Presentation - Fire Safety - DSM
Presentation - Fire Safety - DSM
Presentation - Fire Safety - DSM
Contents of Presentation
The changing demands of new fire standards in mass transit Composites with combustion gases of low toxicity are favoured Examples of low toxicity composites in railways Future opportunities for composite growth in mass transit and other demanding fire scenarions
SOME RECENT RAIL DISASTERS Kings Cross Station King Eurotunnel Kitzsteinshorn
Fire Type
SOURCES OF FIRE
Frequency 145 8 2 57 212 [%] 68 4 1 27 100 Vandal Fires [interior] interior] Electrical Faults [interior] interior] Small Fires [interior] interior] Electrical Faults [undercar] undercar] Total
UK Fire Tests BS 476 Part 6 fire propagation Part 7 surface spread of flame
(1980s)
Fire
(1990s)
Fire
SMOKE SMOKE
SMOKE SMOKE
TOXICITY
LONDON UNDERGROUND
MATERIALS REQUIREMENTS
according to BS 6853:1999
TOXICITY
R-Index
GASES Carbon dioxide Carbon monoxide Hydrogen fluoride Hydrogen chloride Hydrogen bromide Hydrogen cyanide Nitrogen dioxide Sulphur dioxide IDLH values (mg/m3) BS 6853 NFX 70-100 73.000 90.000 1.400 1.750 25 17 76 150 101 170 56 55 38 270 260
Changing Fire Standards Push Composites Towards Those With Low Toxicity Combustion Gases
1960s
Halogenated additives Antimony
1970s
Halogenated polymers
1980s
Gel coated systems Phenolic resin systems
SMOKE SMOKE
Cone calorimeter
TOXICITY
Advantages of halogen-free highly flame retardant polyester composites in fire situations: no dripping ==> low contribution to fire spread
Synolite 5001-T-1 10 wt.% glass 300 phr ON-921 Ignition Time (s) Heat Release (MJ/m2) Smoke (m2/m2) CO2 (kg/m2) CO (kg/m2) 186 18.0 160 1.51 0.05
low smoke development ==> visibility to reach emergency exits low toxic gases low heat development ==> passenger safety ==> passenger safety
CO2 / CO Ratio
30
FABRICATION TECHNIQUES
Hand Lay-up Resin Injection
Pultrusion
Compression Moulding
PULTRUSION APPLICATIONS
Cable Trays Fire Resistant Profiles Frames for Fire-Proof Doors Ceilings Grids and Floors Supporting Tubes for Tunnels
Manufacture by RTM
Case Study: Arc Barriers for LUL where aluminium trihydroxide filled polyester replaced asbestos
Case Study: Central Line Train Arc barriers based on Synolite 5001-T-1
Case Study: Network South East Train with flash guard panels installed
Case Study: Gel Coated Flash Guards Now with several years of proven service
Deutsche Bahn AG
Interior of the Electrostar with Composite Components
Interregio interior with SMC-parts: luggage rack seat shells wall panels
S-Bahn Berlin Connection area of Regioswinger 52 SMC inner parts side panels ceiling panels door side cover cover above door
Talent - light rail train - exterior uses aluminium trihydrate filled composites
Talent light rail train interior also uses ATH filled polyester composites
Composite
preferred to aluminium due to better surface profile Pultruded profiles top and bottom SMC panels middle
Fire
performance to DIN 5510 S4 Internal panelling made from SMC
Chapman Seat
Desiro UK 450
Manufactured by Chapman
Transport Systems for Chiltern Railways Moulded in Menzolit UKs SMC Flomat 2950 series conforming to BS 6853 Category 2 Category 1b SMC is also available
Future opportunities for composite growth in mass transit and other demanding fire scenarios
and new proposed norms specialised polyester ATH/APP filled systems can meet the highest fire standards Significant opportunities exist in other mass transit markets such as marine Moving from reaction to fire applications into fire resistance there is significant potential for sandwich construction in conjunction with insulation materials in mass transit There is further potential for intumescent systems in passive fire protection systems and offshore applications
Concluding Remarks
Fire safe polyester composites can meet the most
stringent demands for fire performance in railway applications Designing for fire safety is made easy by using specialised polyester resin systems with aluminium trihydroxide and other specialised additives. Flexibility in design and through colour is facilitated by the wide range of manufacturing techniques available to produce cosmetic finishes where required Passenger safety is ensured due to the difficult-to-ignite composite materials and the exceptionally low smoke and low toxic gases which may be generated
Fire Safe Polyester Composites are through pigmentable in a wide range of colours
Can be used as a pigmentable gel coat layer Good physical properties especially at lower filler loadings
Heat > 200 oC 2Al(OH)3 Replaces substrate Absorbs heat Produces steam Dilutes O2 atmosphere Adsorbs smoke particles Retains particle form Al2O3 + 3H2O
80 M3 M2 M1 M0 France (NFF 16-101) 16Great Britain (BS 476 Pts 6&7) S5 Germany (DIN 5510)
% O2
60
ON 901 phr Glass % Flexural strength [MPa] Flexural modulus [GPa] Specific gravity
40
Class 2 S3
Class 1 S4
Class 0
20
100
400
170 phr M1 -
Synolite 5011-R-1 is a special halogen-free fire retardant polyester in methyl methacrylate Specifically designed for pultrusion, Synolite 5011-R-1 can be highly filled with aluminium trihydroxide e.g. Martinal ON 901 This high reactivity resin and particle shape of the filler enables fast pull speeds on pultrusion lines to be achieved
10