GoogleTest

Advanced GoogleTest Topics

Introduction
Now that you have read the GoogleTest Primer and learned how to write tests using GoogleTest, it’s time to
learn some new tricks. This document will show you more assertions as well as how to construct complex
failure messages, propagate fatal failures, reuse and speed up your test fixtures, and use various flags with
your tests.

More Assertions
This section covers some less frequently used, but still significant, assertions.

Explicit Success and Failure

See Explicit Success and Failure in the Assertions Reference.

Exception Assertions
See Exception Assertions in the Assertions Reference.

Predicate Assertions for Better Error Messages

Even though GoogleTest has a rich set of assertions, they can never be complete, as it’s impossible (nor a
good idea) to anticipate all scenarios a user might run into. Therefore, sometimes a user has to use
EXPECT_TRUE() to check a complex expression, for lack of a better macro. This has the problem of not
showing you the values of the parts of the expression, making it hard to understand what went wrong. As a
workaround, some users choose to construct the failure message by themselves, streaming it into
EXPECT_TRUE() . However, this is awkward especially when the expression has side-effects or is expensive to
evaluate.

GoogleTest gives you three different options to solve this problem:

Using an Existing Boolean Function

If you already have a function or functor that returns bool (or a type that can be implicitly converted to
bool ), you can use it in a predicate assertion to get the function arguments printed for free. See
EXPECT_PRED* in the Assertions Reference for details.

Using a Function That Returns an AssertionResult

While EXPECT_PRED*() and friends are handy for a quick job, the syntax is not satisfactory: you have to use
different macros for different arities, and it feels more like Lisp than C++. The ::testing::AssertionResult
class solves this problem.

An AssertionResult object represents the result of an assertion (whether it’s a success or a failure, and an
associated message). You can create an AssertionResult using one of these factory functions:

namespace testing {

// Returns an AssertionResult object to indicate that an assertion has

// succeeded.
AssertionResult AssertionSuccess();

// Returns an AssertionResult object to indicate that an assertion has

// failed.
AssertionResult AssertionFailure();

You can then use the << operator to stream messages to the AssertionResult object.

To provide more readable messages in Boolean assertions (e.g. EXPECT_TRUE() ), write a predicate function
that returns AssertionResult instead of bool . For example, if you define IsEven() as:

testing::AssertionResult IsEven(int n) {
if ((n % 2) == 0)
return testing::AssertionSuccess();
else
return testing::AssertionFailure() << n << " is odd";
}

instead of:

bool IsEven(int n) {
return (n % 2) == 0;
}

the failed assertion EXPECT_TRUE(IsEven(Fib(4))) will print:

Value of: IsEven(Fib(4))

Actual: false (3 is odd)
Expected: true

instead of a more opaque

Value of: IsEven(Fib(4))

Actual: false
Expected: true

If you want informative messages in EXPECT_FALSE and ASSERT_FALSE as well (one third of Boolean assertions
in the Google code base are negative ones), and are fine with making the predicate slower in the success case,
you can supply a success message:
 testing::AssertionResult IsEven(int n) {
if ((n % 2) == 0)
return testing::AssertionSuccess() << n << " is even";
else
return testing::AssertionFailure() << n << " is odd";
}

Then the statement EXPECT_FALSE(IsEven(Fib(6))) will print

Value of: IsEven(Fib(6))

Actual: true (8 is even)
Expected: false

Using a Predicate-Formatter

If you find the default message generated by EXPECT_PRED* and EXPECT_TRUE unsatisfactory, or some
arguments to your predicate do not support streaming to ostream , you can instead use predicate-formatter
assertions to fully customize how the message is formatted. See EXPECT_PRED_FORMAT* in the Assertions
Reference for details.

Floating-Point Comparison
See Floating-Point Comparison in the Assertions Reference.

Floating-Point Predicate-Format Functions

Some floating-point operations are useful, but not that often used. In order to avoid an explosion of new
macros, we provide them as predicate-format functions that can be used in the predicate assertion macro
EXPECT_PRED_FORMAT2 , for example:

using ::testing::FloatLE;
using ::testing::DoubleLE;
...
EXPECT_PRED_FORMAT2(FloatLE, val1, val2);
EXPECT_PRED_FORMAT2(DoubleLE, val1, val2);

The above code verifies that val1 is less than, or approximately equal to, val2 .

Asserting Using gMock Matchers

See EXPECT_THAT in the Assertions Reference.

More String Assertions

(Please read the previous section first if you haven’t.)

You can use the gMock string matchers with EXPECT_THAT to do more string comparison tricks (sub-string,
prefix, suffix, regular expression, and etc). For example,

using ::testing::HasSubstr;
using ::testing::MatchesRegex;
 ...
ASSERT_THAT(foo_string, HasSubstr("needle"));
EXPECT_THAT(bar_string, MatchesRegex("\\w*\\d+"));

Windows HRESULT assertions

See Windows HRESULT Assertions in the Assertions Reference.

Type Assertions
You can call the function

::testing::StaticAssertTypeEq<T1, T2>();

to assert that types T1 and T2 are the same. The function does nothing if the assertion is satisfied. If the
types are different, the function call will fail to compile, the compiler error message will say that T1 and T2
are not the same type and most likely (depending on the compiler) show you the actual values of T1 and
T2 . This is mainly useful inside template code.

Caveat: When used inside a member function of a class template or a function template,
StaticAssertTypeEq<T1, T2>() is effective only if the function is instantiated. For example, given:

template <typename T> class Foo {

public:
void Bar() { testing::StaticAssertTypeEq<int, T>(); }
};

the code:

void Test1() { Foo<bool> foo; }

will not generate a compiler error, as Foo<bool>::Bar() is never actually instantiated. Instead, you need:

void Test2() { Foo<bool> foo; foo.Bar(); }

to cause a compiler error.

Assertion Placement
You can use assertions in any C++ function. In particular, it doesn’t have to be a method of the test fixture
class. The one constraint is that assertions that generate a fatal failure ( FAIL* and ASSERT_* ) can only be
used in void-returning functions. This is a consequence of Google’s not using exceptions. By placing it in a
non-void function you’ll get a confusing compile error like "error: void value not ignored as it ought to
be" or "cannot initialize return object of type 'bool' with an rvalue of type 'void'" or "error: no
viable conversion from 'void' to 'string'" .

If you need to use fatal assertions in a function that returns non-void, one option is to make the function
return the value in an out parameter instead. For example, you can rewrite T2 Foo(T1 x) to void Foo(T1 x,
T2* result) . You need to make sure that *result contains some sensible value even when the function
returns prematurely. As the function now returns void , you can use any assertion inside of it.

If changing the function’s type is not an option, you should just use assertions that generate non-fatal failures,
such as ADD_FAILURE* and EXPECT_* .

NOTE: Constructors and destructors are not considered void-returning functions, according to the C++
language specification, and so you may not use fatal assertions in them; you’ll get a compilation error if
you try. Instead, either call abort and crash the entire test executable, or put the fatal assertion in a
SetUp / TearDown function; see constructor/destructor vs. SetUp / TearDown

WARNING: A fatal assertion in a helper function (private void-returning method) called from a
constructor or destructor does not terminate the current test, as your intuition might suggest: it merely
returns from the constructor or destructor early, possibly leaving your object in a partially-constructed or
partially-destructed state! You almost certainly want to abort or use SetUp / TearDown instead.

Skipping test execution

Related to the assertions SUCCEED() and FAIL() , you can prevent further test execution at runtime with the
GTEST_SKIP() macro. This is useful when you need to check for preconditions of the system under test during
runtime and skip tests in a meaningful way.

GTEST_SKIP() can be used in individual test cases or in the SetUp() methods of classes derived from either
::testing::Environment or ::testing::Test . For example:

TEST(SkipTest, DoesSkip) {
GTEST_SKIP() << "Skipping single test";
EXPECT_EQ(0, 1); // Won't fail; it won't be executed
}

class SkipFixture : public ::testing::Test {

protected:
void SetUp() override {
GTEST_SKIP() << "Skipping all tests for this fixture";
}
};

// Tests for SkipFixture won't be executed.

TEST_F(SkipFixture, SkipsOneTest) {
EXPECT_EQ(5, 7); // Won't fail
}

As with assertion macros, you can stream a custom message into GTEST_SKIP() .

Teaching GoogleTest How to Print Your Values

When a test assertion such as EXPECT_EQ fails, GoogleTest prints the argument values to help you debug. It
does this using a user-extensible value printer.
This printer knows how to print built-in C++ types, native arrays, STL containers, and any type that supports
the << operator. For other types, it prints the raw bytes in the value and hopes that you the user can figure it
out.

As mentioned earlier, the printer is extensible. That means you can teach it to do a better job at printing your
particular type than to dump the bytes. To do that, define an AbslStringify() overload as a friend function
template for your type:

namespace foo {

class Point { // We want GoogleTest to be able to print instances of this.

...
// Provide a friend overload.
template <typename Sink>
friend void AbslStringify(Sink& sink, const Point& point) {
absl::Format(&sink, "(%d, %d)", point.x, point.y);
}

int x;
int y;
};

// If you can't declare the function in the class it's important that the
// AbslStringify overload is defined in the SAME namespace that defines Point.
// C++'s look-up rules rely on that.
enum class EnumWithStringify { kMany = 0, kChoices = 1 };

template <typename Sink>

void AbslStringify(Sink& sink, EnumWithStringify e) {
absl::Format(&sink, "%s", e == EnumWithStringify::kMany ? "Many" : "Choices");
}

} // namespace foo

Note: AbslStringify() utilizes a generic “sink” buffer to construct its string. For more information about
supported operations on AbslStringify() ’s sink, see go/abslstringify.

AbslStringify() can also use absl::StrFormat ’s catch-all %v type specifier within its own format strings to
perform type deduction. Point above could be formatted as "(%v, %v)" for example, and deduce the int
values as %d .

Sometimes, AbslStringify() might not be an option: your team may wish to print types with extra
debugging information for testing purposes only. If so, you can instead define a PrintTo() function like this:

#include <ostream>

namespace foo {

class Point {
...
friend void PrintTo(const Point& point, std::ostream* os) {
*os << "(" << point.x << "," << point.y << ")";
}
 int x;
int y;
};

// If you can't declare the function in the class it's important that PrintTo()
// is defined in the SAME namespace that defines Point. C++'s look-up rules
// rely on that.
void PrintTo(const Point& point, std::ostream* os) {
*os << "(" << point.x << "," << point.y << ")";
}

} // namespace foo

If you have defined both AbslStringify() and PrintTo() , the latter will be used by GoogleTest. This allows
you to customize how the value appears in GoogleTest’s output without affecting code that relies on the
behavior of AbslStringify() .

If you have an existing << operator and would like to define an AbslStringify() , the latter will be used for
GoogleTest printing.

If you want to print a value x using GoogleTest’s value printer yourself, just call
::testing::PrintToString(x) , which returns an std::string :

vector<pair<Point, int> > point_ints = GetPointIntVector();

EXPECT_TRUE(IsCorrectPointIntVector(point_ints))
<< "point_ints = " << testing::PrintToString(point_ints);

For more details regarding AbslStringify() and its integration with other libraries, see go/abslstringify.

Death Tests
In many applications, there are assertions that can cause application failure if a condition is not met. These
consistency checks, which ensure that the program is in a known good state, are there to fail at the earliest
possible time after some program state is corrupted. If the assertion checks the wrong condition, then the
program may proceed in an erroneous state, which could lead to memory corruption, security holes, or worse.
Hence it is vitally important to test that such assertion statements work as expected.

Since these precondition checks cause the processes to die, we call such tests death tests. More generally, any
test that checks that a program terminates (except by throwing an exception) in an expected fashion is also a
death test.

Note that if a piece of code throws an exception, we don’t consider it “death” for the purpose of death tests,
as the caller of the code could catch the exception and avoid the crash. If you want to verify exceptions
thrown by your code, see Exception Assertions.

If you want to test EXPECT_*()/ASSERT_*() failures in your test code, see “Catching” Failures.

How to Write a Death Test

GoogleTest provides assertion macros to support death tests. See Death Assertions in the Assertions
Reference for details.
To write a death test, simply use one of the macros inside your test function. For example,

TEST(MyDeathTest, Foo) {
// This death test uses a compound statement.
ASSERT_DEATH({
int n = 5;
Foo(&n);
}, "Error on line .* of Foo()");
}

TEST(MyDeathTest, NormalExit) {
EXPECT_EXIT(NormalExit(), testing::ExitedWithCode(0), "Success");
}

TEST(MyDeathTest, KillProcess) {
EXPECT_EXIT(KillProcess(), testing::KilledBySignal(SIGKILL),
"Sending myself unblockable signal");
}

verifies that:

calling Foo(5) causes the process to die with the given error message,
calling NormalExit() causes the process to print "Success" to stderr and exit with exit code 0, and
calling KillProcess() kills the process with signal SIGKILL .

The test function body may contain other assertions and statements as well, if necessary.

Note that a death test only cares about three things:

1. does statement abort or exit the process?

2. (in the case of ASSERT_EXIT and EXPECT_EXIT ) does the exit status satisfy predicate ? Or (in the case of
ASSERT_DEATH and EXPECT_DEATH ) is the exit status non-zero? And

3. does the stderr output match matcher ?

In particular, if statement generates an ASSERT_* or EXPECT_* failure, it will not cause the death test to fail,
as GoogleTest assertions don’t abort the process.

Death Test Naming

IMPORTANT: We strongly recommend you to follow the convention of naming your test suite (not test)
*DeathTest when it contains a death test, as demonstrated in the above example. The Death Tests And
Threads section below explains why.

If a test fixture class is shared by normal tests and death tests, you can use using or typedef to introduce an
alias for the fixture class and avoid duplicating its code:

class FooTest : public testing::Test { ... };

using FooDeathTest = FooTest;

TEST_F(FooTest, DoesThis) {
// normal test
 }

TEST_F(FooDeathTest, DoesThat) {
// death test
}

Regular Expression Syntax

When built with Bazel and using Abseil, GoogleTest uses the RE2 syntax. Otherwise, for POSIX systems (Linux,
Cygwin, Mac), GoogleTest uses the POSIX extended regular expression syntax. To learn about POSIX syntax,
you may want to read this Wikipedia entry.

On Windows, GoogleTest uses its own simple regular expression implementation. It lacks many features. For
example, we don’t support union ( "x|y" ), grouping ( "(xy)" ), brackets ( "[xy]" ), and repetition count
( "x{5,7}" ), among others. Below is what we do support ( A denotes a literal character, period ( . ), or a
single \\ escape sequence; x and y denote regular expressions.):

Expression Meaning

c matches any literal character c

\\d matches any decimal digit

\\D matches any character that’s not a decimal digit

\\f matches \f

\\n matches \n

\\r matches \r

\\s matches any ASCII whitespace, including \n

\\S matches any character that’s not a whitespace

\\t matches \t

\\v matches \v

\\w matches any letter, _ , or decimal digit

\\W matches any character that \\w doesn’t match

\\c matches any literal character c , which must be a punctuation

. matches any single character except \n

A? matches 0 or 1 occurrences of A

A* matches 0 or many occurrences of A

A+ matches 1 or many occurrences of A

^ matches the beginning of a string (not that of each line)

$ matches the end of a string (not that of each line)

xy matches x followed by y
To help you determine which capability is available on your system, GoogleTest defines macros to govern
which regular expression it is using. The macros are: GTEST_USES_SIMPLE_RE=1 or GTEST_USES_POSIX_RE=1 . If
you want your death tests to work in all cases, you can either #if on these macros or use the more limited
syntax only.

How It Works
See Death Assertions in the Assertions Reference.

Death Tests And Threads

The reason for the two death test styles has to do with thread safety. Due to well-known problems with
forking in the presence of threads, death tests should be run in a single-threaded context. Sometimes,
however, it isn’t feasible to arrange that kind of environment. For example, statically-initialized modules may
start threads before main is ever reached. Once threads have been created, it may be difficult or impossible to
clean them up.

GoogleTest has three features intended to raise awareness of threading issues.

1. A warning is emitted if multiple threads are running when a death test is encountered.
2. Test suites with a name ending in “DeathTest” are run before all other tests.
3. It uses clone() instead of fork() to spawn the child process on Linux ( clone() is not available on
Cygwin and Mac), as fork() is more likely to cause the child to hang when the parent process has
multiple threads.

It’s perfectly fine to create threads inside a death test statement; they are executed in a separate process and
cannot affect the parent.

Death Test Styles

The “threadsafe” death test style was introduced in order to help mitigate the risks of testing in a possibly
multithreaded environment. It trades increased test execution time (potentially dramatically so) for improved
thread safety.

The automated testing framework does not set the style flag. You can choose a particular style of death tests
by setting the flag programmatically:

GTEST_FLAG_SET(death_test_style, "threadsafe");

You can do this in main() to set the style for all death tests in the binary, or in individual tests. Recall that
flags are saved before running each test and restored afterwards, so you need not do that yourself. For
example:

int main(int argc, char** argv) {

testing::InitGoogleTest(&argc, argv);
GTEST_FLAG_SET(death_test_style, "fast");
return RUN_ALL_TESTS();
}

TEST(MyDeathTest, TestOne) {
GTEST_FLAG_SET(death_test_style, "threadsafe");
 // This test is run in the "threadsafe" style:
ASSERT_DEATH(ThisShouldDie(), "");
}

TEST(MyDeathTest, TestTwo) {
// This test is run in the "fast" style:
ASSERT_DEATH(ThisShouldDie(), "");
}

Caveats
The statement argument of ASSERT_EXIT() can be any valid C++ statement. If it leaves the current function
via a return statement or by throwing an exception, the death test is considered to have failed. Some
GoogleTest macros may return from the current function (e.g. ASSERT_TRUE() ), so be sure to avoid them in
statement .

Since statement runs in the child process, any in-memory side effect (e.g. modifying a variable, releasing
memory, etc) it causes will not be observable in the parent process. In particular, if you release memory in a
death test, your program will fail the heap check as the parent process will never see the memory reclaimed.
To solve this problem, you can

1. try not to free memory in a death test;

2. free the memory again in the parent process; or
3. do not use the heap checker in your program.

Due to an implementation detail, you cannot place multiple death test assertions on the same line; otherwise,
compilation will fail with an unobvious error message.

Despite the improved thread safety afforded by the “threadsafe” style of death test, thread problems such as
deadlock are still possible in the presence of handlers registered with pthread_atfork(3) .

Using Assertions in Sub-routines

Note: If you want to put a series of test assertions in a subroutine to check for a complex condition,
consider using a custom GMock matcher instead. This lets you provide a more readable error message in
case of failure and avoid all of the issues described below.

Adding Traces to Assertions

If a test sub-routine is called from several places, when an assertion inside it fails, it can be hard to tell which
invocation of the sub-routine the failure is from. You can alleviate this problem using extra logging or custom
failure messages, but that usually clutters up your tests. A better solution is to use the SCOPED_TRACE macro or
the ScopedTrace utility:

SCOPED_TRACE(message);

ScopedTrace trace("file_path", line_number, message);

where message can be anything streamable to std::ostream . SCOPED_TRACE macro will cause the current file
name, line number, and the given message to be added in every failure message. ScopedTrace accepts
explicit file name and line number in arguments, which is useful for writing test helpers. The effect will be
undone when the control leaves the current lexical scope.

For example,

10: void Sub1(int n) {

11: EXPECT_EQ(Bar(n), 1);
12: EXPECT_EQ(Bar(n + 1), 2);
13: }
14:
15: TEST(FooTest, Bar) {
16: {
17: SCOPED_TRACE("A"); // This trace point will be included in
18: // every failure in this scope.
19: Sub1(1);
20: }
21: // Now it won't.
22: Sub1(9);
23: }

could result in messages like these:

path/to/foo_test.cc:11: Failure
Value of: Bar(n)
Expected: 1
Actual: 2
Google Test trace:
path/to/foo_test.cc:17: A

path/to/foo_test.cc:12: Failure
Value of: Bar(n + 1)
Expected: 2
Actual: 3

Without the trace, it would’ve been difficult to know which invocation of Sub1() the two failures come from
respectively. (You could add an extra message to each assertion in Sub1() to indicate the value of n , but
that’s tedious.)

Some tips on using SCOPED_TRACE :

1. With a suitable message, it’s often enough to use SCOPED_TRACE at the beginning of a sub-routine,
instead of at each call site.
2. When calling sub-routines inside a loop, make the loop iterator part of the message in SCOPED_TRACE
such that you can know which iteration the failure is from.
3. Sometimes the line number of the trace point is enough for identifying the particular invocation of a sub-
routine. In this case, you don’t have to choose a unique message for SCOPED_TRACE . You can simply use
"" .

4. You can use SCOPED_TRACE in an inner scope when there is one in the outer scope. In this case, all active
trace points will be included in the failure messages, in reverse order they are encountered.
 5. The trace dump is clickable in Emacs - hit return on a line number and you’ll be taken to that line in the
source file!

Propagating Fatal Failures

A common pitfall when using ASSERT_* and FAIL* is not understanding that when they fail they only abort
the current function, not the entire test. For example, the following test will segfault:

void Subroutine() {
// Generates a fatal failure and aborts the current function.
ASSERT_EQ(1, 2);

// The following won't be executed.

...
}

TEST(FooTest, Bar) {
Subroutine(); // The intended behavior is for the fatal failure
// in Subroutine() to abort the entire test.

// The actual behavior: the function goes on after Subroutine() returns.

int* p = nullptr;
*p = 3; // Segfault!
}

To alleviate this, GoogleTest provides three different solutions. You could use either exceptions, the
(ASSERT|EXPECT)_NO_FATAL_FAILURE assertions or the HasFatalFailure() function. They are described in the
following two subsections.

Asserting on Subroutines with an exception

The following code can turn ASSERT-failure into an exception:

class ThrowListener : public testing::EmptyTestEventListener {

void OnTestPartResult(const testing::TestPartResult& result) override {
if (result.type() == testing::TestPartResult::kFatalFailure) {
throw testing::AssertionException(result);
}
}
};
int main(int argc, char** argv) {
...
testing::UnitTest::GetInstance()->listeners().Append(new ThrowListener);
return RUN_ALL_TESTS();
}

This listener should be added after other listeners if you have any, otherwise they won’t see failed
OnTestPartResult .

Asserting on Subroutines

As shown above, if your test calls a subroutine that has an ASSERT_* failure in it, the test will continue after
the subroutine returns. This may not be what you want.
Often people want fatal failures to propagate like exceptions. For that GoogleTest offers the following macros:

Fatal assertion Nonfatal assertion Verifies

statement doesn’t
generate any new
ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(statement); EXPECT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(statement);
fatal failures in the
current thread.

Only failures in the thread that executes the assertion are checked to determine the result of this type of
assertions. If statement creates new threads, failures in these threads are ignored.

Examples:

ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(Foo());

int i;
EXPECT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE({
i = Bar();
});

Assertions from multiple threads are currently not supported on Windows.

Checking for Failures in the Current Test

HasFatalFailure() in the ::testing::Test class returns true if an assertion in the current test has suffered
a fatal failure. This allows functions to catch fatal failures in a sub-routine and return early.

class Test {
public:
...
static bool HasFatalFailure();
};

The typical usage, which basically simulates the behavior of a thrown exception, is:

TEST(FooTest, Bar) {
Subroutine();
// Aborts if Subroutine() had a fatal failure.
if (HasFatalFailure()) return;

// The following won't be executed.

...
}

If HasFatalFailure() is used outside of TEST() , TEST_F() , or a test fixture, you must add the
::testing::Test:: prefix, as in:

if (testing::Test::HasFatalFailure()) return;
Similarly, HasNonfatalFailure() returns true if the current test has at least one non-fatal failure, and
HasFailure() returns true if the current test has at least one failure of either kind.

Logging Additional Information

In your test code, you can call RecordProperty("key", value) to log additional information, where value can
be either a string or an int . The last value recorded for a key will be emitted to the XML output if you specify
one. For example, the test

TEST_F(WidgetUsageTest, MinAndMaxWidgets) {
RecordProperty("MaximumWidgets", ComputeMaxUsage());
RecordProperty("MinimumWidgets", ComputeMinUsage());
}

will output XML like this:

...
<testcase name="MinAndMaxWidgets" file="test.cpp" line="1" status="run" time="0.006" classname="Wi
...

NOTE:

RecordProperty() is a static member of the Test class. Therefore it needs to be prefixed with
::testing::Test:: if used outside of the TEST body and the test fixture class.

key must be a valid XML attribute name, and cannot conflict with the ones already used by
GoogleTest ( name , status , time , classname , type_param , and value_param ).
Calling RecordProperty() outside of the lifespan of a test is allowed. If it’s called outside of a test
but between a test suite’s SetUpTestSuite() and TearDownTestSuite() methods, it will be
attributed to the XML element for the test suite. If it’s called outside of all test suites (e.g. in a test
environment), it will be attributed to the top-level XML element.

Sharing Resources Between Tests in the Same Test Suite

GoogleTest creates a new test fixture object for each test in order to make tests independent and easier to
debug. However, sometimes tests use resources that are expensive to set up, making the one-copy-per-test
model prohibitively expensive.

If the tests don’t change the resource, there’s no harm in their sharing a single resource copy. So, in addition
to per-test set-up/tear-down, GoogleTest also supports per-test-suite set-up/tear-down. To use it:

1. In your test fixture class (say FooTest ), declare as static some member variables to hold the shared
resources.
2. Outside your test fixture class (typically just below it), define those member variables, optionally giving
them initial values.
 3. In the same test fixture class, define a public member function static void SetUpTestSuite() (remember
not to spell it as SetupTestSuite with a small u !) to set up the shared resources and a static void
TearDownTestSuite() function to tear them down.

That’s it! GoogleTest automatically calls SetUpTestSuite() before running the first test in the FooTest test
suite (i.e. before creating the first FooTest object), and calls TearDownTestSuite() after running the last test
in it (i.e. after deleting the last FooTest object). In between, the tests can use the shared resources.

Remember that the test order is undefined, so your code can’t depend on a test preceding or following
another. Also, the tests must either not modify the state of any shared resource, or, if they do modify the
state, they must restore the state to its original value before passing control to the next test.

Note that SetUpTestSuite() may be called multiple times for a test fixture class that has derived classes, so
you should not expect code in the function body to be run only once. Also, derived classes still have access to
shared resources defined as static members, so careful consideration is needed when managing shared
resources to avoid memory leaks if shared resources are not properly cleaned up in TearDownTestSuite() .

Here’s an example of per-test-suite set-up and tear-down:

class FooTest : public testing::Test {

protected:
// Per-test-suite set-up.
// Called before the first test in this test suite.
// Can be omitted if not needed.
static void SetUpTestSuite() {
shared_resource_ = new ...;

// If `shared_resource_` is **not deleted** in `TearDownTestSuite()`,

// reallocation should be prevented because `SetUpTestSuite()` may be called
// in subclasses of FooTest and lead to memory leak.
//
// if (shared_resource_ == nullptr) {
// shared_resource_ = new ...;
// }
}

// Per-test-suite tear-down.
// Called after the last test in this test suite.
// Can be omitted if not needed.
static void TearDownTestSuite() {
delete shared_resource_;
shared_resource_ = nullptr;
}

// You can define per-test set-up logic as usual.

void SetUp() override { ... }

// You can define per-test tear-down logic as usual.

void TearDown() override { ... }

// Some expensive resource shared by all tests.

static T* shared_resource_;
};

T* FooTest::shared_resource_ = nullptr;
 TEST_F(FooTest, Test1) {
... you can refer to shared_resource_ here ...
}

TEST_F(FooTest, Test2) {
... you can refer to shared_resource_ here ...
}

NOTE: Though the above code declares SetUpTestSuite() protected, it may sometimes be necessary to
declare it public, such as when using it with TEST_P .

Global Set-Up and Tear-Down

Just as you can do set-up and tear-down at the test level and the test suite level, you can also do it at the test
program level. Here’s how.

First, you subclass the ::testing::Environment class to define a test environment, which knows how to set-
up and tear-down:

class Environment : public ::testing::Environment {

public:
~Environment() override {}

// Override this to define how to set up the environment.

void SetUp() override {}

// Override this to define how to tear down the environment.

void TearDown() override {}
};

Then, you register an instance of your environment class with GoogleTest by calling the
::testing::AddGlobalTestEnvironment() function:

Environment* AddGlobalTestEnvironment(Environment* env);

Now, when RUN_ALL_TESTS() is invoked, it first calls the SetUp() method. The tests are then executed,
provided that none of the environments have reported fatal failures and GTEST_SKIP() has not been invoked.
Finally, TearDown() is called.

Note that SetUp() and TearDown() are only invoked if there is at least one test to be performed.
Importantly, TearDown() is executed even if the test is not run due to a fatal failure or GTEST_SKIP() .

Calling SetUp() and TearDown() for each iteration depends on the flag
gtest_recreate_environments_when_repeating . SetUp() and TearDown() are called for each environment
object when the object is recreated for each iteration. However, if test environments are not recreated for
each iteration, SetUp() is called only on the first iteration, and TearDown() is called only on the last iteration.

It’s OK to register multiple environment objects. In this suite, their SetUp() will be called in the order they are
registered, and their TearDown() will be called in the reverse order.
Note that GoogleTest takes ownership of the registered environment objects. Therefore do not delete them
by yourself.

You should call AddGlobalTestEnvironment() before RUN_ALL_TESTS() is called, probably in main() . If you
use gtest_main , you need to call this before main() starts for it to take effect. One way to do this is to
define a global variable like this:

testing::Environment* const foo_env =

testing::AddGlobalTestEnvironment(new FooEnvironment);

However, we strongly recommend you to write your own main() and call AddGlobalTestEnvironment() there,
as relying on initialization of global variables makes the code harder to read and may cause problems when
you register multiple environments from different translation units and the environments have dependencies
among them (remember that the compiler doesn’t guarantee the order in which global variables from
different translation units are initialized).

Value-Parameterized Tests

Value-parameterized tests allow you to test your code with different parameters without writing multiple
copies of the same test. This is useful in a number of situations, for example:

You have a piece of code whose behavior is affected by one or more command-line flags. You want to
make sure your code performs correctly for various values of those flags.
You want to test different implementations of an OO interface.
You want to test your code over various inputs (a.k.a. data-driven testing). This feature is easy to abuse,
so please exercise your good sense when doing it!

How to Write Value-Parameterized Tests

To write value-parameterized tests, first you should define a fixture class. It must be derived from both
testing::Test and testing::WithParamInterface<T> (the latter is a pure interface), where T is the type of
your parameter values. For convenience, you can just derive the fixture class from
testing::TestWithParam<T> , which itself is derived from both testing::Test and
testing::WithParamInterface<T> . T can be any copyable type. If it’s a raw pointer, you are responsible for
managing the lifespan of the pointed values.

NOTE: If your test fixture defines SetUpTestSuite() or TearDownTestSuite() they must be declared
public rather than protected in order to use TEST_P .

class FooTest :
public testing::TestWithParam<absl::string_view> {
// You can implement all the usual fixture class members here.
// To access the test parameter, call GetParam() from class
// TestWithParam<T>.
};

// Or, when you want to add parameters to a pre-existing fixture class:

class BaseTest : public testing::Test {
...
 };
class BarTest : public BaseTest,
public testing::WithParamInterface<absl::string_view> {
...
};

Then, use the TEST_P macro to define as many test patterns using this fixture as you want. The _P suffix is
for “parameterized” or “pattern”, whichever you prefer to think.

TEST_P(FooTest, DoesBlah) {
// Inside a test, access the test parameter with the GetParam() method
// of the TestWithParam<T> class:
EXPECT_TRUE(foo.Blah(GetParam()));
...
}

TEST_P(FooTest, HasBlahBlah) {
...
}

Finally, you can use the INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P macro to instantiate the test suite with any set of
parameters you want. GoogleTest defines a number of functions for generating test parameters—see details
at INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P in the Testing Reference.

For example, the following statement will instantiate tests from the FooTest test suite each with parameter
values "meeny" , "miny" , and "moe" using the Values parameter generator:

INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(MeenyMinyMoe,
FooTest,
testing::Values("meeny", "miny", "moe"));

NOTE: The code above must be placed at global or namespace scope, not at function scope.

The first argument to INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P is a unique name for the instantiation of the test suite. The
next argument is the name of the test pattern, and the last is the parameter generator.

The parameter generator expression is not evaluated until GoogleTest is initialized (via InitGoogleTest() ).
Any prior initialization done in the main function will be accessible from the parameter generator, for
example, the results of flag parsing.

You can instantiate a test pattern more than once, so to distinguish different instances of the pattern, the
instantiation name is added as a prefix to the actual test suite name. Remember to pick unique prefixes for
different instantiations. The tests from the instantiation above will have these names:

MeenyMinyMoe/FooTest.DoesBlah/0 for "meeny"

MeenyMinyMoe/FooTest.DoesBlah/1 for "miny"

MeenyMinyMoe/FooTest.DoesBlah/2 for "moe"

MeenyMinyMoe/FooTest.HasBlahBlah/0 for "meeny"

MeenyMinyMoe/FooTest.HasBlahBlah/1 for "miny"

MeenyMinyMoe/FooTest.HasBlahBlah/2 for "moe"

You can use these names in --gtest_filter .

The following statement will instantiate all tests from FooTest again, each with parameter values "cat" and
"dog" using the ValuesIn parameter generator:

constexpr absl::string_view kPets[] = {"cat", "dog"};

INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(Pets, FooTest, testing::ValuesIn(kPets));

The tests from the instantiation above will have these names:

Pets/FooTest.DoesBlah/0 for "cat"

Pets/FooTest.DoesBlah/1 for "dog"

Pets/FooTest.HasBlahBlah/0 for "cat"

Pets/FooTest.HasBlahBlah/1 for "dog"

Please note that INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P will instantiate all tests in the given test suite, whether their
definitions come before or after the INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P statement.

Additionally, by default, every TEST_P without a corresponding INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P causes a failing

test in test suite GoogleTestVerification . If you have a test suite where that omission is not an error, for
example it is in a library that may be linked in for other reasons or where the list of test cases is dynamic and
may be empty, then this check can be suppressed by tagging the test suite:

GTEST_ALLOW_UNINSTANTIATED_PARAMETERIZED_TEST(FooTest);

You can see sample7_unittest.cc and sample8_unittest.cc for more examples.

Creating Value-Parameterized Abstract Tests

In the above, we define and instantiate FooTest in the same source file. Sometimes you may want to define
value-parameterized tests in a library and let other people instantiate them later. This pattern is known as
abstract tests. As an example of its application, when you are designing an interface you can write a standard
suite of abstract tests (perhaps using a factory function as the test parameter) that all implementations of the
interface are expected to pass. When someone implements the interface, they can instantiate your suite to get
all the interface-conformance tests for free.

To define abstract tests, you should organize your code like this:

1. Put the definition of the parameterized test fixture class (e.g. FooTest ) in a header file, say
foo_param_test.h . Think of this as declaring your abstract tests.

2. Put the TEST_P definitions in foo_param_test.cc , which includes foo_param_test.h . Think of this as
implementing your abstract tests.

Once they are defined, you can instantiate them by including foo_param_test.h , invoking
INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P() , and depending on the library target that contains foo_param_test.cc . You can
instantiate the same abstract test suite multiple times, possibly in different source files.

Specifying Names for Value-Parameterized Test Parameters

The optional last argument to INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P() allows the user to specify a function or functor
that generates custom test name suffixes based on the test parameters. The function should accept one
argument of type testing::TestParamInfo<class ParamType> , and return std::string .

testing::PrintToStringParamName is a builtin test suffix generator that returns the value of

testing::PrintToString(GetParam()) . It does not work for std::string or C strings.

NOTE: test names must be non-empty, unique, and may only contain ASCII alphanumeric characters. In
particular, they should not contain underscores

class MyTestSuite : public testing::TestWithParam<int> {};

TEST_P(MyTestSuite, MyTest)
{
std::cout << "Example Test Param: " << GetParam() << std::endl;
}

INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(MyGroup, MyTestSuite, testing::Range(0, 10),

testing::PrintToStringParamName());

Providing a custom functor allows for more control over test parameter name generation, especially for types
where the automatic conversion does not generate helpful parameter names (e.g. strings as demonstrated
above). The following example illustrates this for multiple parameters, an enumeration type and a string, and
also demonstrates how to combine generators. It uses a lambda for conciseness:

enum class MyType { MY_FOO = 0, MY_BAR = 1 };

class MyTestSuite : public testing::TestWithParam<std::tuple<MyType, std::string>> {

};

INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(
MyGroup, MyTestSuite,
testing::Combine(
testing::Values(MyType::MY_FOO, MyType::MY_BAR),
testing::Values("A", "B")),
[](const testing::TestParamInfo<MyTestSuite::ParamType>& info) {
std::string name = absl::StrCat(
std::get<0>(info.param) == MyType::MY_FOO ? "Foo" : "Bar",
std::get<1>(info.param));
absl::c_replace_if(name, [](char c) { return !std::isalnum(c); }, '_');
return name;
});

Typed Tests
Suppose you have multiple implementations of the same interface and want to make sure that all of them
satisfy some common requirements. Or, you may have defined several types that are supposed to conform to
the same “concept” and you want to verify it. In both cases, you want the same test logic repeated for
different types.
While you can write one TEST or TEST_F for each type you want to test (and you may even factor the test
logic into a function template that you invoke from the TEST ), it’s tedious and doesn’t scale: if you want m
tests over n types, you’ll end up writing m*n TEST s.

Typed tests allow you to repeat the same test logic over a list of types. You only need to write the test logic
once, although you must know the type list when writing typed tests. Here’s how you do it:

First, define a fixture class template. It should be parameterized by a type. Remember to derive it from
::testing::Test :

template <typename T>

class FooTest : public testing::Test {
public:
...
using List = std::list<T>;
static T shared_;
T value_;
};

Next, associate a list of types with the test suite, which will be repeated for each type in the list:

using MyTypes = ::testing::Types<char, int, unsigned int>;

TYPED_TEST_SUITE(FooTest, MyTypes);

The type alias ( using or typedef ) is necessary for the TYPED_TEST_SUITE macro to parse correctly. Otherwise
the compiler will think that each comma in the type list introduces a new macro argument.

Then, use TYPED_TEST() instead of TEST_F() to define a typed test for this test suite. You can repeat this as
many times as you want:

TYPED_TEST(FooTest, DoesBlah) {
// Inside a test, refer to the special name TypeParam to get the type
// parameter. Since we are inside a derived class template, C++ requires
// us to visit the members of FooTest via 'this'.
TypeParam n = this->value_;

// To visit static members of the fixture, add the 'TestFixture::'

// prefix.
n += TestFixture::shared_;

// To refer to typedefs in the fixture, add the 'typename TestFixture::'

// prefix. The 'typename' is required to satisfy the compiler.
typename TestFixture::List values;

values.push_back(n);
...
}

TYPED_TEST(FooTest, HasPropertyA) { ... }

You can see sample6_unittest.cc for a complete example.

Type-Parameterized Tests
Type-parameterized tests are like typed tests, except that they don’t require you to know the list of types
ahead of time. Instead, you can define the test logic first and instantiate it with different type lists later. You
can even instantiate it more than once in the same program.

If you are designing an interface or concept, you can define a suite of type-parameterized tests to verify
properties that any valid implementation of the interface/concept should have. Then, the author of each
implementation can just instantiate the test suite with their type to verify that it conforms to the
requirements, without having to write similar tests repeatedly. Here’s an example:

First, define a fixture class template, as we did with typed tests:

template <typename T>

class FooTest : public testing::Test {
void DoSomethingInteresting();
...
};

Next, declare that you will define a type-parameterized test suite:

TYPED_TEST_SUITE_P(FooTest);

Then, use TYPED_TEST_P() to define a type-parameterized test. You can repeat this as many times as you
want:

TYPED_TEST_P(FooTest, DoesBlah) {
// Inside a test, refer to TypeParam to get the type parameter.
TypeParam n = 0;

// You will need to use `this` explicitly to refer to fixture members.

this->DoSomethingInteresting()
...
}

TYPED_TEST_P(FooTest, HasPropertyA) { ... }

Now the tricky part: you need to register all test patterns using the REGISTER_TYPED_TEST_SUITE_P macro
before you can instantiate them. The first argument of the macro is the test suite name; the rest are the
names of the tests in this test suite:

REGISTER_TYPED_TEST_SUITE_P(FooTest,
DoesBlah, HasPropertyA);

Finally, you are free to instantiate the pattern with the types you want. If you put the above code in a header
file, you can #include it in multiple C++ source files and instantiate it multiple times.

using MyTypes = ::testing::Types<char, int, unsigned int>;

INSTANTIATE_TYPED_TEST_SUITE_P(My, FooTest, MyTypes);
To distinguish different instances of the pattern, the first argument to the INSTANTIATE_TYPED_TEST_SUITE_P
macro is a prefix that will be added to the actual test suite name. Remember to pick unique prefixes for
different instances.

In the special case where the type list contains only one type, you can write that type directly without
::testing::Types<...> , like this:

INSTANTIATE_TYPED_TEST_SUITE_P(My, FooTest, int);

You can see sample6_unittest.cc for a complete example.

Testing Private Code

If you change your software’s internal implementation, your tests should not break as long as the change is
not observable by users. Therefore, per the black-box testing principle, most of the time you should test
your code through its public interfaces.

If you still find yourself needing to test internal implementation code, consider if there’s a better design.
The desire to test internal implementation is often a sign that the class is doing too much. Consider extracting
an implementation class, and testing it. Then use that implementation class in the original class.

If you absolutely have to test non-public interface code though, you can. There are two cases to consider:

Static functions ( not the same as static member functions!) or unnamed namespaces, and
Private or protected class members

To test them, we use the following special techniques:

Both static functions and definitions/declarations in an unnamed namespace are only visible within the
same translation unit. To test them, you can #include the entire .cc file being tested in your
*_test.cc file. (#including .cc files is not a good way to reuse code - you should not do this in
production code!)

However, a better approach is to move the private code into the foo::internal namespace, where foo
is the namespace your project normally uses, and put the private declarations in a *-internal.h file.
Your production .cc files and your tests are allowed to include this internal header, but your clients are
not. This way, you can fully test your internal implementation without leaking it to your clients.

Private class members are only accessible from within the class or by friends. To access a class’ private
members, you can declare your test fixture as a friend to the class and define accessors in your fixture.
Tests using the fixture can then access the private members of your production class via the accessors in
the fixture. Note that even though your fixture is a friend to your production class, your tests are not
automatically friends to it, as they are technically defined in sub-classes of the fixture.

Another way to test private members is to refactor them into an implementation class, which is then
declared in a *-internal.h file. Your clients aren’t allowed to include this header but your tests can. Such
is called the Pimpl (Private Implementation) idiom.

Or, you can declare an individual test as a friend of your class by adding this line in the class body:
 FRIEND_TEST(TestSuiteName, TestName);

For example,

// foo.h
class Foo {
...
private:
FRIEND_TEST(FooTest, BarReturnsZeroOnNull);

int Bar(void* x);

};

// foo_test.cc
...
TEST(FooTest, BarReturnsZeroOnNull) {
Foo foo;
EXPECT_EQ(foo.Bar(NULL), 0); // Uses Foo's private member Bar().
}

Pay special attention when your class is defined in a namespace. If you want your test fixtures and tests to
be friends of your class, then they must be defined in the exact same namespace (no anonymous or inline
namespaces).

For example, if the code to be tested looks like:

namespace my_namespace {

class Foo {
friend class FooTest;
FRIEND_TEST(FooTest, Bar);
FRIEND_TEST(FooTest, Baz);
... definition of the class Foo ...
};

} // namespace my_namespace

Your test code should be something like:

namespace my_namespace {

class FooTest : public testing::Test {

protected:
...
};

TEST_F(FooTest, Bar) { ... }

TEST_F(FooTest, Baz) { ... }

} // namespace my_namespace

“Catching” Failures
If you are building a testing utility on top of GoogleTest, you’ll want to test your utility. What framework
would you use to test it? GoogleTest, of course.

The challenge is to verify that your testing utility reports failures correctly. In frameworks that report a failure
by throwing an exception, you could catch the exception and assert on it. But GoogleTest doesn’t use
exceptions, so how do we test that a piece of code generates an expected failure?

"gtest/gtest-spi.h" contains some constructs to do this. After #including this header, you can use

EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE(statement, substring);

to assert that statement generates a fatal (e.g. ASSERT_* ) failure in the current thread whose message
contains the given substring , or use

EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(statement, substring);

if you are expecting a non-fatal (e.g. EXPECT_* ) failure.

Only failures in the current thread are checked to determine the result of this type of expectations. If
statement creates new threads, failures in these threads are also ignored. If you want to catch failures in
other threads as well, use one of the following macros instead:

EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE_ON_ALL_THREADS(statement, substring);
EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE_ON_ALL_THREADS(statement, substring);

NOTE: Assertions from multiple threads are currently not supported on Windows.

For technical reasons, there are some caveats:

1. You cannot stream a failure message to either macro.

2. statement in EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE{_ON_ALL_THREADS}() cannot reference local non-static variables or

non-static members of this object.

3. statement in EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE{_ON_ALL_THREADS}() cannot return a value.

Registering tests programmatically

The TEST macros handle the vast majority of all use cases, but there are few where runtime registration logic
is required. For those cases, the framework provides the ::testing::RegisterTest that allows callers to
register arbitrary tests dynamically.

This is an advanced API only to be used when the TEST macros are insufficient. The macros should be
preferred when possible, as they avoid most of the complexity of calling this function.

It provides the following signature:

template <typename Factory>

TestInfo* RegisterTest(const char* test_suite_name, const char* test_name,
 const char* type_param, const char* value_param,
const char* file, int line, Factory factory);

The factory argument is a factory callable (move-constructible) object or function pointer that creates a new
instance of the Test object. It handles ownership to the caller. The signature of the callable is Fixture*() ,
where Fixture is the test fixture class for the test. All tests registered with the same test_suite_name must
return the same fixture type. This is checked at runtime.

The framework will infer the fixture class from the factory and will call the SetUpTestSuite and
TearDownTestSuite for it.

Must be called before RUN_ALL_TESTS() is invoked, otherwise behavior is undefined.

Use case example:

class MyFixture : public testing::Test {

public:
// All of these optional, just like in regular macro usage.
static void SetUpTestSuite() { ... }
static void TearDownTestSuite() { ... }
void SetUp() override { ... }
void TearDown() override { ... }
};

class MyTest : public MyFixture {

public:
explicit MyTest(int data) : data_(data) {}
void TestBody() override { ... }

private:
int data_;
};

void RegisterMyTests(const std::vector<int>& values) {

for (int v : values) {
testing::RegisterTest(
"MyFixture", ("Test" + std::to_string(v)).c_str(), nullptr,
std::to_string(v).c_str(),
__FILE__, __LINE__,
// Important to use the fixture type as the return type here.
[=]() -> MyFixture* { return new MyTest(v); });
}
}
...
int main(int argc, char** argv) {
testing::InitGoogleTest(&argc, argv);
std::vector<int> values_to_test = LoadValuesFromConfig();
RegisterMyTests(values_to_test);
...
return RUN_ALL_TESTS();
}

Getting the Current Test’s Name

Sometimes a function may need to know the name of the currently running test. For example, you may be
using the SetUp() method of your test fixture to set the golden file name based on which test is running. The
TestInfo class has this information.

To obtain a TestInfo object for the currently running test, call current_test_info() on the UnitTest
singleton object:

// Gets information about the currently running test.

// Do NOT delete the returned object - it's managed by the UnitTest class.
const testing::TestInfo* const test_info =
testing::UnitTest::GetInstance()->current_test_info();

printf("We are in test %s of test suite %s.\n",

test_info->name(),
test_info->test_suite_name());

current_test_info() returns a null pointer if no test is running. In particular, you cannot find the test suite
name in SetUpTestSuite() , TearDownTestSuite() (where you know the test suite name implicitly), or
functions called from them.

Extending GoogleTest by Handling Test Events

GoogleTest provides an event listener API to let you receive notifications about the progress of a test
program and test failures. The events you can listen to include the start and end of the test program, a test
suite, or a test method, among others. You may use this API to augment or replace the standard console
output, replace the XML output, or provide a completely different form of output, such as a GUI or a
database. You can also use test events as checkpoints to implement a resource leak checker, for example.

Defining Event Listeners

To define a event listener, you subclass either testing::TestEventListener or
testing::EmptyTestEventListener The former is an (abstract) interface, where each pure virtual method can
be overridden to handle a test event (For example, when a test starts, the OnTestStart() method will be
called.). The latter provides an empty implementation of all methods in the interface, such that a subclass only
needs to override the methods it cares about.

When an event is fired, its context is passed to the handler function as an argument. The following argument
types are used:

UnitTest reflects the state of the entire test program,

TestSuite has information about a test suite, which can contain one or more tests,
TestInfo contains the state of a test, and
TestPartResult represents the result of a test assertion.

An event handler function can examine the argument it receives to find out interesting information about the
event and the test program’s state.

Here’s an example:

class MinimalistPrinter : public testing::EmptyTestEventListener {

// Called before a test starts.
 void OnTestStart(const testing::TestInfo& test_info) override {
printf("*** Test %s.%s starting.\n",
test_info.test_suite_name(), test_info.name());
}

// Called after a failed assertion or a SUCCESS().

void OnTestPartResult(const testing::TestPartResult& test_part_result) override {
printf("%s in %s:%d\n%s\n",
test_part_result.failed() ? "*** Failure" : "Success",
test_part_result.file_name(),
test_part_result.line_number(),
test_part_result.summary());
}

// Called after a test ends.

void OnTestEnd(const testing::TestInfo& test_info) override {
printf("*** Test %s.%s ending.\n",
test_info.test_suite_name(), test_info.name());
}
};

Using Event Listeners

To use the event listener you have defined, add an instance of it to the GoogleTest event listener list
(represented by class TestEventListeners - note the “s” at the end of the name) in your main() function,
before calling RUN_ALL_TESTS() :

int main(int argc, char** argv) {

testing::InitGoogleTest(&argc, argv);
// Gets hold of the event listener list.
testing::TestEventListeners& listeners =
testing::UnitTest::GetInstance()->listeners();
// Adds a listener to the end. GoogleTest takes the ownership.
listeners.Append(new MinimalistPrinter);
return RUN_ALL_TESTS();
}

There’s only one problem: the default test result printer is still in effect, so its output will mingle with the
output from your minimalist printer. To suppress the default printer, just release it from the event listener list
and delete it. You can do so by adding one line:

...
delete listeners.Release(listeners.default_result_printer());
listeners.Append(new MinimalistPrinter);
return RUN_ALL_TESTS();

Now, sit back and enjoy a completely different output from your tests. For more details, see
sample9_unittest.cc.

You may append more than one listener to the list. When an On*Start() or OnTestPartResult() event is
fired, the listeners will receive it in the order they appear in the list (since new listeners are added to the end
of the list, the default text printer and the default XML generator will receive the event first). An On*End()
event will be received by the listeners in the reverse order. This allows output by listeners added later to be
framed by output from listeners added earlier.

Generating Failures in Listeners

You may use failure-raising macros ( EXPECT_*() , ASSERT_*() , FAIL() , etc) when processing an event. There
are some restrictions:

1. You cannot generate any failure in OnTestPartResult() (otherwise it will cause OnTestPartResult() to
be called recursively).
2. A listener that handles OnTestPartResult() is not allowed to generate any failure.

When you add listeners to the listener list, you should put listeners that handle OnTestPartResult() before
listeners that can generate failures. This ensures that failures generated by the latter are attributed to the right
test by the former.

See sample10_unittest.cc for an example of a failure-raising listener.

Running Test Programs: Advanced Options

GoogleTest test programs are ordinary executables. Once built, you can run them directly and affect their
behavior via the following environment variables and/or command line flags. For the flags to work, your
programs must call ::testing::InitGoogleTest() before calling RUN_ALL_TESTS() .

To see a list of supported flags and their usage, please run your test program with the --help flag. You can
also use -h , -? , or /? for short.

If an option is specified both by an environment variable and by a flag, the latter takes precedence.

Selecting Tests

Listing Test Names

Sometimes it is necessary to list the available tests in a program before running them so that a filter may be
applied if needed. Including the flag --gtest_list_tests overrides all other flags and lists tests in the
following format:

TestSuite1.
TestName1
TestName2
TestSuite2.
TestName

None of the tests listed are actually run if the flag is provided. There is no corresponding environment
variable for this flag.

Running a Subset of the Tests

By default, a GoogleTest program runs all tests the user has defined. Sometimes, you want to run only a
subset of the tests (e.g. for debugging or quickly verifying a change). If you set the GTEST_FILTER
environment variable or the --gtest_filter flag to a filter string, GoogleTest will only run the tests whose full
names (in the form of TestSuiteName.TestName ) match the filter.

The format of a filter is a ‘ : ‘-separated list of wildcard patterns (called the positive patterns) optionally
followed by a ‘ - ’ and another ‘ : ‘-separated pattern list (called the negative patterns). A test matches the
filter if and only if it matches any of the positive patterns but does not match any of the negative patterns.

A pattern may contain '*' (matches any string) or '?' (matches any single character). For convenience, the
filter '*-NegativePatterns' can be also written as '-NegativePatterns' .

For example:

./foo_test Has no flag, and thus runs all its tests.

./foo_test --gtest_filter=* Also runs everything, due to the single match-everything * value.

./foo_test --gtest_filter=FooTest.* Runs everything in test suite FooTest .

./foo_test --gtest_filter=*Null*:*Constructor* Runs any test whose full name contains either "Null"
or "Constructor" .
./foo_test --gtest_filter=-*DeathTest.* Runs all non-death tests.

./foo_test --gtest_filter=FooTest.*-FooTest.Bar Runs everything in test suite FooTest except

FooTest.Bar .

./foo_test --gtest_filter=FooTest.*:BarTest.*-FooTest.Bar:BarTest.Foo Runs everything in test suite

FooTest except FooTest.Bar and everything in test suite BarTest except BarTest.Foo .

Stop test execution upon first failure

By default, a GoogleTest program runs all tests the user has defined. In some cases (e.g. iterative test
development & execution) it may be desirable stop test execution upon first failure (trading improved latency
for completeness). If GTEST_FAIL_FAST environment variable or --gtest_fail_fast flag is set, the test runner
will stop execution as soon as the first test failure is found.

Temporarily Disabling Tests

If you have a broken test that you cannot fix right away, you can add the DISABLED_ prefix to its name. This
will exclude it from execution. This is better than commenting out the code or using #if 0 , as disabled tests
are still compiled (and thus won’t rot).

If you need to disable all tests in a test suite, you can either add DISABLED_ to the front of the name of each
test, or alternatively add it to the front of the test suite name.

For example, the following tests won’t be run by GoogleTest, even though they will still be compiled:

// Tests that Foo does Abc.

TEST(FooTest, DISABLED_DoesAbc) { ... }

class DISABLED_BarTest : public testing::Test { ... };

// Tests that Bar does Xyz.

TEST_F(DISABLED_BarTest, DoesXyz) { ... }
 NOTE: This feature should only be used for temporary pain-relief. You still have to fix the disabled tests
at a later date. As a reminder, GoogleTest will print a banner warning you if a test program contains any
disabled tests.

TIP: You can easily count the number of disabled tests you have using grep . This number can be used as
a metric for improving your test quality.

Temporarily Enabling Disabled Tests

To include disabled tests in test execution, just invoke the test program with the --
gtest_also_run_disabled_tests flag or set the GTEST_ALSO_RUN_DISABLED_TESTS environment variable to a
value other than 0 . You can combine this with the --gtest_filter flag to further select which disabled tests
to run.

Repeating the Tests

Once in a while you’ll run into a test whose result is hit-or-miss. Perhaps it will fail only 1% of the time, making
it rather hard to reproduce the bug under a debugger. This can be a major source of frustration.

The --gtest_repeat flag allows you to repeat all (or selected) test methods in a program many times.
Hopefully, a flaky test will eventually fail and give you a chance to debug. Here’s how to use it:

$ foo_test --gtest_repeat=1000
Repeat foo_test 1000 times and don't stop at failures.

$ foo_test --gtest_repeat=-1
A negative count means repeating forever.

$ foo_test --gtest_repeat=1000 --gtest_break_on_failure

Repeat foo_test 1000 times, stopping at the first failure. This
is especially useful when running under a debugger: when the test
fails, it will drop into the debugger and you can then inspect
variables and stacks.

$ foo_test --gtest_repeat=1000 --gtest_filter=FooBar.*

Repeat the tests whose name matches the filter 1000 times.

If your test program contains global set-up/tear-down code, it will be repeated in each iteration as well, as the
flakiness may be in it. To avoid repeating global set-up/tear-down, specify --
gtest_recreate_environments_when_repeating=false {.nowrap}.

You can also specify the repeat count by setting the GTEST_REPEAT environment variable.

Shuffling the Tests

You can specify the --gtest_shuffle flag (or set the GTEST_SHUFFLE environment variable to 1 ) to run the
tests in a program in a random order. This helps to reveal bad dependencies between tests.

By default, GoogleTest uses a random seed calculated from the current time. Therefore you’ll get a different
order every time. The console output includes the random seed value, such that you can reproduce an order-
related test failure later. To specify the random seed explicitly, use the --gtest_random_seed=SEED flag (or set
the GTEST_RANDOM_SEED environment variable), where SEED is an integer in the range [0, 99999]. The seed
value 0 is special: it tells GoogleTest to do the default behavior of calculating the seed from the current time.

If you combine this with --gtest_repeat=N , GoogleTest will pick a different random seed and re-shuffle the
tests in each iteration.

Distributing Test Functions to Multiple Machines

If you have more than one machine you can use to run a test program, you might want to run the test
functions in parallel and get the result faster. We call this technique sharding, where each machine is called a
shard.

GoogleTest is compatible with test sharding. To take advantage of this feature, your test runner (not part of
GoogleTest) needs to do the following:

1. Allocate a number of machines (shards) to run the tests.

2. On each shard, set the GTEST_TOTAL_SHARDS environment variable to the total number of shards. It must
be the same for all shards.
3. On each shard, set the GTEST_SHARD_INDEX environment variable to the index of the shard. Different
shards must be assigned different indices, which must be in the range [0, GTEST_TOTAL_SHARDS - 1] .
4. Run the same test program on all shards. When GoogleTest sees the above two environment variables, it
will select a subset of the test functions to run. Across all shards, each test function in the program will be
run exactly once.
5. Wait for all shards to finish, then collect and report the results.

Your project may have tests that were written without GoogleTest and thus don’t understand this protocol. In
order for your test runner to figure out which test supports sharding, it can set the environment variable
GTEST_SHARD_STATUS_FILE to a non-existent file path. If a test program supports sharding, it will create this file
to acknowledge that fact; otherwise it will not create it. The actual contents of the file are not important at this
time, although we may put some useful information in it in the future.

Here’s an example to make it clear. Suppose you have a test program foo_test that contains the following 5
test functions:

TEST(A, V)
TEST(A, W)
TEST(B, X)
TEST(B, Y)
TEST(B, Z)

Suppose you have 3 machines at your disposal. To run the test functions in parallel, you would set
GTEST_TOTAL_SHARDS to 3 on all machines, and set GTEST_SHARD_INDEX to 0, 1, and 2 on the machines
respectively. Then you would run the same foo_test on each machine.

GoogleTest reserves the right to change how the work is distributed across the shards, but here’s one possible
scenario:

Machine #0 runs A.V and B.X .

Machine #1 runs A.W and B.Y .
 Machine #2 runs B.Z .

Controlling Test Output

Colored Terminal Output

GoogleTest can use colors in its terminal output to make it easier to spot the important information:

...
[----------] 1 test from FooTest
[ RUN ] FooTest.DoesAbc
[ OK ] FooTest.DoesAbc
[----------] 2 tests from BarTest
[ RUN ] BarTest.HasXyzProperty
[ OK ] BarTest.HasXyzProperty
[ RUN ] BarTest.ReturnsTrueOnSuccess
... some error messages ...
[ FAILED ] BarTest.ReturnsTrueOnSuccess
...
[==========] 30 tests from 14 test suites ran.
[ PASSED ] 28 tests.
[ FAILED ] 2 tests, listed below:
[ FAILED ] BarTest.ReturnsTrueOnSuccess
[ FAILED ] AnotherTest.DoesXyz

2 FAILED TESTS

You can set the GTEST_COLOR environment variable or the --gtest_color command line flag to yes , no , or
auto (the default) to enable colors, disable colors, or let GoogleTest decide. When the value is auto ,
GoogleTest will use colors if and only if the output goes to a terminal and (on non-Windows platforms) the
TERM environment variable is set to xterm or xterm-color .

Suppressing test passes

By default, GoogleTest prints 1 line of output for each test, indicating if it passed or failed. To show only test
failures, run the test program with --gtest_brief=1 , or set the GTEST_BRIEF environment variable to 1 .

Suppressing the Elapsed Time

By default, GoogleTest prints the time it takes to run each test. To disable that, run the test program with the
--gtest_print_time=0 command line flag, or set the GTEST_PRINT_TIME environment variable to 0 .

Suppressing UTF-8 Text Output

In case of assertion failures, GoogleTest prints expected and actual values of type string both as hex-
encoded strings as well as in readable UTF-8 text if they contain valid non-ASCII UTF-8 characters. If you want
to suppress the UTF-8 text because, for example, you don’t have an UTF-8 compatible output medium, run
the test program with --gtest_print_utf8=0 or set the GTEST_PRINT_UTF8 environment variable to 0 .

Generating an XML Report

GoogleTest can emit a detailed XML report to a file in addition to its normal textual output. The report
contains the duration of each test, and thus can help you identify slow tests.
To generate the XML report, set the GTEST_OUTPUT environment variable or the --gtest_output flag to the
string "xml:path_to_output_file" , which will create the file at the given location. You can also just use the
string "xml" , in which case the output can be found in the test_detail.xml file in the current directory.

If you specify a directory (for example, "xml:output/directory/" on Linux or "xml:output\directory\" on

Windows), GoogleTest will create the XML file in that directory, named after the test executable (e.g.
foo_test.xml for test program foo_test or foo_test.exe ). If the file already exists (perhaps left over from a
previous run), GoogleTest will pick a different name (e.g. foo_test_1.xml ) to avoid overwriting it.

The report is based on the junitreport Ant task. Since that format was originally intended for Java, a little
interpretation is required to make it apply to GoogleTest tests, as shown here:

<testsuites name="AllTests" ...>

<testsuite name="test_case_name" ...>
<testcase name="test_name" ...>
<failure message="..."/>
<failure message="..."/>
<failure message="..."/>
</testcase>
</testsuite>
</testsuites>

The root <testsuites> element corresponds to the entire test program.

<testsuite> elements correspond to GoogleTest test suites.

<testcase> elements correspond to GoogleTest test functions.

For instance, the following program

TEST(MathTest, Addition) { ... }

TEST(MathTest, Subtraction) { ... }
TEST(LogicTest, NonContradiction) { ... }

could generate this report:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>

<testsuites tests="3" failures="1" errors="0" time="0.035" timestamp="2011-10-31T18:52:42" name="AllTe
<testsuite name="MathTest" tests="2" failures="1" errors="0" time="0.015">
<testcase name="Addition" file="test.cpp" line="1" status="run" time="0.007" classname="">
<failure message="Value of: add(1, 1)&#x0A; Actual: 3&#x0A;Expected: 2" type="">...</failure>
<failure message="Value of: add(1, -1)&#x0A; Actual: 1&#x0A;Expected: 0" type="">...</failure>
</testcase>
<testcase name="Subtraction" file="test.cpp" line="2" status="run" time="0.005" classname="">
</testcase>
</testsuite>
<testsuite name="LogicTest" tests="1" failures="0" errors="0" time="0.005">
<testcase name="NonContradiction" file="test.cpp" line="3" status="run" time="0.005" classname="">
</testcase>
</testsuite>
</testsuites>
Things to note:

The tests attribute of a <testsuites> or <testsuite> element tells how many test functions the
GoogleTest program or test suite contains, while the failures attribute tells how many of them failed.

The time attribute expresses the duration of the test, test suite, or entire test program in seconds.

The timestamp attribute records the local date and time of the test execution.

The file and line attributes record the source file location, where the test was defined.

Each <failure> element corresponds to a single failed GoogleTest assertion.

Generating a JSON Report

GoogleTest can also emit a JSON report as an alternative format to XML. To generate the JSON report, set the
GTEST_OUTPUT environment variable or the --gtest_output flag to the string "json:path_to_output_file" ,
which will create the file at the given location. You can also just use the string "json" , in which case the
output can be found in the test_detail.json file in the current directory.

The report format conforms to the following JSON Schema:

{
"$schema": "https://json-schema.org/schema#",
"type": "object",
"definitions": {
"TestCase": {
"type": "object",
"properties": {
"name": { "type": "string" },
"tests": { "type": "integer" },
"failures": { "type": "integer" },
"disabled": { "type": "integer" },
"time": { "type": "string" },
"testsuite": {
"type": "array",
"items": {
"$ref": "#/definitions/TestInfo"
}
}
}
},
"TestInfo": {
"type": "object",
"properties": {
"name": { "type": "string" },
"file": { "type": "string" },
"line": { "type": "integer" },
"status": {
"type": "string",
"enum": ["RUN", "NOTRUN"]
},
"time": { "type": "string" },
"classname": { "type": "string" },
"failures": {
"type": "array",
"items": {
 "$ref": "#/definitions/Failure"
}
}
}
},
"Failure": {
"type": "object",
"properties": {
"failures": { "type": "string" },
"type": { "type": "string" }
}
}
},
"properties": {
"tests": { "type": "integer" },
"failures": { "type": "integer" },
"disabled": { "type": "integer" },
"errors": { "type": "integer" },
"timestamp": {
"type": "string",
"format": "date-time"
},
"time": { "type": "string" },
"name": { "type": "string" },
"testsuites": {
"type": "array",
"items": {
"$ref": "#/definitions/TestCase"
}
}
}
}

The report uses the format that conforms to the following Proto3 using the JSON encoding:

syntax = "proto3";

package googletest;

import "google/protobuf/timestamp.proto";
import "google/protobuf/duration.proto";

message UnitTest {
int32 tests = 1;
int32 failures = 2;
int32 disabled = 3;
int32 errors = 4;
google.protobuf.Timestamp timestamp = 5;
google.protobuf.Duration time = 6;
string name = 7;
repeated TestCase testsuites = 8;
}

message TestCase {
string name = 1;
int32 tests = 2;
int32 failures = 3;
int32 disabled = 4;
int32 errors = 5;
 google.protobuf.Duration time = 6;
repeated TestInfo testsuite = 7;
}

message TestInfo {
string name = 1;
string file = 6;
int32 line = 7;
enum Status {
RUN = 0;
NOTRUN = 1;
}
Status status = 2;
google.protobuf.Duration time = 3;
string classname = 4;
message Failure {
string failures = 1;
string type = 2;
}
repeated Failure failures = 5;
}

For instance, the following program

TEST(MathTest, Addition) { ... }

TEST(MathTest, Subtraction) { ... }
TEST(LogicTest, NonContradiction) { ... }

could generate this report:

{
"tests": 3,
"failures": 1,
"errors": 0,
"time": "0.035s",
"timestamp": "2011-10-31T18:52:42Z",
"name": "AllTests",
"testsuites": [
{
"name": "MathTest",
"tests": 2,
"failures": 1,
"errors": 0,
"time": "0.015s",
"testsuite": [
{
"name": "Addition",
"file": "test.cpp",
"line": 1,
"status": "RUN",
"time": "0.007s",
"classname": "",
"failures": [
{
"message": "Value of: add(1, 1)\n Actual: 3\nExpected: 2",
"type": ""
},
 {
"message": "Value of: add(1, -1)\n Actual: 1\nExpected: 0",
"type": ""
}
]
},
{
"name": "Subtraction",
"file": "test.cpp",
"line": 2,
"status": "RUN",
"time": "0.005s",
"classname": ""
}
]
},
{
"name": "LogicTest",
"tests": 1,
"failures": 0,
"errors": 0,
"time": "0.005s",
"testsuite": [
{
"name": "NonContradiction",
"file": "test.cpp",
"line": 3,
"status": "RUN",
"time": "0.005s",
"classname": ""
}
]
}
]
}

IMPORTANT: The exact format of the JSON document is subject to change.

Controlling How Failures Are Reported

Detecting Test Premature Exit

Google Test implements the premature-exit-file protocol for test runners to catch any kind of unexpected exits
of test programs. Upon start, Google Test creates the file which will be automatically deleted after all work has
been finished. Then, the test runner can check if this file exists. In case the file remains undeleted, the
inspected test has exited prematurely.

This feature is enabled only if the TEST_PREMATURE_EXIT_FILE environment variable has been set.

Turning Assertion Failures into Break-Points

When running test programs under a debugger, it’s very convenient if the debugger can catch an assertion
failure and automatically drop into interactive mode. GoogleTest’s break-on-failure mode supports this
behavior.
To enable it, set the GTEST_BREAK_ON_FAILURE environment variable to a value other than 0 . Alternatively, you
can use the --gtest_break_on_failure command line flag.

Disabling Catching Test-Thrown Exceptions

GoogleTest can be used either with or without exceptions enabled. If a test throws a C++ exception or (on
Windows) a structured exception (SEH), by default GoogleTest catches it, reports it as a test failure, and
continues with the next test method. This maximizes the coverage of a test run. Also, on Windows an
uncaught exception will cause a pop-up window, so catching the exceptions allows you to run the tests
automatically.

When debugging the test failures, however, you may instead want the exceptions to be handled by the
debugger, such that you can examine the call stack when an exception is thrown. To achieve that, set the
GTEST_CATCH_EXCEPTIONS environment variable to 0 , or use the --gtest_catch_exceptions=0 flag when
running the tests.

Sanitizer Integration
The Undefined Behavior Sanitizer, Address Sanitizer, and Thread Sanitizer all provide weak functions that you
can override to trigger explicit failures when they detect sanitizer errors, such as creating a reference from
nullptr . To override these functions, place definitions for them in a source file that you compile as part of
your main binary:

extern "C" {
void __ubsan_on_report() {
FAIL() << "Encountered an undefined behavior sanitizer error";
}
void __asan_on_error() {
FAIL() << "Encountered an address sanitizer error";
}
void __tsan_on_report() {
FAIL() << "Encountered a thread sanitizer error";
}
} // extern "C"

After compiling your project with one of the sanitizers enabled, if a particular test triggers a sanitizer error,
GoogleTest will report that it failed.

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