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Tissues: Is a group of cells with similar structure and function.
The tissues of the body are classified according to the shape, size and functions of these cells. There are four major types of tissues
in the body, each of which has subdivisions.
1. Epithelial tissue or epithelium.
2. Connective tissue.
3. Muscle tissue.
4. Nervous tissue.
1. Epithelial tissue:
- Epithelial tissues are found on surfaces as either covering (outer surface) or lining (inner surfaces).
- have no capillaries, they receive oxygen and nutrients from the connective tissue.
1.1. Simple squamous

- consists of a single layer of thin,
flattened cells.
- fit tightly together
- common at sides of diffusion and
filtration
1. Simple: - found lining the following structures:
- A single layer of cells Heart , blood vessels, lymph vessels
and alveoli of lungs
Simple epithelium.
- Found on secretory and
absorptive surfaces. 1.2. Simple cuboidal (cubical):
- is a single layer of cube-shaped
cells
- makes up the functional unit of
thyroid gland and salivary glands,
also forms the tubules of kidney
1.3.1. ciliated Simple
columnar
- consist of columnar cells
that have cilia on their free
surfaces.
- it is found lining the
uterine tubes and most of
the respiratory passages.
1.3. Simple columnar is a single

layer of columnar cell can be
- ciliated 1.3.2. Nonciliated Simple
- Nonciliated
columnar:
- Is formed by a single
layer of columnar
(rectangular)-shaped cells.
- This type of tissue is
specialized for secretion
and absorption.
- It is found lining most of
the alimentary tract
(stomach, small and large
intestine).
2.1.1. Keratinised stratified
squamous epithbelium This
type of tissue found on dry
surfaces that are subjected
to wear and tear, i.e. skin,
hair and nails.
2. Stratified: several layers 2.1. Stratified squamous epithelium:
of cells.
- consist of several layers
of cells of various shapes.
- The main function of
stratified epithelium is to
protect the underlying - consists of many layers of cells of
structures from different shapes.
mechanical wear and - The cells in the deepest player are
tear. mainly columnar and those.
- The superficial layers - At the surface are mostly flat cells
grow up from below. mitosis takes place in the lowest layers
- divided into two main
to continually produce new cells to
types:
replace those worn off at the surface.
1. squamous and
2. transitional - There are two main types:
1. Keratinised and
2. Non-keratinised.
2.2.2. Non-keratinised
stratified squamous
epithelium:
- This type of tissue found on
wet surfaces that may be
subjected to wear and tear,
i.e. the inner lining of the
mouth, pharynx, esophagus,
vagina and the conjunctiva
of the eyes.
2.2. stratified transitional
epithelium:
- is a type of stratified epithelium in
which the surface cells change shape
from round to squamous.
- This type of tissue is found fining the
urinary bladder.
When the urinary bladder is empty the
surface cells are rounded. When the
urinary bladder fills these cells become
squamous (flattened).
- Transitional epithelium allows for
stretching.
Glandular epithelium
Glandular epithelium:
- produces secretion, which is accomplished in by glandular cells lie clusters deep to the covering and lining epithelium.
- A gland may consist of:
1. a single cell (unicellular glands) or
2. a group of cells (multicellular glands).
- All the glands in the body can be classified as either:
a. Exocrine glands: charge their secretion products into ducts (e.g. salivary glands).
The secretion of exocrine glands includes sweat, mucus, saliva, sebum (oil), ear wax (cerumen), and digestive enzymes.
b. Endocrine gland: called ductless glands because they discharge their secretion products (hormones) direct into the blood or interstitial fluid.
pituitary, thyroid and adrenal glands are examples of endocrine glands.
1. Unicellular exocrine gland:

consist of a single cell , such as goblet
cell which secrete mucus directly
onto the surface of a lining
epithelium.
Exocrine glands Structural 2. Multicellular exocrine glands:
classification: are classified according to two
are classified criteria, the shape and complexity
1. a unicellular and (branching) of their ducts and by the
shape of the secretory portion of the
2. multicellular gland.
gland.
- Shapes: include tubular and
alveolar (sac-like).
-Duct: Simple have only one duct
leading to the surface, and
compound have two or more ducts.
(table 2.1)
Functional 1. Apocrine.
classification of - Collect their secretory products
exocrine glands: near the apex, or tip, of the secretory
based on how their cells.
secretion is released from - Then portion of the cell pinches off
the cell. from the rest of the cell to release the
- there are three types of secretion into duct.
exocrine glands - This process results in some loss
of cytoplasm and damage to the cell.
- Recovery and repair of the cells are
very rapid and continued secretion
occurs.
- example the mammary glands
and sweat glands
2. Holocrine:
- The cells collect their secretory
product (sebum or oil) inside the cell
and then
- the cell rupture completely to
release it.
- Examples the sebaceous glands.
3. Merocrine
- Discharge their secretion directly
through the cell or plasma
membrane.
- The discharged process is
completed without loss of the
cytoplasm and without injury to the
cell (plasma) membrane.
- Examples are the salivary glands
and pancreas.

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Tissues: Is a group of cells with similar structure and function.

1.1. Simple squamous

1.3. Simple columnar is a single

1. Unicellular exocrine gland:

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