJEROS CONVENTION
• The place where Bonifacio brothers were executed by Aguinaldo men
-MARAGONDON CAVITE
• The first republic ever declared in the Philippines by revolutionary leader Emilio
Aguinaldo and his fellow revolutionaries. (No dashes)
-BIAK NA BATO
• He is the first male to be baptized and name as Carlos
-RAJAH HUMABON
• According to the Philippine Declaration of Independence, this is the kind of government
that the country have under the rule of Emilio Aguinaldo
-DICTATORIAL

• Aside from Pigafetta's account, there were also other writings about pre- Spanish Filipino
culture. One of these is the Jesuit priest Pedro Chirino about the marriage customs of
pre-Spanish Filipinos when he said, "Si Apai promises to marry Cal Palosin; these married
persons make an agreement with one another pair, while the wives are with child, that if
the wombs of their respective wives should bear a male and female, these two children
under a penalty of ten gold taels."
- PRE-SPANISH FILIPINOS PRACTICED ARRANGED MARRIAGE
• Which of the following questions SHOULD NOT BE asked in conducting external criticism
of a primary source?
- WHAT IS THE ISSUED EXPLORES IN TH DOCUMENTS
• Why is it that Boxer Codex significant to the Philippine history?
 - IT PROVES THAT THE FILIPINOS WERE ALREADY CIVILIZED EVEN BEFORE THE COMING
OF THE SPANIARDS
• What enabled the communication between the Spaniards headed by Ferdinand
Magellan and the natives of these islands today in the part of the Philippines?
- MAGELLAN HAD A MALAY SERVANT
• Why can we not consider the Philippines to be really independent after the Filipino
government has declared independence on Spain?
- PHILIPINNES HAD NEW COLONIZERS, USA
• How did Emilio Jacinto justify the collection of membership fee and monthly dues from
the Katipunan as stated in the Kartilya?
- PRIMARY FORCE TO BACK ALL THE OPERATIONS OF THE KATIPUNAN
• What is Emilio Jacinto's explanation of the value of a person?
- RIGHT CONDUCT, WORD OF HONOR, GOOD REPUTATION
• Referencing to Plasencia's account, how can we describe the society of early Filipinos?
- (Social classes were relatively defined but mechanisms are available to change one's
classes.)