08/07/2022

GRID TO GEOGRAPHIC
COORDINATE
CONVERSION +
MERIDIAN
CONVERGENCE TRANSFORMATION FROM
GRID TO GEOGRAPHIC
GE Board Examination COORDINATES
Review 2022 - Geodesy 3 63 64

63 64

Formulas to be used: Grid to Geographic Coordinates

Grid to Geographic Coordinates 1. Determine the Central Meridian of the given Zone.

2. Compute for the value of E’ using the equation:

• Φ = Φ’ – (VII) q2 + (VIII) q4 E’ = E – 500,000.00
* the result of (-VII q2 + VIII q4) is in seconds 3. The coefficient q can now be computed using the equation:
• λ = (IX) q – (X) q3 + (XI) q5 + λCM q = 0.000001(E’)

* the result of (IX q – X q3 + XI q5) is in seconds 4. Using the Grid to Geographic Tables, interpolate the value
• q = 0.000001(E – 500,000.00) = 0.000001(E’) of the footpoint (initial) latitude, Φ’. Do this by first finding the
nearest I to the given Northing: I1 < N < I2, Φ1 < Φ’ < Φ2

65 66

65 66

Grid to Geographic Coordinates Grid to Geographic Coordinates

5. Interpolate the value of the corresponding footpoint
latitude based of the range of the I values for the N: 7. Compute for the value of the latitude of Station using the
Φ’ - Φ1 = N - I1 equation: Φ = Φ’ – (VII) q2 + (VIII) q4
Φ2 - Φ1 I2 - I1 * the term (-VIIq2 + VIIIq4) is expressed in seconds.

6. From the Grid to Geographic Tables, obtain the values of 8. Finally, solve for the longitude of the Station using the
the Roman Numerals VII, VIII, IX, X and XI corresponding to equation: λ = (IX) q – (X) q3 + (XI) q5 + λ CM
the computed footpoint latitude, Φ’. Again, this could be done * the result of (IX q - Xq3 + XI q5) is in seconds
by interpolation using the Diff. 1” column or by manual
interpolation.
67 68

67 68

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SAMPLE PROBLEM #1 SAMPLE PROBLEM #1

CONVERT TO GEOGRAPHIC COORDINATES
N = 1,347,518.711 m
Step 2: Compute for E’. 𝑬′ = 𝑬 − 𝟓𝟎𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎
E = 466,843.854 m GRID TO GEOGRAPHIC
ZONE IV TRANSFORMATION 𝑬′ = 𝟒𝟔𝟔, 𝟖𝟒𝟑. 𝟖𝟓𝟒 − 𝟓𝟎𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎
𝑬′ = −𝟑𝟑, 𝟏𝟓𝟔. 𝟏𝟒𝟔

GIVEN: Northing Easting PPCS/TM PRS 92 Zone ′

Step 3: Solve for q. 𝒒 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟏(𝑬 )
Step 1: Determine the Central Meridian for the given Zone.
𝒒 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟏(−𝟑𝟑, 𝟏𝟓𝟔. 𝟏𝟒𝟔)
𝒁𝒐𝒏𝒆 𝑰𝑽 → 𝜆𝐶𝑀 = 𝟏𝟐𝟑° 𝒒 = −𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟑𝟏𝟓𝟔𝟏𝟒𝟔 M
69 70

69 70

SAMPLE PROBLEM #1 SAMPLE PROBLEM #1

Step 4: Find the nearest I to the given Northing. Step 5: Interpolate the footpoint latitude, 𝝓′ .
N = 1,347,518.711 m

𝝓𝟏
𝝓𝟏 𝝓′
𝝓𝟐
𝝓𝟐

𝝓′ − 𝟏𝟐°𝟏𝟏′ 1,347,518.711 − 𝟏, 𝟑𝟒𝟕, 𝟐𝟏𝟒. 𝟏𝟒𝟎 𝟑𝟎𝟒. 𝟓𝟕𝟏

𝝓′ = 𝐟𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐩𝐨𝐢𝐧𝐭 𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐭𝐮𝐝𝐞 = =
𝝓′ − 𝝓𝟏 𝑵 − 𝑰𝟏 𝟏𝟐°𝟏𝟐′ − 𝟏𝟐°𝟏𝟏′ 𝟏, 𝟑𝟒𝟗, 𝟎𝟓𝟕. 𝟔𝟔𝟗 − 𝟏, 𝟑𝟒𝟕, 𝟐𝟏𝟒. 𝟏𝟒𝟎 𝟏, 𝟖𝟒𝟑. 𝟓𝟐𝟗
=
𝝓𝟐 − 𝝓𝟏 𝑰 𝟐 − 𝑰 𝟏 𝟔𝟎"
71 72

71 72

SAMPLE PROBLEM #1 SAMPLE PROBLEM #1

Step 5: Interpolate the footpoint latitude, 𝝓′ . Step 4: Find the nearest I to the given Northing.
N = 1,347,518.711 m

𝝓𝟏
𝝓′ 𝝓𝟏
𝝓𝟐
𝝓𝟐
𝟑𝟎𝟒. 𝟓𝟕𝟏
𝝓′ − 𝟏𝟐°𝟏𝟏′ = (𝟔𝟎") = 𝟗. 𝟗𝟏𝟐𝟔𝟓𝟏𝟐𝟐𝟓" A
𝟏, 𝟖𝟒𝟑.𝟓𝟐𝟗 𝝓′ = 𝐟𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐩𝐨𝐢𝐧𝐭 𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐭𝐮𝐝𝐞
Use CalTech Interpolation
𝝓′ = 𝟏𝟐°𝟏𝟏′ 𝟗. 𝟗𝟏𝟐𝟔𝟓𝟏𝟐𝟐𝟓"
73 74

73 74

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SAMPLE PROBLEM #1 SAMPLE PROBLEM #1

Step 5: Interpolate the footpoint latitude, 𝝓′ . Step 6: Interpolate VII, VIII, IX, X, & XI for 𝝓′ .

𝝓𝟏
𝝓𝟏 𝝓′
𝝓′ 𝝓𝟐
𝝓𝟐
Use Diff. 1” value. 𝑽𝑰𝑰𝝓′ = 𝑽𝑰𝑰𝝓𝟏 + [𝑫𝒊𝒇𝒇. 𝟏"(𝝓′ − 𝝓𝟏)"]
X Y A
0 1,347,214.140
𝑵ෝ
𝒙 = 𝟗. 𝟗𝟏𝟐𝟔𝟓𝟏𝟐𝟐𝟓" A 𝑽𝑰𝑰 𝝓′ = 𝟓𝟓𝟎. 𝟕𝟗𝟑 + (𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟐𝟗𝟑)(𝑨)
𝟗. 𝟗𝟏𝟐𝟔𝟓𝟏𝟐𝟐𝟓"

60 1,349,057.669
𝝓′ = 𝟏𝟐°𝟏𝟏′ 𝟗. 𝟗𝟏𝟐𝟔𝟓𝟏𝟐𝟐𝟓" 𝑽𝑰𝑰𝝓′ = 𝟓𝟓𝟎. 𝟕𝟗𝟑 + 𝟎. 𝟏𝟐𝟖𝟏𝟕𝟎𝟓𝟖𝟎𝟑 = 𝟓𝟓𝟎. 𝟗𝟐𝟏𝟏𝟕𝟎𝟔 B
N = 1,347,518.711 m
75 76

75 76

SAMPLE PROBLEM #1 SAMPLE PROBLEM #1

Step 6: Interpolate VII, VIII, IX, X, & XI for 𝝓′ . Step 6: Interpolate VII, VIII, IX, X, & XI for 𝝓′ .

𝝓𝟏 𝝓𝟏
𝝓′ 𝝓′
𝝓𝟐 𝝓𝟐

Use CalTech Interpolation. 𝑰𝑿𝝓′ = 𝟗. 𝟗𝟏𝟐𝟔𝟓𝟏𝟐𝟐𝟓ෝ

𝒚
𝑽𝑰𝑰𝑰 𝝓′ = 𝟓. 𝟖𝟎𝟐 C 𝑽𝑰𝑰𝑰𝝓′ = 𝑽𝑰𝑰𝑰𝒓𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒅
X Y
0 33,080.809
𝑰𝑿𝝓′ = 𝟑𝟑, 𝟎𝟖𝟏. 𝟏𝟓𝟎𝟏𝟔 D
60 33,082.874

77 78

77 78

SAMPLE PROBLEM #1 SAMPLE PROBLEM #1

Step 6: Interpolate VII, VIII, IX, X, & XI for 𝝓′ . Step 6: Interpolate VII, VIII, IX, X, & XI for 𝝓′ .

𝝓𝟏 𝝓𝟏
𝝓′ 𝝓′
𝝓𝟐 𝝓𝟐

Use CalTech Interpolation. 𝑿𝝓′ = 𝟗. 𝟗𝟏𝟐𝟔𝟓𝟏𝟐𝟐𝟓ෝ

𝒚
𝐗𝑰𝝓′ = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟔𝟓 Y 𝑿𝑰𝝓′ = 𝑿𝑰𝒓𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒅
X Y
0 149.015
𝑿𝝓′ = 𝟏𝟒𝟗. 𝟎𝟐𝟐𝟒𝟑𝟒𝟓 X
60 149.060

79 80

79 80

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SAMPLE PROBLEM #1 SAMPLE PROBLEM #1

Step 7: Solve for 𝝓. Step 8: Solve for 𝝀.

𝝓 = 𝝓′ − 𝑽𝑰𝑰𝒒𝟐 + 𝑽𝑰𝑰𝑰𝒒𝟒 𝝀 = 𝑰𝑿𝒒 − 𝑿𝒒𝟑 + 𝑿𝑰𝒒𝟓 + 𝝀𝐂𝐌

𝝓 = 𝝓′ − 𝑩𝑴𝟐 + 𝑪𝑴𝟒 𝝀 = 𝑫𝑴 − 𝑿𝑴𝟑 + 𝒀𝑴𝟓 + 𝟏𝟐𝟑°

−0.6056371683" ÷ 𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎
𝝓′ = 𝟏𝟐°𝟏𝟏′ 𝟗. 𝟗𝟏𝟐𝟔𝟓𝟏𝟐𝟐𝟓" 𝝓 = 𝟏𝟐°𝟏𝟏′ 𝟗. 𝟑𝟎𝟕" −𝟎°𝟏𝟖′ 𝟏𝟔. 𝟖𝟑𝟖" 𝝀 = 𝟏𝟐𝟐°𝟒𝟏′ 𝟒𝟑. 𝟏𝟔𝟐"

81 82

81 82

SAMPLE PROBLEM #2 SAMPLE PROBLEM #2

CONVERT TO GEOGRAPHIC COORDINATES
N = 743,980.762 m
Step 2: Compute for E’. 𝑬′ = 𝑬 − 𝟓𝟎𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎
E = 531,249.025 m GRID TO GEOGRAPHIC
ZONE V TRANSFORMATION 𝑬′ = 𝟓𝟑𝟏, 𝟐𝟒𝟗. 𝟎𝟐𝟓 − 𝟓𝟎𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎
𝑬′ = 31,249.025

GIVEN: Northing Easting PPCS/TM PRS 92 Zone ′

Step 3: Solve for q. 𝒒 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟏(𝑬 )
Step 1: Determine the Central Meridian for the given Zone.
𝒒 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟏(𝟑𝟏, 𝟐𝟒𝟗. 𝟎𝟐𝟓)
𝒁𝒐𝒏𝒆 𝑽 → 𝜆𝐶𝑀 = 𝟏𝟐𝟓° 𝒒 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟏𝟐𝟒𝟗𝟎𝟐𝟓 M
83 84

83 84

SAMPLE PROBLEM #2 SAMPLE PROBLEM #2

Step 4: Find the nearest I to the given Northing. Step 5: Interpolate the footpoint latitude, 𝝓′ .
N = 743,980.762 m

𝝓𝟏
𝝓′
𝝓𝟐
𝝓𝟏
𝝓𝟐 X Y 𝑵ෝ
𝒙 = 𝟒𝟑. 𝟔𝟑𝟕𝟏𝟕𝟕𝟓𝟓" A
0 742,640.409
𝝓′ = 𝐟𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐩𝐨𝐢𝐧𝐭 𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐭𝐮𝐝𝐞
60 744,483.360
Use CalTech Interpolation 𝝓′ = 𝟔°𝟒𝟑′ 𝟒𝟑. 𝟔𝟑𝟕𝟏𝟕𝟕𝟓𝟓"
N = 743,980.762 m
85 86

85 86

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SAMPLE PROBLEM #2 SAMPLE PROBLEM #2

Step 6: Interpolate VII, VIII, IX, X, & XI for 𝝓′ . Step 6: Interpolate VII, VIII, IX, X, & XI for 𝝓′ .

𝝓𝟏 𝝓𝟏
𝝓′ 𝝓′
𝝓𝟐 𝝓𝟐

Use CalTech Interpolation. 𝑽𝑰𝑰𝝓′ = 𝟒𝟑. 𝟔𝟑𝟕𝟏𝟕𝟕𝟓𝟓ෝ

𝒚 Use CalTech Interpolation. 𝑽𝑰𝑰𝑰𝝓′ = 𝟒𝟑. 𝟔𝟑𝟕𝟏𝟕𝟕𝟓𝟓ෝ
𝒚
X Y X Y
0 300.564 0 3.108
60 301.317
𝑽𝑰𝑰 𝝓′ = 𝟑𝟎𝟏. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟔𝟒𝟔𝟔 B 60 3.115
𝑽𝑰𝑰𝑰 𝝓′ = 𝟑. 𝟏𝟏𝟑𝟎𝟗𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟒 C
87 88

87 88

SAMPLE PROBLEM #2 SAMPLE PROBLEM #2

Step 6: Interpolate VII, VIII, IX, X, & XI for 𝝓′ . Step 6: Interpolate VII, VIII, IX, X, & XI for 𝝓′ .

𝝓𝟏 𝝓𝟏
𝝓′ 𝝓′
𝝓𝟐 𝝓𝟐

Use CalTech Interpolation. 𝑰𝑿𝝓′ = 𝟒𝟑. 𝟔𝟑𝟕𝟏𝟕𝟕𝟓𝟓ෝ

𝒚 Use CalTech Interpolation. 𝑿𝝓′ = 𝟒𝟑. 𝟔𝟑𝟕𝟏𝟕𝟕𝟓𝟓ෝ
𝒚
X Y X Y
0 32,562.606 0 138.003
60 32,563.715
𝑰𝑿𝝓′ = 𝟑𝟐, 𝟓𝟔𝟑. 𝟒𝟏𝟐𝟓𝟔 D 60 138.026
𝑿𝝓′ = 𝟏𝟑𝟖. 𝟎𝟏𝟗𝟕𝟐𝟕𝟔 X
89 90

89 90

SAMPLE PROBLEM #2 SAMPLE PROBLEM #2

Step 6: Interpolate VII, VIII, IX, X, & XI for 𝝓′ .
Step 7: Solve for 𝝓.
𝝓 = 𝝓′ − 𝑽𝑰𝑰𝒒𝟐 + 𝑽𝑰𝑰𝑰𝒒𝟒
𝝓𝟏
𝝓′
𝝓𝟐 𝝓 = 𝝓′ − 𝑩𝑴𝟐 + 𝑪𝑴𝟒
−0.2940330252"
𝑿𝑰𝝓′ = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟗𝟏 Y 𝑿𝑰𝝓′ = 𝑿𝑰𝒓𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒅 𝝓 = 𝟔°𝟒𝟑′ 𝟒𝟑. 𝟑𝟒𝟑"
𝝓′ = 𝟔°𝟒𝟑′ 𝟒𝟑. 𝟔𝟑𝟕𝟏𝟕𝟕𝟓𝟓"

91 92

91 92

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SAMPLE PROBLEM #2 SAMPLE PROBLEM #3

Convert to geographic coordinates: N = 1,422,287.156 m;
E = 524,937.241 m; Φ’ = 12⁰51’43”; Zone IV
Step 8: Solve for 𝝀.
VII = 582.463 VIII = 6.154
𝝀 = 𝑰𝑿𝒒 − 𝑿𝒒𝟑 + 𝑿𝑰𝒒𝟓 + 𝝀𝐂𝐌 IX = 33,167.397 X = 150.896 XI = 1.096

𝝀= 𝑫𝑴 − 𝑿𝑴𝟑 + 𝒀𝑴𝟓 + 𝟏𝟐𝟓° Step 1: Establish the Zone and Central Meridian.
𝒁𝒐𝒏𝒆 𝑰𝑽 →
𝝀𝑪𝑴 = 𝟏𝟐𝟑°
÷ 𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎 Step 2: Solve for q. 𝒒 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟏 (𝑬 − 𝟓𝟎𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎)
𝟎°𝟏𝟔′ 𝟓𝟕. 𝟓𝟕𝟏" 𝝀 = 𝟏𝟐𝟓°𝟏𝟔′ 𝟓𝟕. 𝟓𝟕𝟏" 𝒒 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟏 (𝟓𝟐𝟒, 𝟗𝟑𝟕. 𝟐𝟒𝟏 − 𝟓𝟎𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎)
= 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟏(𝟐𝟒, 𝟗𝟑𝟕. 𝟐𝟒𝟏) 𝒒 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟒𝟗𝟑𝟕𝟐𝟒𝟏 M
93 94

93 94

SAMPLE PROBLEM #3 SAMPLE PROBLEM #3

Convert to geographic coordinates: N = 1,422,287.156 m; Convert to geographic coordinates: N = 1,422,287.156 m;
E = 524,937.241 m; Φ’ = 12⁰51’43”; Zone IV E = 524,937.241 m; Φ’ = 12⁰51’43”; Zone IV

VII = 582.463 VIII = 6.154 VII = 582.463 VIII = 6.154

IX = 33,167.397 X = 150.896 XI = 1.096 IX = 33,167.397 X = 150.896 XI = 1.096

Step 3: Solve for 𝝓. 𝝓 = 𝝓′ − 𝑽𝑰𝑰𝒒𝟐 + 𝑽𝑰𝑰𝑰𝒒𝟒 Step 4: Solve for 𝝀. 𝝀 = 𝑰𝑿𝒒 − 𝑿𝒒𝟑 + 𝑿𝑰𝒒𝟓 + 𝝀𝐂𝐌

𝝓 = 𝟏𝟐°𝟓𝟏′ 𝟒𝟑" + [(−𝟓𝟖𝟐. 𝟒𝟔𝟑𝑴𝟐 + 𝟔. 𝟏𝟓𝟒𝑴𝟒 )/𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎] 𝝀 = [(𝟑𝟑, 𝟏𝟔𝟕. 𝟑𝟗𝟕𝑴 − 𝟏𝟓𝟎. 𝟖𝟗𝟔𝑴𝟑 + 𝟏. 𝟎𝟗𝟔𝑴𝟓 )/𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎] + 𝟏𝟐𝟑°

𝝓 = 𝟏𝟐°𝟓𝟏′ 𝟒𝟐. 𝟔𝟑𝟖" 𝑵 𝝀 = 𝟏𝟐𝟑°𝟏𝟑′𝟒𝟕 . 𝟏𝟎𝟏" 𝑬

95 96

95 96

Meridian Convergence Correction

• The Grid North has its direction of the

central meridian, but elsewhere, a
meridian does not align with Grid North.
• Thus, in general, the grid (projected)
azimuth of a line will not equal the true
(geodetic/astronomic) azimuth of that
line.
• To convert from grid to true azimuth, a
convergence factor must be applied.
MERIDIAN CONVERGENCE
97 98

97 98

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Formula to be used: Formula to be used:

Meridian Convergence Meridian Convergence

• Δα = (λ-λCM) sin Φ (if only one point is given) • Δα = (Δλ) sin Φave (if two points forming a line are given)
where: Φ and λ are the latitude and longitude of the point; λCM is the where: Φ and λ are the latitude and longitude of the endpoints of the line;
longitude of the central meridian; (λ-λCM) is the difference of longitudes; Δλ is the difference between the longitudes of the endpoints of the line;
and Δα is the convergency correction. Φave is the average of the latitudes of two given points; and Δα is the
convergency correction.
The correction Δα is added to the computed grid azimuth
algebraically: True Azimuth = Grid Azimuth + Δα The correction Δα is added to the computed grid azimuth
algebraically: True Azimuth = Grid Azimuth + Δα

99 100

99 100

Meridian Convergence Correction

True Azimuth =
Grid Azimuth + Δα

True Azimuth =
Grid Azimuth + Δα
101

101 102

Formula to be used: SAMPLE PROBLEM #1

Meridian Convergence Compute for the meridian convergence (Δα) of line AB located in
Zone III given the geographic coordinates of point A: 14⁰00’00.00”N,
121⁰25’42.90” E.

GIVEN: Latitude Longitude PPCS/TM PRS 92 Zone

∆𝜶 = (𝝀 − 𝝀𝑪𝑴)𝒔𝒊𝒏𝝓 𝝀𝐂𝐌 = 𝟏𝟐𝟏°

= (𝟏𝟐𝟏°𝟐𝟓′ 𝟒𝟐. 𝟗𝟎" − 𝟏𝟐𝟏°)𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝟏𝟒°)

= (𝟎°𝟐𝟓′ 𝟒𝟐. 𝟗𝟎")𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝟏𝟒°)
∗ 𝑵𝑶 𝑵𝑬𝑬𝑫 𝑻𝑶 𝑪𝑶𝑵𝑽𝑬𝑹𝑻 𝑻𝑶 “ ∆𝜶 = +𝟎°𝟔′𝟏𝟑. 𝟐𝟔"
𝐈𝐅 𝐍𝐎𝐓 𝐑𝐄𝐐𝐔𝐈𝐑𝐄𝐃
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SAMPLE PROBLEM #2 SAMPLE PROBLEM #2

The following PRS92 geographic and grid coordinates of stations A. Grid Azimuth from Station MMA-1 to Station MMA-6.
MMA-1 and MMA-6 are provided as reference stations:

|Δ𝐸| |496,954.655 − 504,138.600|

Determine: 𝛽 = tan −1 |Δ𝑁| = tan−1
|1,614,525.125 − 1,607,761.469|
A. the Grid Azimuth from Station MMA-1 to station MMA-6.
B. the Meridian Convergence in seconds. 𝛽 = 𝑁 460 43′ 33.58" 𝑊
C. the Geodetic Azimuth from station MMA-1 to station MMA-6 if
the arc-to-chord correction is negligible. 𝐺𝑟𝑖𝑑 𝐴𝑧𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑡ℎ = 1800 − 460 43′ 33.58" = 𝟏𝟑𝟑°𝟏𝟔′ 𝟐𝟔. 𝟒𝟐"

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SAMPLE PROBLEM #2 SAMPLE PROBLEM #2

B. Meridian Convergence in seconds. C. Geodetic Azimuth from station MMA-1 to station
MMA-6 if the arc-to-chord correction is negligible.

𝐺𝑒𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝐴𝑧𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑡ℎ = 𝑇𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝐴𝑧𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑡ℎ

= 𝐺𝑟𝑖𝑑 𝐴𝑧𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑡ℎ + 𝛥𝛼
𝛥𝛼 = (𝛥𝜆) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛷𝑎𝑣𝑒
= (1210 02′ 23.14210" − 1200 58′ 18.24728") ∗ = 133°16′ 26.42" + 61.6"
140 32′ 13.66238" + 140 35′ 59.15786"
sin = 1330 17′ 28.02"
2
𝛥𝛼 = 𝟎°𝟏′ 𝟏. 𝟔"(𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎) = 𝟔𝟏. 𝟔"

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END OF TOPIC.

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