840 Assignment

MATRICULATION NUMBER; 239031013
NAME; ADEWUMI M. OLURIN
DEPT. ; ADULT EDUCATION [ COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT AND SOCIAL WORK]
COURSE; FED 840 [ QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH METHODS]
QUESTION; DISCUSS ON THE FIRST TOPIC OF THE COURSE OUTLINE [ CONCEPTUAL

OVERVIEW].
DEADLINE; 8TH OF JAN., 2024.
A. STATISTICS
Statistics is the science concerned with developing and studying methods for collecting,
analyzing, interpreting and presenting empirical data
Statistics can also be defined in multiple ways, depending on the context and
perspective. Here are three definitions, each accompanied by an educational reference:
1. Statistics as a Branch of Mathematics:
• Definition: Statistics is a branch of mathematics dealing with the collection,

analysis, interpretation, and presentation of masses of numerical data..
2. Statistics as a Methodology:
• Definition: Statistics is the methodology of analyzing data, drawing conclusions,

and making decisions based on data analysis. It involves techniques for designing
experiments, surveys, and observational studies, as well as methods for data collection,
analysis, interpretation, and presentation.
3. Statistics as Applied in Various Fields:
• Definition: In various fields such as economics, biology, public health, sports, and
more, statistics is the science of using data to make decisions and predictions. It involves
applying statistical methods to solve real-world problems and to inform policy and
decision-making..
A[1] Applications of Statistics

Various application of statistics in mathematics are added below,
 Statistics is used in mathematical computing.
 Statistics is used in finding probability and chances.
 Statistics is used in weather forcasting, etc.
A [2] Statistics Terminologies

Some of the most common terms you might come across in statistics are:
 Population: It is actually a collection of a set of individual objects or events whose
properties are to be analyzed.
 Sample: It is the subset of a population.
 Variable: It is a characteristic that can have different values.
 Parameter: It is numerical characteristic of population.
.
A[3] Types of Statistics
There are 2 types of statistics:
1. Descriptive Statistics
2. Inferential Statistics
Descriptive Statistics
Descriptive statistics uses data that provides a description of the population either
through numerical calculated graphs or tables. It provides a graphical summary of
data.
It is simply used for summarizing objects, etc. There are two categories in this as
follows.
 Measure of Central tendency
 Measure of Variability
Measure of Central Tendency

Measure of central tendency is also known as summary statistics that are used to
represent the center point or a particular value of a data set or sample set. In statistics,
there are three common measures of central tendency that are,
 Mean
 Median
 Mode
Measure of Variability
The measure of Variability is also known as the measure of dispersion and is used to
describe variability in a sample or population. In statistics, there are three common
measures of variability as shown below:
1. Range of Data
It is a given measure of how to spread apart values in a sample set or data set.
Range = Maximum value – Minimum value
2. Variance
Variance describes how much a random variable defers from the expected value and it
is also computed as a square of deviation.
Inferential Statistics
Inferential Statistics makes inferences and predictions about the population based on
a sample of data taken from the population. It generalizes a large dataset and applies
probabilities to draw a conclusion.
Inferential statistics are generally used to determine how strong a relationship is

within the sample. However, it is very difficult to obtain a population list and draw a
random sample.
A [4] Applications of Statistics

Various application of statistics in mathematics are added below,
 Statistics is used in mathematical computing.
 Statistics is used in finding probability and chances.
 Statistics is used in weather forcasting, etc.
B] Data in Statistics
Data is the collection of numbers, words or anything that can be arranged to form a
meaningful information. There are various types of the data in the statistics that are
added below,
B [1] Types of Data

Various types of Data used in statistics are,
 Qualitative Data – Qualitative data is the descriptive data of any object. For
example, Kabir is tall, Kaira is thin, etc.
 Quantitative Data – Quantitative data is the numerical data of any object. For
example, he ate three chapatis, and we are five friends.
Types of Quantitative Data

We have two types of quantitative data that include,
1. Discrete Data: The data that have fixed value is called discreate data, discreate
data can easily be counted.
2. Continuous Data: The data that has no fixed value and has a range of data is called
continuous data. It can be measured.
B [2] Representation of Data

We can easily represent the data using various graphs, charts or tables. Various types
of representing data set is,
 Bar Graph
 Pie Chart
 Line Graph
 Pictograph
 Histogram
 Frequency Distribution
C. MEASUREMENT
Measurement is the process of assigning numbers to events based on an established set of

rules. In educational measurement, the “events” under consideration are students' test
performances and, in the simplest case, the numerals assigned might be the students'
numbers of correct responses.
C [1] There are four types of measurement (or scales) to be aware

of: nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio.
Nominal
The nominal scale simply categorizes variables according to qualitative labels (or
names). These labels and groupings don’t have any order or hierarchy to them, nor do
they convey any numerical value.
Ordinal
The ordinal scale also categorizes variables into labeled groups, and these categories
have an order or hierarchy to them.
Interval
The interval scale is a numerical scale which labels and orders variables, with a known,
evenly spaced interval between each of the values.
Ratio
The ratio scale is exactly the same as the interval scale, with one key difference: The
ratio scale has what’s known as a “true zero.”
REFERENCES
Ali, A. (1996). Fundamentals of Research in Education. Awka, Nigeria: Meks Publishers.
Anaekwe, M.C. (2002). Basic Research Methods and Statistics in Education and Social
Sciences. Enugu: Podiks Printing and Publishing Company.
Best, J.W. & Kahn, J.V. (1995). Research in Education (7th Edition). New Delhi: Prentice
Hall of India, 20 – 23.
Denga, I.D. & Ali, A. (1983). An Introduction to Research Methods and Statistics in
Education and Social Sciences. Jos: Savannah.
Ikekhua, T.I. & Yesufu, J.T. (1995). Exposing Research Methods inEducation Study and
Reporting aid for Students and BeginningResearchers. Warri: Ar B10 Publishing Limited.

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MATRICULATION NUMBER; 239031013

MATRICULATION NUMBER; 239031013

NAME; ADEWUMI M. OLURIN

DEPT. ; ADULT EDUCATION [ COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT AND SOCIAL WORK]

COURSE; FED 840 [ QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH METHODS]

QUESTION; DISCUSS ON THE FIRST TOPIC OF THE COURSE OUTLINE [ CONCEPTUAL

DEADLINE; 8TH OF JAN., 2024.

1. Statistics as a Branch of Mathematics:

• Definition: Statistics is a branch of mathematics dealing with the collection,

• Definition: Statistics is the methodology of analyzing data, drawing conclusions,

3. Statistics as Applied in Various Fields:

A[1] Applications of Statistics

A [2] Statistics Terminologies

Measure of Central Tendency

Inferential statistics are generally used to determine how strong a relationship is

A [4] Applications of Statistics

B [1] Types of Data

Types of Quantitative Data

B [2] Representation of Data

Measurement is the process of assigning numbers to events based on an established set of

C [1] There are four types of measurement (or scales) to be aware

Ali, A. (1996). Fundamentals of Research in Education. Awka, Nigeria: Meks Publishers.

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