DCC30122 - Fluids Mechanics

DCC30122-FLUID MECHANICS CHAPTER
HYDRODYNAMIC 3
CHAPTER 3: HYDRODYNAMICS
TYPES OF FLUID FLOW
i. Laminar and Turbulent Flows

Laminar flow is defined as that type of flow in which the fluid particles move
along well-defined paths or stream line and all the stream-lines are straight and
parallel. Thus the particles move in laminas or layers gliding smoothly over the
adjacent layer. This type of flow is also called stream-line flow or viscous flow.
Turbulent flow is that type of flow in which the particles move in a zig-zag way.
Due to the movement of the fluid particle in a zig-zag way, the eddies formation
takes place which are responsible for high energy loss.
ii. Transitional Flow

Transitional flow is a mixture of laminar and turbulent flow, with turbulence in
the center of the pipe, and laminar flow near the edges. Each of these flows
behave in different manners in terms of their frictional energy loss while
flowing, and have different equations that predict their behavior.
iii. Uniform and Non-uniform Flows

Uniform flow is defined as the type of flow in which the velocity at any given
time does not change with respect to space (i.e., length of direction of flow).
Non-uniform flows is that type of low in which the velocity at any given time
changes with respect to space.
iv. Steady and Unsteady Flows

Steady flow is defined as that type of flow in which the fluid characteristics like
velocity, pressure, density, etc. at a point do not change with time.
Unsteady flow is that type of flow, in which the velocity, pressure of density at a
point changes with respect to time.
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HYDRODYNAMIC 3
REYNOLD’S NUMBER
The laminar flow has been discussed before this. In laminar flow the fluid particles move
along straight parallel path in layers or laminae, such that the paths of individual fluid
particles do not cross those of neighbouring particles. Laminar flow is possible only at
low velocities and when the fluid is highly viscous. But when the velocity is increased or
fluid is less, viscous, the fluid particles do not move in straight paths, the fluid particles
move in random manner resulting in general mixing of the particles. This type of flow is
called turbulent flow.
A laminar flow change to turbulent flow when :
i) velocity is increased or,
ii) diameter of a pipe is increased or,
iii) the viscosity of fluid is decreased 0
Reynold’s was first to demonstrate that the transition from laminar to turbulent depends
ρVd ρVd
not only on the mean velocity but the quantity μ . The quantity μ is the
dimensionless quantity and is called Reynolds number (Re).
In case of circular pipe if Re < 2000, the flow is said to be laminar and if Re > 4000,
the flow is said to be turbulent. If Re is lies between 2000 to 4000, the flow changes
from laminar to turbulent, the flow is transient.
ρVd Vd μ
Re = Re = ν=
μ or ν where ρ
Re = Reynolds number
ρ = density of fluid ( kg /m3 )
V = velocity of flow ( m/s )
d = diameter of pipe ( m )
μ = dynamic vis cosity ( Ns/m2 )
ν = kinematic vis cosity ( m2 /s )
REYNOLDS EXPERIMENT
2
HYDRODYNAMIC 3
ρVd
The type of flow is determined from the Reynolds number (Re = μ ). This was
demonstrated by O.Reynold in 1883. his apparatus is shown in Figure 4.0 below :
The apparatus consists of :

i) a tank containing water at constant head
ii) a small tank containing some dye
iii) a glass tube having a bell-mouthed entrance at one end and a regulating
value at other ends.
The water from the tank was allowed to flow through the glass tube. The velocity of
flow was varied by the regulating valve. A liquid dye having same specific weight as
water was introduced into the glass tube as shown in Figure 4.1 above. The
following observations were made by Reynold :
i) When the velocity of flow was low, the dye filament in the glass tube was in
the form of a straight line. The straight line filament was parallel to the glass
tube, which was the case of laminar flow as shown in Figure 4.1(a)
ii) With the increase of velocity of flow, the dye filament was not longer a
straight line but it became a wavy one as shown in Figure 4.1(b). This shows
that flow is not longer laminar.
iii) With further increase of velocity of flow, the wavy dye filament broke-up and
finally diffused in water as shown in Figure 4.1(c). Thus in case of turbulent
3
HYDRODYNAMIC 3
flow the mixing of dye filament and water intense and flow is irregular,
random and disorderly.
In case of laminar flow, the lost of pressure head was found to be proportional to the
velocity but in case of turbulent flow, Reynold observed that loss of head
approximately proportional to the square of velocity.
Dye filament
a) Laminar flow
Wavy filament
b) Transition
Diffused filament
c) Turbulent Flow
Figure 4.1
EXAMPLE 4.1
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HYDRODYNAMIC 3
A smooth pipe of diameter 30 cm carries water at the velocity of 0.21 m/s. Take the
kinematic viscosity of water as 1.14 mm2/s. Determine Reynolds Number and the type of
the flow.
SOLUTION :
Vd
Re =
ν
0. 21 × 0 . 30 ¿
= −6
1 . 14 × 10
= 55263 . 16 ¿ 2000 ( turbulent flow )
EXAMPLE 4.2
Oil is flowing through a smooth pipe of diameter 300 mm and length 4000 mm at the rate
of 0.053 m3/s. Take the kinematic viscosity of oil as 2.1 x 10 -4 mm2/s and density of oil as
950 kg/m3. Determine Reynolds Number and the type of the flow.
SOLUTION :
Q π ( 0 .3 2 )
Q = AV so that , V = A= = 0 . 071 m2
A 4
0. 053
V= = 0 . 75 m/s
0. 071
Vd ¿
Re =
ν
0. 75 × 0. 30
=
2. 1 × 10−4
= 1071 . 43 ¿ ¿ ¿
¿
5
HYDRODYNAMIC 3
EXAMPLE 4.3
A Newtonian fluid with a dynamic or absolute viscosity of 0.38 Ns/m2 and a specific
gravity of 0.91 flows through a 25 mm diameter pipe with a velocity of 2.6 m/s.
SOLUTION :
The density can be calculated using the specific gravity like

ρ = 0.91 (1000 kg/m3)
= 910 kg/m3
The Reynolds Number can then be calculated using equation like
ρVd
Re =
Re = μ
= (910 kg/m3) (2.6 m/s) (25 mm) (10-3 m/mm) / (0.38 Ns/m2)
= 156 (kg m / s2)/N
= 156 ~ Laminar flow
(1 N = 1 kg m / s2)

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DCC30122-FLUID MECHANICS CHAPTER

TYPES OF FLUID FLOW

i. Laminar and Turbulent Flows

ii. Transitional Flow

iii. Uniform and Non-uniform Flows

iv. Steady and Unsteady Flows

The apparatus consists of :

The density can be calculated using the specific gravity like

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