# Learn Python in 2 hr

There are 16 programs to explain the various concepts in python

programming such as:
• Syntex,
• Loop,
• if-else,
• Data Structures,
• Strings,
• File Handaling,
• Exception Handaling,
• Random Numbers,
• Command Line Argunment
• Use of Libraries

Self learning resource

Tutorial on Python (Byte of Python) Click Here

# 1 Hello World
Learning: How to print and run python program

print ("Hello Programming World")

Hello Programming World

Assingment 1.1: WAP to print your name three times

2 Add numbers and Concatinate strings

Learning: How to declare variable, add, concatenate and print the result.
2.1 Add two numbers
a = 10
b = 220
c = a + b # Add two numbers
print (a, " + ", b, " --> ", c)

10 + 220 --> 230

### 2.2 Concatinate two strings

a = "Bhagat"
b = " Singh"
c = a + b # Concatinate two strings
print (a, " + ", b, " --> ", c)

Bhagat + Singh --> Bhagat Singh

### 2.3 Concatinate string with number

a = "Bhagat"
b = 100
c = a + str(b) # Concatinate string with number
print (a, " + ", b, " --> ", c)

Bhagat + 100 --> Bhagat100

Assingment 2.1: WAP to add three numbers and print the result.

Assingment 2.2: WAP to concatinate three strings and print the result.

3 Input from user

Learning: How to take input from user

### 3.1 Input two strings from user and concatinate

them
a = input("Enter First String: ")
b = input("Enter Second String: ")
c = a + b # concatinate two strings
print (a, " + ", b, " --> ", c)

# Run the program with (1) Two strings and (2) Two numbers

Enter First String: First

Enter Second String: Second
First + Second --> FirstSecond

### 3.2 Input two numbers from user and add them
a = int(input("Enter First No: "))
b = int(input("Enter Second No: "))
c = a + b
print (a, " + ", b, " --> ", c)

Enter First No: 34

Enter Second No: 32
34 + 32 --> 66

4 Loop
Learning: Learn various loops.

4.1 While Loop

i=1
while i <= 10:
print (i)
i = i+1

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
### 4.2 Range Function
print ("range(10) --> ", list(range(10)))
print ("range(10,20) --> ", list(range(10,20)))
print ("range(0,20,2) --> ", list(range(2,20,2)))
print ("range(-10,-20,2) --> ", list(range(-10,-20,2)))
print ("range(-10,-20,-2)--> ", list(range(-10,-20,-2)))

range(10) --> [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]

range(10,20) --> [10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19]
range(0,20,2) --> [2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18]
range(-10,-20,2) --> []
range(-10,-20,-2)--> [-10, -12, -14, -16, -18]

### 4.3 For loop

4.3.1 For loop - Version 1
for i in range(0,10):
print (i)

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

### 4.3.2 For loop - Version 2

for i in range(0,20,2):
print (i)

0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18

### 4.3.3 For loop - Version 3

for i in range(0,-10,-1):
print (i)

0
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
-9

### 4.4 Print table of 5

for i in range(1,11):
print (5," * ", i , " = ", i * 5)

5 * 1 = 5
5 * 2 = 10
5 * 3 = 15
5 * 4 = 20
5 * 5 = 25
5 * 6 = 30
5 * 7 = 35
5 * 8 = 40
5 * 9 = 45
5 * 10 = 50

### 4.5 Sum all numbers from 1 to 10

4.5.1 Version 1
s=0
for i in range(1,11):
s=s+i
print ("Sum is --> ",s)
Sum is --> 55

### 4.5.2 Version 2

print ("Sum is --> ", sum(range(1,11)))

Sum is --> 55

Assingment 4.1: WAP to print the table of 7, 9.

Assingment 4.2: WAP to print the table of n and n is given by user.

Assingment 4.3: WAP to add all the numbers from 1 to n and n is given by user.

5 If-Else - Conditional Checking

Learning: if-else Condition

5.1 Input two numbers from user and compare them

### 5.2 Check weather a number is odd or even

a = int(input("Enter First No: "))
b = int(input("Enter Second No: "))
if a > b:
print (a," > ",b)
else:
print (a," < ",b)

Enter First No: 49

Enter Second No: 54
49 < 54

n = int(input("Enter a No: "))

if n % 2 == 0:
print (n," is even")
else:
print (n," is odd")

Enter a No: 54
54 is even
### 5.3 Check weather a number is prime of not
n = int(input("Enter a No: "))
f=0
for i in range(2, n//2 + 1):
if n % i == 0:
f=1
break

if f==0:
print ("Prime")
else:
print ("Not Prime")

Enter a No: 56
Not Prime

### 5.4 Conditional Checking - Compare strings

a = input("Enter First String : ")
b = input("Enter Second String: ")

if a == b:
print ("a == b")
elif a >= b:
print ("a > b")
else:
print ("a < b")

Enter First String : Number

Enter Second String: Prime
a < b

Assingment 5.1: WAP to find max amoung three numbers and input from user. [Try max()
function]

Assingment 5.2: WAP to add all numbers divisible by 7 and 9 from 1 to n and n is given by the
user.

Assingment 5.3: WAP to add all prime numbers from 1 to n and n is given by the user.
6 Functions
Learning: How to declare and call function

6.1 Add two numbers

def Add(a,b):
c=a+b
return c

print ("Add(10,20) -->", Add(10,20))

print ("Add(20,50) -->", Add(20,50))
print ("Add(80,200) -->", Add(80,200))

Add(10,20) --> 30
Add(20,50) --> 70
Add(80,200) --> 280

### 6.2 Prime number

def IsPrime(n):
for i in range(2, n//2 + 1):
if n%i==0:
return 0
return 1

print ("IsPrime(20) --> ", IsPrime(20))

print ("IsPrime(23) --> ", IsPrime(23))
print ("IsPrime(200) --> ", IsPrime(200))
print ("IsPrime(37) --> ", IsPrime(37))

IsPrime(20) --> 0
IsPrime(23) --> 1
IsPrime(200) --> 0
IsPrime(37) --> 1

### 6.3 Add 1 to n

def AddN(n):
s= sum(range(n+1))
return s

print ("AddN(10) --> ", AddN(10))

print ("AddN(20) --> ", AddN(20))
print ("AddN(50) --> ", AddN(50))
print ("AddN(200) --> ", AddN(200))

AddN(10) --> 55
AddN(20) --> 210
AddN(50) --> 1275
AddN(200) --> 20100

Assingment 6.1: WAP using function that add all odd numbers from 1 to n, n is given by the user.

Assingment 6.2: WAP using function that add all prime numbers from 1 to n, n given by the user.

7 Math library
Learning: Use math library

import math as m
print ("exp(-200) --> ", m.exp(-200)) # Exponential function
print ("log(100,2) --> ", m.log(100,2)) # Log
print ("log(100,10) --> ", m.log(100,10))# Log
print ("log10(100) --> ", m.log10(100)) # Log 10
print ("m.cos(30) --> ", m.cos(30)) # cos
print ("m.sin(30) --> ", m.sin(30)) # sin
print ("m.tan(30) --> ", m.tan(30)) # tan
print ("m.sqrt(324) --> ", m.sqrt(324))
print ("m.ceil(89.9) --> ", m.ceil(89.9))
print ("m.floor(89.9)--> ", m.floor(89.9))

exp(-200) --> 1.3838965267367376e-87

log(100,2) --> 6.643856189774725
log(100,10) --> 2.0
log10(100) --> 2.0
m.cos(30) --> 0.15425144988758405
m.sin(30) --> -0.9880316240928618
m.tan(30) --> -6.405331196646276
m.sqrt(324) --> 18.0
m.ceil(89.9) --> 90
m.floor(89.9)--> 89
8 Strings
Learning: How to handle string

8.1 Indexing in string

var = 'Hello World!'
print ("var --> ", var)
print ("var[0] --> ", var[0])
print ("var[1:5] --> ", var[1:5])
print ("var[:-5] --> ", var[:-5])

var --> Hello World!

var[0] --> H
var[1:5] --> ello
var[:-5] --> Hello W

### 8.2 String length, upper, lower

var = 'Hello World!'
print ("String --> ", var)
print ("Length --> : ", len(var))
print ("Upper --> : ", var.upper())
print ("Lower --> : ", var.lower())

String --> Hello World!

Length --> : 12
Upper --> : HELLO WORLD!
Lower --> : hello world!

### 8.3 String formatting

name=input("Enter your name: ")
age=int(input("Enter your age : "))
price=float(input("Enter the book price: "))
s="\nYour name is %s, age is %d and book price is %f" %
(name.upper(),age,price)
print (s)

Enter your name: Rohan

Enter your age : 21
Enter the book price: 45.34

Your name is ROHAN, age is 21 and book price is 45.340000

### 8.4 String in Triple Quotes
para_str = """This is a long string that is made up of
several lines and non-printable characters such as
TAB ( \t ) and they will show up that way when displayed.
NEWLINEs within the string, whether explicitly given like
this within the brackets [ \n ], or just a NEWLINE within
the variable assignment will also show up.
"""
print (para_str)

This is a long string that is made up of

several lines and non-printable characters such as
TAB ( ) and they will show up that way when displayed.
NEWLINEs within the string, whether explicitly given like
this within the brackets [
], or just a NEWLINE within
the variable assignment will also show up.

### 8.5 String strip

var =" Indian Army "

print("String --> ", var)

print("Length --> ", len(var))
print("var strip --> ", var.strip())
print("Length of var after strip --> ", len(var.strip()))

String --> Indian Army

Length --> 18
var strip --> Indian Army
Length of var after strip --> 13

### 8.6 String split

var =" Indian, Army "

print("String --> ", var)

print("Length --> ", len(var))
print("var split --> ", var.split())
print("var split --> ", var.split(' '))
print("var split --> ", var.split(','))
# Strip + Split
print("var split --> ", var.strip().split(','))

String --> Indian, Army

Length --> 19
var split --> ['Indian,', 'Army']
var split --> ['', 'Indian,', '', '', 'Army', '', '', '', '']
var split --> [' Indian', ' Army ']
var split --> ['Indian', ' Army']

### 8.7 Count in string

var=" Indian Army "
print ("String --> ", var)
print ("Count of ' ' --> ", var.count(' '))
print ("Count of 'a' --> ", var.count('a'))
print ("Count of 'n' --> ", var.count('an'))

String --> Indian Army

Count of ' ' --> 6
Count of 'a' --> 1
Count of 'n' --> 1

### 8.8 Reverse a String

var="Indian Army"
print ("String --> ", var)
print ("var[::1] --> ", var[::1])
print ("var[::2] --> ", var[::2])
print ("var[::-1] --> ", var[::-1])
print ("var[::-2] --> ", var[::-2])

var=var[::-1]
print ("var after reverse --> ", var)

String --> Indian Army

var[::1] --> Indian Army
var[::2] --> Ida ry
var[::-1] --> ymrA naidnI
var[::-2] --> yr adI
var after reverse --> ymrA naidnI
### 8.9 Palindrome
s1="Indian Army"
s2="malayalam"
s3="madam"
s4="teacher"
print ("s1 --> ", s1==s1[::-1])
print ("s2 --> ", s2==s2[::-1])
print ("s3 --> ", s3==s3[::-1])
print ("s4 --> ", s4==s4[::-1])

s1 --> False
s2 --> True
s3 --> True
s4 --> False

9 Random Numbers/String
Learning: Generate Random Numbers/String

9.1 Generate random number between 0 and 1

import random as r
print (r.random())
print (r.random())
print (round(r.random(),4))

0.7512486175763348
0.5015832763034391
0.7335

### 9.2 Generate random integer number

import random as r
print (r.randint(1, 100))
print (r.randint(1, 100))
print (r.randint(-10, 10))
print (r.randint(-10, 10))

88
47
-5
4
### 9.3 Generate random real number
import random as r
print (r.uniform(1, 100))
print (r.uniform(1, 100))
print (r.uniform (-10, 10))
print (r.uniform (-10, 10))
print (round(r.uniform (-10, 10),2))

97.39127815370512
99.35262788984427
1.5886268848088747
-4.72371568384482
3.54

### 9.4 Select sample from a list of elements

import random as r

A=[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]

print (r.sample(A, 4))

print (r.sample(A, 2))
print (r.sample(range(0,100), 2))
print (r.sample(range(-100,100), 5))

[1, 8, 10, 3]
[3, 8]
[60, 70]
[12, -55, 54, -86, 30]

### 9.5 Generate random string

import string as s
import random as r
print ("String --> ",s.ascii_letters)

passwd=r.sample(s.ascii_letters, 6)
print ("Selected Char --> ",passwd)

passwd1="".join(passwd)
print ("passwd1 --> ",passwd1)

passwd2="+".join(passwd)
print ("passwd2 --> ",passwd2)

passwd3="*".join(passwd)
print ("passwd3 --> ",passwd3)

String -->
abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
Selected Char --> ['h', 's', 'Z', 'l', 'P', 'k']
passwd1 --> hsZlPk
passwd2 --> h+s+Z+l+P+k
passwd3 --> h*s*Z*l*P*k

### 9.6 Generate random digits

import string as s
import random as r
print ("Digits --> ",s.digits)

otp=r.sample(s.digits, 5)
print ("Selected num1 --> ",otp)
otp="".join(otp)
print ("otp1 --> ",otp)

otp=r.sample(s.digits, 5)
print ("Selected num2 --> ",otp)
otp="".join(otp)
print ("otp2 --> ",otp)

otp=r.sample(s.digits, 5)
print ("Selected num2 --> ",otp)
otp="".join(otp)
print ("otp3 --> ",otp)

Digits --> 0123456789

Selected num1 --> ['1', '7', '8', '2', '9']
otp1 --> 17829
Selected num2 --> ['1', '3', '9', '5', '2']
otp2 --> 13952
Selected num2 --> ['0', '2', '1', '6', '3']
otp3 --> 02163

### 9.7 Generate random string + digits

import string as s
import random as r
print ("String + Digits --> ",s.ascii_letters + s.digits)
mixPasswd=r.sample(s.ascii_letters + s.digits, 5)
print ("\nSelected Str1 --> ",mixPasswd)
mixPasswd="".join(mixPasswd)
print ("mixPasswd1 --> ",mixPasswd)

mixPasswd=r.sample(s.ascii_letters + s.digits, 6)
print ("\nSelected Str2 --> ",mixPasswd)
mixPasswd="".join(mixPasswd)
print ("mixPasswd2 --> ",mixPasswd)

splChar="#@!~%^&*()_+=-[]{}|"
mixPasswd=r.sample(splChar + s.ascii_letters + s.digits, 8)
print ("\nSelected Str3 --> ",mixPasswd)
mixPasswd="".join(mixPasswd)
print ("mixPasswd3 --> ",mixPasswd)

String + Digits -->

abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ0123456789

Selected Str1 --> ['e', 'K', 't', 'o', 'R']

mixPasswd1 --> eKtoR

Selected Str2 --> ['D', 'u', 'J', '5', 'T', 'M']

mixPasswd2 --> DuJ5TM

Selected Str3 --> ['p', 'W', '{', 'b', '_', '+', '6', '#']
mixPasswd3 --> pW{b_+6#

10 Exception Handaling
Learning: How to handle exceptions

10.1 Error Generation

for i in range(-5,6):
print ("100/",i," --> ", 100/i)

100/ -5 --> -20.0

100/ -4 --> -25.0
100/ -3 --> -33.333333333333336
100/ -2 --> -50.0
100/ -1 --> -100.0
----------------------------------------------------------------------
-----
ZeroDivisionError Traceback (most recent call
last)
<ipython-input-39-5eb017879ab5> in <module>()
1 for i in range(-5,6):
----> 2 print ("100/",i," --> ", 100/i)

ZeroDivisionError: division by zero

### 10.2 Exception handaling for division by zero

for i in range(-5,6):
try:
print ("100/",i," --> ", 100/i)
except:
print ("error")

100/ -5 --> -20.0

100/ -4 --> -25.0
100/ -3 --> -33.333333333333336
100/ -2 --> -50.0
100/ -1 --> -100.0
error
100/ 1 --> 100.0
100/ 2 --> 50.0
100/ 3 --> 33.333333333333336
100/ 4 --> 25.0
100/ 5 --> 20.0

### 10.3 Exception handaling for array out of index

L=[1,2,3,4,5]

for i in range(8):
try:
print (i," --> ",L[i])
except:
print ("error")

0 --> 1
1 --> 2
2 --> 3
3 --> 4
4 --> 5
error
error
error

### 10.4 Exception handaling for file not found

fileName=input("Enter File Name: ")
fp=open(fileName) # Open the file in reading mode
fp.close()
print ("Done")

Enter File Name: SampleFile.csv

----------------------------------------------------------------------
-----
FileNotFoundError Traceback (most recent call
last)
<ipython-input-42-df3155df6860> in <module>()
1 fileName=input("Enter File Name: ")
----> 2 fp=open(fileName) # Open the file in reading mode
3 fp.close()
4 print ("Done")

FileNotFoundError: [Errno 2] No such file or directory:

'SampleFile.csv'

### 10.5 Exception handaling for file not found

fileName=input("Enter File Name: ")
try:
fp=open(fileName) # Open the file in reading mode
fp.close()
except:
print ("Error !! \"%s\" File Not Found"%(fileName))

print ("Done")

Enter File Name: test.csv

Error !! "test.csv" File Not Found
Done
11 Data Structure 1 - List
Learning: How to use list, add, delete and search in the list.

Note: Read more about list and try yourself

11.1 List Declaration

L = ["Pratham", 'Sharma', 3.14, 3 ]
print ("Original List: ", L)
print ("Number of elements in list: ", len(L))

Original List: ['Pratham', 'Sharma', 3.14, 3]

Number of elements in list: 4

### 11.2 List Iteration

L = ["Pratham", 'Sharma', 3.14, 3 ]
print ("Original List: ", L)
i=0
while i < len(L):
print (L[i])
i+=1

Original List: ['Pratham', 'Sharma', 3.14, 3]

Pratham
Sharma
3.14
3

### 11.3 List Iteration using for loop

L = ["Pratham", 'Sharma', 3.14, 3 ]
print ("Original List: ", L)
for i in range(0, len(L)):
print (L[i])

Original List: ['Pratham', 'Sharma', 3.14, 3]

Pratham
Sharma
3.14
3
### 11.4 List Iteration using for loop
L = ["Pratham", 'Sharma', 3.14, 3 ]
print ("Original List --> ", L)
for s in L:
print (s)

Original List --> ['Pratham', 'Sharma', 3.14, 3]

Pratham
Sharma
3.14
3

### 11.5 Adding and deleting from list

L = ["Pratham", 'Sharma', 3.14, 3 ]
print ("Original List --> ", L)

L.append("Rahul")
print ("List After Adding --> ", L)

del L[1]
print ("List After Deleting --> ", L)

Original List --> ['Pratham', 'Sharma', 3.14, 3]

List After Adding --> ['Pratham', 'Sharma', 3.14, 3, 'Rahul']
List After Deleting --> ['Pratham', 3.14, 3, 'Rahul']

### 11.6 Sum/Average of List

L=[3, 6, 9, 12, 5, 3, 2]
print ("Original List --> ", L)

print ("Sum --> ", sum(L))

print ("Average --> ", sum(L)/len(L))
print ("Average --> ", sum(L)//len(L))

print ("L * 3 --> ", L * 3) # Every element get tripled

print ("L + L --> ", L + L) # Every element get doubled

Original List --> [3, 6, 9, 12, 5, 3, 2]

Sum --> 40
Average --> 5.714285714285714
Average --> 5
L * 3 --> [3, 6, 9, 12, 5, 3, 2, 3, 6, 9, 12, 5, 3, 2, 3, 6, 9, 12,
5, 3, 2]
L + L --> [3, 6, 9, 12, 5, 3, 2, 3, 6, 9, 12, 5, 3, 2]

### 11.7 Min/Max/Sort the list

L=[3, 6, 9, 12, 5, 3, 2]
print ("Original List --> ", L)

print ("max --> ", max(L))

print ("min --> ", min(L))

print ("\nBefore Sort --> ", L)

L.sort()

print ("After Sort (Asending) --> ", L)

L.sort(reverse=True)
print ("After Sort (Desending) --> ", L)

Original List --> [3, 6, 9, 12, 5, 3, 2]

max --> 12
min --> 2

Before Sort --> [3, 6, 9, 12, 5, 3, 2]

After Sort (Asending) --> [2, 3, 3, 5, 6, 9, 12]
After Sort (Desending) --> [12, 9, 6, 5, 3, 3, 2]

### 11.8 Merge lists and select elements

L1 = [3, 6, 9]
L2 = [12, 5, 3, 2]
L3 = L1 + L2
print ("L1 --> ",L1)
print ("L2 --> ",L2)
print ("L3 --> ",L3)

print ("\nL3[2:] --> ",L3[2:])

print ("L3[2:5] --> ",L3[2:5])
print ("L3[:-1] --> ",L3[:-1])
print ("L3[::2] --> ",L3[::2])

L1 --> [3, 6, 9]
L2 --> [12, 5, 3, 2]
L3 --> [3, 6, 9, 12, 5, 3, 2]

L3[2:] --> [9, 12, 5, 3, 2]

L3[2:5] --> [9, 12, 5]
L3[:-1] --> [3, 6, 9, 12, 5, 3]
L3[::2] --> [3, 9, 5, 2]

### 11.9 Multiply all elements of the list by a constant

L = [12, 5, 3, 2, 7]
print ("Original List --> ", L)

newL = [ i * 5 for i in L ]
print ("After Multiply with constant --> ", newL)

Original List --> [12, 5, 3, 2, 7]

After Multiply with constant --> [60, 25, 15, 10, 35]

### 11.10 Searching in the list

L=[3, 6, 9, 12, 5, 3, 2]
print ("Original List --> ", 6 in L)
print ("Original List --> ", 10 in L)
print ("Original List --> ", 12 in L)

if (6 in L) == True:
print ("Present")
else:
print ("Not Present")

if 10 in L == False:
print ("Not Present")
else:
print ("Present")

Original List --> True

Original List --> False
Original List --> True
Present
Present

12 Data Structure 2 - Dictionary

Learning: How to use Dictionary, add, delete, search in Dictionary
Note: Read more about Dictionary and try yourself

12.1 Declare Dictionary

CGPA={1:8.9, 2:5.6, 4:6.7, 7:9.1, 8:5.3}
print ("Dictionary --> ", CGPA)
print ("Num of elements --> ", len(CGPA))

print ("CGPA of 1 --> ", CGPA[1])

print ("CGPA of 4 --> ", CGPA[4])
print ("CGPA of 7 --> ", CGPA[7])
print ("CGPA of 3 --> ", CGPA[3])

Dictionary --> {1: 8.9, 2: 5.6, 4: 6.7, 7: 9.1, 8: 5.3}

Num of elements --> 5
CGPA of 1 --> 8.9
CGPA of 4 --> 6.7
CGPA of 7 --> 9.1

----------------------------------------------------------------------
-----
KeyError Traceback (most recent call
last)
<ipython-input-54-598d6ecb7ab2> in <module>()
6 print ("CGPA of 4 --> ", CGPA[4])
7 print ("CGPA of 7 --> ", CGPA[7])
----> 8 print ("CGPA of 3 --> ", CGPA[3])

KeyError: 3

bold text---

### 12.2 Triverse dictionary

CGPA={1:8.9, 2:5.6, 4:6.7, 7:9.1, 8:5.3}
for k in CGPA:
print ("CGPA of ", k, " --> ", CGPA[k])

CGPA of 1 --> 8.9

CGPA of 2 --> 5.6
CGPA of 4 --> 6.7
CGPA of 7 --> 9.1
CGPA of 8 --> 5.3
### 12.3 Getting Keys and Values
CGPA={1:8.9, 2:5.6, 4:6.7, 7:9.1, 8:5.3}
print ("Dictionary --> ", CGPA)
print ("Keys --> ", list(CGPA.keys()))
print ("Values --> ", list(CGPA.values()))

Dictionary --> {1: 8.9, 2: 5.6, 4: 6.7, 7: 9.1, 8: 5.3}

Keys --> [1, 2, 4, 7, 8]
Values --> [8.9, 5.6, 6.7, 9.1, 5.3]

### 12.4 Updating, Adding and Deleting from Dictionary

CGPA={1:8.9,2:5.6,4:6.7,7:9.1,8:5.3}
print ("Original Dictionary --> ", CGPA)

CGPA[4] = 9.2
print ("After Updating (4) --> ", CGPA)

CGPA[3] = 8.6
print ("After Adding (3) --> ", CGPA)

del CGPA[1]
print ("After Deleting (1) --> ", CGPA)

CGPA.clear()
print ("After Clear --> ", CGPA)

del CGPA
print ("After Delete --> ", CGPA)

Original Dictionary --> {1: 8.9, 2: 5.6, 4: 6.7, 7: 9.1, 8: 5.3}

After Updating (4) --> {1: 8.9, 2: 5.6, 4: 9.2, 7: 9.1, 8: 5.3}
After Adding (3) --> {1: 8.9, 2: 5.6, 4: 9.2, 7: 9.1, 8: 5.3, 3:
8.6}
After Deleting (1) --> {2: 5.6, 4: 9.2, 7: 9.1, 8: 5.3, 3: 8.6}
After Clear --> {}

----------------------------------------------------------------------
-----
NameError Traceback (most recent call
last)
<ipython-input-57-81104b3723b2> in <module>()
15
16 del CGPA
---> 17 print ("After Delete --> ", CGPA)

NameError: name 'CGPA' is not defined

### 12.5 Checking for Key in Dictionary
CGPA={1:8.9, 2:5.6, 4:6.7, 7:9.1, 8:5.3}
print ("Original Dictionary --> ", CGPA)
print ("Is Key 2 Present --> ", 2 in CGPA)
print ("Is Key 9 Present --> ", 9 in CGPA)

Original Dictionary --> {1: 8.9, 2: 5.6, 4: 6.7, 7: 9.1, 8: 5.3}

Is Key 2 Present --> True
Is Key 9 Present --> False

### 12.6 More example1

HomeTown={"Prashant":"Delhi", "Govind":"Gwalior", "Anil":"Morena",
"Pankaj":"Agra"}
print ("Original Dictionary --> ", HomeTown)
print ("Home Town of Prashant is --> ", HomeTown["Prashant"])
print ("Home Town of Govind is --> ", HomeTown["Govind"])
print ("Home Town of Anil is --> ", HomeTown["Anil"])
print ("Home Town of Pankaj is --> ", HomeTown["Pankaj"])

Original Dictionary --> {'Prashant': 'Delhi', 'Govind': 'Gwalior',

'Anil': 'Morena', 'Pankaj': 'Agra'}
Home Town of Prashant is --> Delhi
Home Town of Govind is --> Gwalior
Home Town of Anil is --> Morena
Home Town of Pankaj is --> Agra

### 12.7 More example2

HomeTown={"Prashant":"Delhi", "Govind":"Gwalior", "Anil":"Morena",
"Pankaj":"Agra"}
print ("Original Dictionary --> ", HomeTown)

for d in HomeTown:
print ("Home Town of ", d, " is --> ", HomeTown[d])

Original Dictionary --> {'Prashant': 'Delhi', 'Govind': 'Gwalior',

'Anil': 'Morena', 'Pankaj': 'Agra'}
Home Town of Prashant is --> Delhi
Home Town of Govind is --> Gwalior
Home Town of Anil is --> Morena
Home Town of Pankaj is --> Agra
13 Data Structure 3 - Tuple
Learning: How to use Tuple, add, delete, search in Tuple

Note: Read more about Tuple and try yourself

13.1 Declare Tuple

# Method 1
T = ("Pratham", 'Sharma', 3.14, 3)

print ("T -->", T)

print ("Num of elements -->", len(T))
print ("Type of Object -->", type(T))

T --> ('Pratham', 'Sharma', 3.14, 3)

Num of elements --> 4
Type of Object --> <class 'tuple'>

# Method 2
T = tuple(["Pratham", 'Sharma', 3.14, 3]) # Convert list to tuple
#T = tuple(("Pratham", 'Sharma', 3.14, 3)) # Also Works

print ("T -->", T)

print ("Num of elements -->", len(T))
print ("Type of Object -->", type(T))

T --> ('Pratham', 'Sharma', 3.14, 3)

Num of elements --> 4
Type of Object --> <class 'tuple'>

### 13.2 Tuple Iteration

T = ("Pratham", 'Sharma', 3.14, 3)
print ("T -->", T)

i = 0
while i < len(T):
print (T[i])
i += 1

T --> ('Pratham', 'Sharma', 3.14, 3)

Pratham
Sharma
3.14
3

### 13.3 Tuple iteration using for loop

T = ("Pratham", 'Sharma', 3.14, 3)
print ("T -->", T)

for i in range(0, len(T)):

print (T[i])

T --> ('Pratham', 'Sharma', 3.14, 3)

Pratham
Sharma
3.14
3

### 13.4 Tuple iteration using for loop

T = ("Pratham", 'Sharma', 3.14, 3)
print ("T -->", T)

for s in T:
print (s)

T --> ('Pratham', 'Sharma', 3.14, 3)

Pratham
Sharma
3.14
3

### 13.5 Accessing/Selecting in Tuple

# Example 1:
T = (3, 6, 9, 12, 5, 3, 2)
print ("T -->", T)

print ("T[1] -->", T[1])

print ("T[2] -->", T[2])
print ("T[-1] -->", T[-1])
print ("T[-2] -->", T[-2])

T --> (3, 6, 9, 12, 5, 3, 2)

T[1] --> 6
T[2] --> 9
T[-1] --> 2
T[-2] --> 3

# Example 2:
T = (3, 6, 9, 12, 5, 3, 2)
print ("T -->", T)

print ("T[1:3] -->", T[1:3])

print ("T[2:] -->", T[2:])
print ("T[2:5] -->", T[2:5])
print ("T[:2] -->", T[:2])
print ("T[:-1] -->", T[:-1])
print ("T[-4:-1] -->", T[-4:-1])

T --> (3, 6, 9, 12, 5, 3, 2)

T[1:3] --> (6, 9)
T[2:] --> (9, 12, 5, 3, 2)
T[2:5] --> (9, 12, 5)
T[:2] --> (3, 6)
T[:-1] --> (3, 6, 9, 12, 5, 3)
T[-4:-1] --> (12, 5, 3)

### 13.6 Sum/Average of Tuple

T = (3, 6, 9, 12, 5, 3, 2)
print ("T -->", T)
print ("Sum -->", sum(T))
print ("Average -->", sum(T)/len(T))
print ("Average -->", sum(T)//len(T))

T --> (3, 6, 9, 12, 5, 3, 2)

Sum --> 40
Average --> 5.714285714285714
Average --> 5

### 13.7 Min/Max in Tuple

# Example 1
T = (3, 6, 9, 12, 5, 3, 2) # Integer Tuple
print ("T -->", T)
print ("Max -->", max(T))
print ("Min -->", min(T))
T --> (3, 6, 9, 12, 5, 3, 2)
Max --> 12
Min --> 2

# Example 2
T = ("Ram", "Shyam", "Human", "Ant") # String Tuple
print ("T -->", T)
print ("Max -->", max(T))
print ("Min -->", min(T))

T --> ('Ram', 'Shyam', 'Human', 'Ant')

Max --> Shyam
Min --> Ant

### 13.8 Merging Tuples

T1 = (3, 6, 9)
T2 = (12, 5, 3, 2)

print ("T1 -->", T1)

print ("T2 -->", T2)

T3 = T1 + T2
print ("T3 -->", T3)

T4 = T1 + T2 + T1 + T2
print ("T4 -->", T4)

T1 --> (3, 6, 9)
T2 --> (12, 5, 3, 2)
T3 --> (3, 6, 9, 12, 5, 3, 2)
T4 --> (3, 6, 9, 12, 5, 3, 2, 3, 6, 9, 12, 5, 3, 2)

### 13.9 Merging part of Tuples

T1 = (3, 6, 9)
T2 = (12, 5, 3, 2)

print ("T1 -->", T1)

print ("T2 -->", T2)

T3 = T1[1:2] + T2[1:3]
print ("T3 -->", T3)

T4 = T1[:-2] + T2[:-3]
print ("T4 -->", T4)
T1 --> (3, 6, 9)
T2 --> (12, 5, 3, 2)
T3 --> (6, 5, 3)
T4 --> (3, 12)

### 13.10 Searching in the tuple

T = (3, 6, 9, 12, 5, 3, 2)
print ("T -->", T)

print ("6 in T -->", 6 in T)

print ("10 in T -->", 10 in T)
print ("12 in T -->", 12 in T)

T --> (3, 6, 9, 12, 5, 3, 2)

6 in T --> True
10 in T --> False
12 in T --> True

### 13.11 Adding element to Tuple (Error)

T = ("Pratham", 'Sharma', 3.14, 3)
print ("T -->", T)

T[2] = 900 # Error; 'tuple' object does not support item

assignment
print ("T -->", T)

#Tuples are unchangeable. We cannot add items to it.

T --> ('Pratham', 'Sharma', 3.14, 3)

----------------------------------------------------------------------
-----
TypeError Traceback (most recent call
last)
<ipython-input-74-fb1d27ae8658> in <module>()
2 print ("T -->", T)
3
----> 4 T[2] = 900 # Error; 'tuple' object does not
support item assignment
5 print ("T -->", T)
6

TypeError: 'tuple' object does not support item assignment

### 13.12 Adding element to Tuple - (Jugaad)
T = ("Pratham", 'Sharma', 3.14, 3)
print ("T -->", T)

T1 = list(T)
T1.append(9.8)
T = tuple(T1)

print ("After Add -->", T)

T --> ('Pratham', 'Sharma', 3.14, 3)

After Add --> ('Pratham', 'Sharma', 3.14, 3, 9.8)

### 13.13 Inserting element in Tuple - (Jugaad)

T = ("Pratham", 'Sharma', 3.14, 3)
print ("T -->", T)

T1 = list(T)
T1.insert(2, "Rahul")
T = tuple(T1)

print ("After Insert -->", T)

T --> ('Pratham', 'Sharma', 3.14, 3)

After Insert --> ('Pratham', 'Sharma', 'Rahul', 3.14, 3)

### 13.14 Deleting from Tuple (Error)

T = ("Pratham", 'Sharma', 3.14, 3)
print ("T -->", T)

del T[1]

print ("After Delete -->", T)

T --> ('Pratham', 'Sharma', 3.14, 3)

----------------------------------------------------------------------
-----
TypeError Traceback (most recent call
last)
<ipython-input-77-0baff4d8a5c8> in <module>()
2 print ("T -->", T)
 3
----> 4 del T[1]
5
6 print ("After Delete -->", T)

TypeError: 'tuple' object doesn't support item deletion

### 13.15 Deleting from Tuple - (Jugaad)

T = ("Pratham", 'Sharma', 3.14, 3)
print ("T -->", T)

T1 = list(T)
del T1[1]
T = tuple(T1)

print ("After Delete -->", T)

T --> ('Pratham', 'Sharma', 3.14, 3)

After Delete --> ('Pratham', 3.14, 3)

14 Data Structure 4 - Set

Learning: How to use Set, add, delete, search in Set

Note: Read more about Set and try yourself

14.1 Declare Set

s = set(['A', 'B', 'E', 'F','E', 'F' ])
print ("Original set --> ", s)
print ("Num of elements in set --> ", len(s))

Original set --> {'E', 'A', 'F', 'B'}

Num of elements in set --> 4

### 14.2 Opertions on Sets

a = set(['A', 'B', 'E', 'F' ])
b = set(["A", "C", "D", "E"])
print ("Original set a --> ", a)
print ("Original set b --> ", b)
print ("Union of a and b --> ", a.union(b))
print ("Intersection of a,b --> ", a.intersection(b))
print ("Difference a - b --> ", a - b)
print ("Difference a - b --> ", a.difference(b))
print ("Difference b - a --> ", b - a)
print ("Difference b - a --> ", b.difference(a))
print ("Symetric Diff a - b --> ", a.symmetric_difference(b))
print ("Symetric Diff b - a --> ", b.symmetric_difference(a))

Original set a --> {'E', 'A', 'F', 'B'}

Original set b --> {'E', 'A', 'D', 'C'}
Union of a and b --> {'B', 'D', 'F', 'E', 'A', 'C'}
Intersection of a,b --> {'E', 'A'}
Difference a - b --> {'F', 'B'}
Difference a - b --> {'F', 'B'}
Difference b - a --> {'D', 'C'}
Difference b - a --> {'D', 'C'}
Symetric Diff a - b --> {'F', 'D', 'C', 'B'}
Symetric Diff b - a --> {'B', 'F', 'D', 'C'}

### 14.3 Add, delete, pop element from set

a = set(['A', 'B', 'E', 'F' ])
print ("Original set a --> ", a)
a.add("D")
print ("Set After Adding (D) --> ", a)
a.add("D")
print ("Set After Adding (D) --> ", a)
a.remove("D")
print ("Set After Deleting(D)--> ", a)
a.pop()
print ("Set After pop --> ", a)
a.pop()
print ("Set After pop --> ", a)

Original set a --> {'E', 'A', 'F', 'B'}

Set After Adding (D) --> {'B', 'D', 'F', 'E', 'A'}
Set After Adding (D) --> {'B', 'D', 'F', 'E', 'A'}
Set After Deleting(D)--> {'B', 'F', 'E', 'A'}
Set After pop --> {'F', 'E', 'A'}
Set After pop --> {'E', 'A'}
15 Command Line Argument
Learning: How to Take input from command line and process it

Note: Run the program at cmd line

15.1 Add two numbers given at cmd line

Note: To run the program at cmd line

• python Program.py 10 20

import sys
print (sys.argv)
a = int(sys.argv[1]) # First Number
b = int(sys.argv[2]) # Second Number
c = a + b
print (a, " + ", b, " --> ", c)

['/usr/local/lib/python3.7/dist-packages/ipykernel_launcher.py', '-f',
'/root/.local/share/jupyter/runtime/kernel-2c370b3f-04bb-4872-8f9b-
8559cbd8132b.json']

----------------------------------------------------------------------
-----
ValueError Traceback (most recent call
last)
<ipython-input-82-a3d67294dc12> in <module>()
1 import sys
2 print (sys.argv)
----> 3 a = int(sys.argv[1]) # First Number
4 b = int(sys.argv[2]) # Second Number
5 c = a + b

ValueError: invalid literal for int() with base 10: '-f'

15.2 Concatinate two strings given at cmd line

Note: To run the program at cmd line

• python Program.py FirstString SecondString

import sys
print (sys.argv)
s = sys.argv[1] + " " + sys.argv[2]
print (sys.argv[1], " + ", sys.argv[2], " --> ", s)

['/usr/local/lib/python3.7/dist-packages/ipykernel_launcher.py', '-f',
'/root/.local/share/jupyter/runtime/kernel-2c370b3f-04bb-4872-8f9b-
8559cbd8132b.json']
-f + /root/.local/share/jupyter/runtime/kernel-2c370b3f-04bb-4872-
8f9b-8559cbd8132b.json --> -f
/root/.local/share/jupyter/runtime/kernel-2c370b3f-04bb-4872-8f9b-
8559cbd8132b.json

15.3 Add all the numbers given at cmd line

Note: To run the program at cmd line

• python Program.py
• python Program.py 10
• python Program.py 10 20 30 40

import sys
print (sys.argv)
sum=0
for s in sys.argv[1:]:
sum += int(s)

print ("Sum is --> ", sum)

['/usr/local/lib/python3.7/dist-packages/ipykernel_launcher.py', '-f',
'/root/.local/share/jupyter/runtime/kernel-2c370b3f-04bb-4872-8f9b-
8559cbd8132b.json']

----------------------------------------------------------------------
-----
ValueError Traceback (most recent call
last)
<ipython-input-84-87063e0e9afe> in <module>()
3 sum=0
4 for s in sys.argv[1:]:
----> 5 sum += int(s)
6
7 print ("Sum is --> ", sum)

ValueError: invalid literal for int() with base 10: '-f'

16 File Handling
Learning: How to open the file, read the file and write in the file

16.1 Writing 1 to 10 in file

fp=open('result.txt','w') # Open the file in writing mode
for i in range(1,11):
fp.write(str(i) + "\n") # Writing to the file line by line
fp.close()

print ("Writing done !! \nOpen result.txt to view the content")

Writing done !!
Open result.txt to view the content

### 16.2 Read a file and print its content

fp=open('result.txt') # Open the file in reading mode
for line in fp: # print line by line
print (line.strip())
fp.close()

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

### 16.3 Read from one file, Convert it to upper case and
write to other file
Readfp=open('result.txt') # Open the file in reading mode
Writefp=open('abc.txt','w')# Open the file in writing mode
for line in Readfp:
Writefp.write(line.upper())

Writefp.close()
Readfp.close()

print ("Writing done !! \nOpen result.txt to view the content")

Writing done !!
Open result.txt to view the content