Answer Key Geography

GEOGRAPHY For more exercises see the Practice App.
1. Resources c. Forests, c. Land, water, air,

agricultural crops, minerals and
ENRICHMENT ACTIVITY grasses, wild and power resources
Poster designing domestic animals, are examples of
birds, fishes abiotic resources.
We know that water is the most important
and reptiles are
renewable resource which is getting polluted due
examples of
to human activities. Make a poster on how you can
biotic resources.
save water titled ‘Save Water, Save the Earth’ and
display on the class bulletin board. (Accept these or any other relevant response.)
3. The differences between potential and
Answers to Textbook Exercises developed resources are:
A. 1. d 3. c 5. d 7. a Potential resources Developed resources
2. c 4. a 6. d 8. b a. Resources whose a. Resources whose
B. 1. hydroelectricity. / electricity. (Accept any one availability in total available
of these.) terms of its total quantity and
2. natural quantity is not quality are at
3. exhaustible known at present present known
4. knowledge, skills are potential are developed
resources. resources.
C. 1. The differences between natural and human-
made resources are: b. These resources b. Surveys have
need detailed already been
Natural Human-made survey for the conducted to find
resources resources estimation of out their total
a. Resources which a. Natural resources their quantity and available reserve.
are provided to which are quality.
us by nature are converted into (Accept these or any other relevant response.)
natural resources. useful products 4. The differences between ubiquitous and
are known as localized resources are:
human-made
resources. Ubiquitous Localized
b. Land, air, water, b. Buildings, roads, resources resources
soil, minerals, machinery and a. Ubiquitous a. Localized
natural vegetation vehicles resources are resources are
and fossil fuels are examples those resources those resources
are examples of of human-made that are found that are found at
natural resources. resources. everywhere. certain places.
(Accept these or any other relevant response.) b. Air and sunlight b. Gold and silver
2. The differences between biotic and abiotic are examples are examples
resources are: of ubiquitous of localized
Integrated Social Science Companion 8
resources. resources.
Biotic resources Abiotic resources
(Accept these or any other relevant response.)
a. Resources that a. Resources that D. 1. The things that are provided to humans by
we get from we get from nature in the form of rocks, soils, minerals,
living things such physical or non- natural vegetation and animals are called
as plants and living environment gifts of nature. They help humans to fulfill
animals are biotic are abiotic their daily needs. On the other hand, the gifts
resources. resources. of nature which have utility and help human
b. They have b. They do not have beings to satisfy their needs are called
the capacity the capacity to resources. Usually the gifts of nature are
to reproduce reproduce converted into resources by value addition.
under favourable as their process This is possible by processing the gifts of
environmental of formation is nature into finished products with the help of
conditions. very slow. suitable technology.
2. The factors that determine the utility of any Abiotic resources include resources
natural resource are: which are available from physical or
u The form in which it occurs. non-living environment such as land,
u The place where it occurs. water, air, minerals and power resources.
u On the basis of development, resources
u The efforts needed to process it.
u The cost of processing it.

are of two types namely potential and
actual or developed resources.
3. Human beings are an important resource
Potential resources include those
because they are capable of making the
resources which are not developed at
best use of natural resources through their
present but has the potential for future
knowledge, skills and technology. They
development. The potential for the
use their knowledge and skills to develop
generation of hydroelectricity in Africa in
technology in order to discover, exploit,
the future is an example of such resource.
develop and convert the available or potential
resources into useful products or wealth. Actual or developed resources include
those resources which are developed from
4. Conservation of resources—Careful
potential resources. For example, windmills
utilization of natural resources without their
developed to harness the wind energy.
wastage is called conservation of resources. u On the basis of renewability, resources
Sustainable development—The proper use
are of two types namely renewable and
of natural resources to meet the present non-renewable resources.
need and also to conserve them for the
Renewable resources include plants,
future generations is known as sustainable
animals and water which can be renewed
development.
by physical, mechanical or chemical
E. 1. With the passage of time humans developed processes.
various techniques to convert the gifts of
Non-renewable resources include those
nature into useful articles to satisfy their
resources which once exhausted cannot
needs. For example, waterfall is a gift of
be replaced such as minerals and
nature. It has force, which can be used
fossil fuels.
to drive a water wheel. When humans
u On the basis of distribution, natural
developed a technique to harness this force
of falling water to generate hydroelectricity, resources are classified into ubiquitous
the waterfall became a valuable resource. and localized resources.
Similarly, the mineral deposits in USA were Ubiquitous resources are those
mere gifts of nature. They were not valuable resources which are found everywhere
to the natives, as they did not know their such as air and sunlight.
use. However, when the Europeans migrated Localized resources are found at certain
to USA, they explored and developed these places and include gold and silver.
mineral deposits and they became valuable b. The human-made resources are made
resources. This is how gifts of nature become by human beings and include buildings,
valuable with the passage of time. roads, machinery and vehicles.
2. The resources are classified into three c. The human resources include human
types—natural, human-made and human beings.

resources. 3. The differences between renewable and
a. The natural resources include natural non-renewable resources are:
endowments such as land, air, water,
Renewable Non-renewable
soil, minerals, natural vegetation and
resources resources
fossil fuels. Natural resources can be
further classified on the basis of origin, a. Renewable a. Non-renewable
development, renewability and distribution. resources can resources are
u On the basis of origin, resources are of be renewed by available in
two types—biotic and abiotic resources. reproduction fixed quantity
and by physical, and cannot be
Biotic resources include resources
mechanical renewed.
available from living things such as plants
or chemical
and animals like forests, agricultural crops,
processes.
and wild and domestic animals.
b. Renewable b. Non-renewable
u Are some of the sources safer than others?
resources are resources are u What are the greatest threats to water quality in
also called also called the area where you live?
inexhaustible exhaustible u How reliable is your water supply?
resources. resources. u Are there times when safe water is in short
c. Their quantity is c. Their quantity supply? If yes, what does you and the people of
not affected by is affected by your locality do at those times?
human activities. human activities. On the basis of your findings have a group
d. Solar and d. Minerals and discussion on how you can ensure sustainable
wind energy fossil fuels are water use in your locality.
are examples examples of
of renewable non-renewable Answers to Textbook Exercises
resources. resources. A. 1. d 2. c 3. b 4. a 5. b 6. d
(Accept these or any other relevant response.) B. 1. 29 3. black
4. Our future as well as the future of our planet 2. fertility. 4. arid, semi-arid
is dependent upon our ability to maintain
and preserve the life support system C. 1. The utilization of land for different purposes
which nature has provided. Therefore, it such as cultivation, mining, setting up of
is essential to conserve resources so that industries, settlements and so on is called
the resources are either not exhausted or land use.
their quality deteriorated in the near future The interplay of three broad factors namely—
due to their irrational and over utilization by physical, economic and human—control the
different human activities. The conservation utilization of land. The physical factors like
of resources also aim to maintain a balance the location of a place and its accessibility
between population growth and utilization of with other regions, relief, climate, soil, nature
resources. of rocks and minerals, and availability of
5. A gift of nature can become a resource in water; the economic factor like land tenure;
the future if human needs force the human and human factors such as lifestyle of
beings to develop a suitable technology the people living in a particular area, the
to convert the gift of nature into useful technical level of the people and the duration
resources. of a particular occupation carried out in an
area determine and control the utilization of
6. The use of resources should be sustainable
land. (Accept these or any other relevant
so that the resources do not get exhausted
response.)
in the near future and that the future
generations can also use them to meet their 2. The various horizontal layers present in a soil
needs. (Accept this or any other relevant profile are known as soil horizons.
response.) The different soil horizons present in a soil
profile are the A, B, C and D horizons. A
2. Natural Resources—Land, Soil and Water brief description of these horizons are:

Horizon A—Horizon A is the topmost layer

ENRICHMENT ACTIVITY of the soil. It forms the topsoil. This layer
Information gathering and Class discussion contains soluble minerals and organic matter.
Get into groups of five and find out about the water Leaching is common in this layer.
supply in your home / locality by answering the Horizon B—Horizon B lies below the topsoil.

following questions. It is also known as the subsoil. In this layer
u Where does water come from, and how does it sand, silt and clay are found. This layer
get to your home? contains more mineral and very little organic
u Does everyone in your locality get water from matter.
the same source? If not, what are the other Horizon C—Horizon C has small pieces of

sources, and how many people use water from rocks which are not affected by biological
those sources? processes. True soil develops from these
u Are some of these sources more expensive rock materials.
than others? Horizon D—Horizon D lies below horizon C.

This layer consists of unbroken solid rock is formed due to weathering of volcanic rocks
material. (Ask the students to draw the and are thus called black lava soil. It is found
diagram of the mature soil profile as in in the Deccan Trap region. The red soil is
Fig. 2.1 on p. 121 along with the answer.) formed due to weathering of old igneous
3. The agricultural practices that can be rocks. Such soils are found in Peninsular
adopted for soil conservation are: India. The laterite soil is formed when heavy
Rotation of crops—Cultivating different
rains wash away the fertile upper part of
crops on the same piece of land during the soil. It is found in the Western Ghats
different times of the year. and in the flat uplands where heavy rainfall
occurs. The mountain soil is formed due
Strip cropping—Cultivating erosion-inducing

to deposition of organic matter. Thus, such
crops in rotation with erosion-resisting crops.
soil is found on the hill slopes covered with
Terrace and contour-bunding—
forests. The desert soil is sandy. It is found
Constructing banks along the contours across in the hot and semi-arid regions.
the hill slopes.
3. Soil can be conserved by adopting these four
Contour ploughing—Cultivating along the
methods.
contours to check the flow of water and u Afforestation—Planting more trees to
thereby to stop soil erosion.
bring more area under forest cover.
Cover crops—Growing crops on the bare
u Creating shelter belts by planting rows of
ground of the orchards and plantations during
trees at short distances along the edge of
the gestation period of tree crops to cover
the field.
the soil from erosion.
u Checking overgrazing by animals.
Fallowing—Allowing the land to rest in order

u Rotation of crops—Cultivating different
to regain soil fertility.
4. The most important factor responsible for crops on the same piece of land during
the shortage of freshwater is the increased different times of the year.
u Strip cropping—Cultivating erosion-
demand for freshwater due to population
growth. This has resulted in excessive use inducing crops in rotation with erosion-
of freshwater to produce more food and resisting crops.
cash crops, to meet domestic needs and u Terrace and contour-bunding—
the rising standards of living. Other factors Constructing banks along the contours
which are also responsible for the shortage across the hill slopes.
of freshwater are misuse, over exploitation u Contour ploughing—Cultivating along the
and contamination of water resources, and contours to check the flow of water and
the high cost of supplying water to the dry thereby to stop soil erosion.
regions. u Cover crops—Growing crops on the bare
D. 1. We can conserve land resources by making ground of the orchards and plantations
proper plans to use the land efficiently. during the gestation period of tree crops to
Such plans include checking further spread cover the soil from erosion.
of deserts, adopting scientific techniques, u Fallowing—Allowing the land to rest in
conserving soil and forests, providing
order to regain soil fertility.

irrigation facilities, increasing the use of
u Constructing rock dams to check the
manure and chemical fertilizers, afforestation,
land reclaimation and checking overgrazing. speed of water flow in order to control
occurrence of floods thereby reducing soil
2. Due to variation in rocks, relief, climate and
erosion. (Accept any four of these or any
vegetation, a great variety of soils are found
other relevant response.)
in India. The different types of soils found in
India are the alluvial soil, black soil, red soil, 4. The different methods adopted to conserve
laterite soil, mountain soil and desert soil. water resources are:
u The industries should discharge their
The alluvial soil is formed due to deposition
of sediment by rivers. Such soil is very fertile waste products such as nitrates, metals
and supports agriculture. It is found in the and pesticides into water bodies only after
plains of north India and in the flood plains treating the impurities present in them.
and deltas of the major rivers. The black soil u Rainwater harvesting should be practised
in arid and semi-arid areas. Rainwater 2. The differences between tropical and
should be collected during the rainy temperate grasslands are:
season and stored for use during
Tropical Temperate
dry periods.
grasslands grasslands
u
Sprinklers should be used to irrigate fields
as they use less quantity of water. a. The tropical a. The temperate
u
grasslands are grasslands are
More trees should be planted as they
found in the found between
reduce surface runoff and also recharge
transitional zone 30° and 55°
groundwater.
between the latitudes in both
5. Land is an important gift of nature because equatorial forests the hemispheres
it helps human beings to meet most of their and the tropical in the transitional
needs. Land provides sites for settlements deserts. zone between
and farming. It is also used for other the humid coastal
purposes such as cattle grazing, mining and areas and the
setting up of industries. mid-latitude
6. The demand for freshwater is increasing due deserts.
to population growth. Now people need more b. The tropical b. The temperate
water to produce more food and cash crops, grasslands of the grasslands are
to meet their domestic needs and to maintain world are called known as Prairies
their rising standards of living. (Accept this or the Savanna. in North America,
any other relevant response.) Pampas in South
America, Steppes
3. Natural Resources— in Eurasia, Velds
Natural Vegetation and Wildlife in South Africa
A. 1. d 2. c 3. a 4. b 5. d and Downs in
B. 1. ebony, mahogany, rosewood, rubber, Australia.
ironwood (Accept any three of these or any (Accept these or any other relevant response.)
other relevant response.) 3. The effects of clearance and destruction of
2. douglas-fir, sitka, spruce, larch, redwood natural vegetation are:
(Accept any three of these or any other u Barren hill slopes
relevant response.) u Increased surface runoff
3. elephant, hippo, rhino, python, crocodile, u Large-scale soil erosion
gorilla, ape, chimpanzee, deer, giraffe, zebra, u Less underground seepage of water
stag, lion, tiger, leopard, camel, ostrich u Decrease in rainfall

(Accept any three of these or any other u Destruction of habitat of wild animals
relevant response.)
4. The role of CITES is to emphasize on the
4. polar bear, wolf, wild boar, wild sheep,
conservation of forests and wildlife together
antelope, mink, sable, ermine, partridge,
so as to save the flora and fauna. This is
lark, cuckoo, skylark, nightingale (Accept
because the existence of animals depends
any three of these or any other relevant
largely on the forests. They also prohibit the
response.)
trade of products made from endangered
C. 1. The main characteristics of the coniferous wildlife.
forests are:
D. 1. Natural vegetation—The plants which
u They have evergreen trees.
grow naturally are called natural vegetation.
u
The trees are tall and have straight trunks However, at present all types of plants
with needle-shaped leaves. whether natural or modified are termed as
u
No undergrowth is found in these forests. natural vegetation.
u One or two tree species are found in these Wildlife—All plants, animals, birds and
forests in pure stands. organisms which live in their natural habitat
u Douglas-fir, sitka, spruce, larch and are known as wildlife.
redwood are the main trees found in Ecosystem—A particular area in which
these forests. (Accept these or any other the organisms interact with their physical
relevant response.) environment is known as an ecosystem.
Taiga—The region between 50° N and 70° N
North America—Reindeer, arctic foxes,

latitudes is known as taiga. The forests found musk oxen, sables, polar bears, blue foxes,
in this belt are known as taiga forests. mooses, elks, bisons, badgers, beavers
Deforestation—The removal of forest cover
and hedgehogs are found in this continent.
by burning, clearing and felling trees is called (Accept these or any other relevant
deforestation. response.)
2. The hot and cold deserts are characterized Asia—In the tropical region monkeys, sloths,

by very high and low temperature leopards, tigers and elephants are found.
respectively and scanty rainfall. Thus, In the temperate region herons, cranes,
shrubs are the dominant natural vegetation bears and foxes are found. Fur-bearing
found in these areas. In the hot deserts, the animals like lynxs, minks, sables, polar bears,
vegetation has thorns, wax-coated leaves, musk oxen and arctic foxes are found in the
thick and spongy stems and long roots. taiga and tundra regions. (Accept these or
Cactus, thorny bushes and coarse grasses any other relevant response.)
are the main vegetation found in these areas. Antarctica—Creatures ranging from small

In the cold deserts, such as in the high krills to whales are found in this continent.
latitudes of Eurasia and North America, and Penguins and snow petrels are important
in the high altitudes of mountains, the natural birds found in Antarctica. Seals and
vegetation comprises mosses, lichens and albatrosses are found along the coastal areas
short grasses which grow only during the during the summer season. (Accept these or
short summer season when the snow any other relevant response.)
cover melts. 4. Some of the initiatives taken to conserve
3. The typical wildlife found in each continent natural vegetation and wildlife are:
are: u Prohibiting the trade of products made
Africa—Elephants, hippos, rhinos, pythons,

from endangered wildlife.
crocodiles, gorillas, apes and chimpanzees u Spreading awareness among people about
are found in the equatorial forests. Deer, the benefits of protecting wildlife.
giraffes, zebras and stags are found in the u Encouraging schoolchildren to participate
Savanna grasslands. In the desert, animals in various conservation programmes.

like camels and ostriches are found. Besides u Developing wildlife sanctuaries, national
these, lions, tigers and leopards are also parks and biosphere reserves.
found. (Accept these or any other relevant
5. Natural vegetation is an important natural
response.)
resource because it helps us to satisfy our
South America—Rheas, condors, llamas,
needs by providing us with many things.
anacondas, monkeys, pumas, jaguars, Wood from forests provide us timber and
alligators and giant turtles are some of the firewood. Besides, trees provide natural
animals found in this continent. Besides, habitat for animals, produce oxygen which
ancient mammals such as the anteaters and is essential for life, protect the soil from
armadillos are also found. (Accept these or leaching and also help to store water
any other relevant response.) underground.
Australia—Marsupials such as kangaroos

6. Conservation of wildlife is essential because
and koalas are found only in this continent. many species of plants and animals have
Other significant animals and birds found become extinct in recent times and others
here are duck-billed platypuses, emus, face the threat of extinction. (Accept this or
lyrebirds, kingfishers and kookaburras. any other relevant response.)
(Accept these or any other relevant
response.) TIME TO DO
Europe—Polar bears, wolves, wild boars,
E. From left to right—ostrich, armadillo, monk seal
wild sheep, native antelopes, minks,
sables, ermines, partridges, larks, cuckoos, MORE ENRICHMENT ACTIVITIES
skylarks and nightingales are some of the for Lessons 1– 3
well-known animals and birds found in this Anecdotal record
continent. (Accept these or any other relevant u Treated surface water as well as untreated but
response.) uncontaminated water from sources such as
natural springs and sanitary wells is called b. Diamond d. Copper ore
safe water. 5. Which of the following countries is the leading
u The indicator ‘access to safe water’ measures producer of antimony?
the number of people who have reasonable a. Mexico c. Germany
means of getting adequate amount of water b. South Africa d. China
that is safe for drinking, washing and essential
6. Which of the following is the source of
household activities expressed as a percentage
geothermal energy?
of the total population.
a. Sun c. Hot springs
u The children and the elderly people suffer the
most from water-related diseases. b. Tides d. Organic wastes
7. Which of the following is not a nuclear power
Accept any relevant response.
generating station?
u A scarcity of safe water can directly affect
a. Kakrapara c. Kota
long-term prospects for sustainable
development. For example, without adequate b. Kalpakkam d. Koyna
water supply, factories that depend on water 8. Which of the following is not a metallic mineral?
may have to close temporarily, crop yields may a. Sulphur c. Iron ore
decline, sick workers may become unproductive b. Silver d. Chromite
and fisheries may be destroyed. The destruction 9. Which of the following methods is used to
of aquatic life damages the ecosystem and cuts extract mineral oil?
into the economy. Therefore, access to safe
a. Quarrying c. Drilling
water is critical to economies.
b. Shaft mining d. Open-cast mining
u Inadequate safe water supply can deplete
fresh water supplies, affect air quality, cause 10. Which of the following minerals is found in
deforestation and result in other environmental Kalgoorlie?
problems. The lack of a reliable system of piped a. Gold c. Silver
water can prompt people to sink their own wells b. Diamond d. Nickel
and deplete fresh water supplies. The fuel burnt
to boil unsafe water in order to kill dangerous Answers to Textbook Exercises
bacteria can pollute the air. Moreover, the use A. 1. d 3. d 5. b
of wood or charcoal as a source of fuel leads to 2. c 4. c
destruction of forests and causes environmental B. 1. The differences between metallic and
problems such as erosion and loss of top soil. non-metallic minerals are:
4. Minerals and Power Resources Metallic Non-metallic

minerals minerals
ENRICHMENT ACTIVITY a. Metallic minerals a. Non-metallic
Quiz have metals in minerals do not
them. have metals in
1. Which of the following energy sources is
them.
renewable?
b. Iron, gold and b. Nitrate, sulphur,
a. Petroleum c. Wind
copper are potash, salt and
b. Coal d. Nuclear
examples of coal are examples
2. Which of the following energy sources is non- metallic minerals. of non-metallic
renewable? minerals.
a. Geothermal c. Biogas c. Metallic minerals c. Non-metallic
b. Natural gas d. Tidal are found in minerals
3. In which of the following places coal is not igneous and are found in
found? metamorphic sedimentary
a. Mumbai High c. Korba rocks. rocks.
b. Talcher d. Raniganj (Accept these or any other relevant
4. Which of the following minerals is found in response.)
Golkonda? 2. The differences between conventional and
a. Gold c. Salt non-conventional power resources are:
Conventional Non-conventional buried under the earth’s surface is called
power resources power resources mining. There are four methods of mineral
extraction or mining. They are quarrying,
a. Power resources a. Power resources open-pit or open-cast mining, shaft mining
which have which have and drilling.
limited reserves unlimited reserves
Quarrying—The method by which mineral

and are likely to and are not likely
ores that occur near the earth’s surface are
get exhausted in to get exhausted
dug out is called quarrying.
future are called are called non-
conventional conventional Open-pit or open-cast mining—The method

power resources. power resources. by which mineral ores that occur at shallow
depth are taken out by removing the surface
b. Coal, petroleum, b. Solar, wind,
layers are called open-pit or open-cast
natural gas, geothermal,
mining.
hydel power and tidal and biogas
nuclear energy energy are Shaft mining—The method by which a

are examples examples of very deep hole is dug to take out minerals
of conventional non-conventional that occur in underground chambers at
power resources. power resources. great depths is called shaft mining. Lifts are
used by miners to reach the underground
(Accept these or any other relevant response.) chambers.
C. 1. The main characteristics of minerals are:
Drilling—The method by which deep wells

u Their distribution over the earth’s surface
are dug to extract mineral oil and natural gas
is uneven. is called drilling.
u They are mixed up with impurities.
2. Minerals are non-living solid substances
u They are exhaustible resources. (Accept these
which have a definite chemical composition.
or any other relevant response.) On the basis of composition, minerals are of
2. The minerals influenced the history of human two types. They are metallic and non-metallic
civilization as human beings discovered and minerals.
learnt the use of different minerals during
Metallic minerals—Minerals which have

different stages of their development. These
metals in them are called metallic minerals.
stages of human development are named
Such minerals are found as ores in igneous
after the minerals they used during that
and metamorphic rocks. They are hard
particular stage. For example, human beings
and have lustre. Iron, gold and copper are
used weapons and implements made of
examples of metallic minerals. The metallic
stone during the Stone Age. Similarly, they
minerals can be further sub-divided into
discovered and learnt to use copper, bronze,
two types namely ferrous and non-ferrous
iron and steel during the Copper Age, Bronze
minerals.
Age, Iron Age and Steel Age respectively.
The minerals which contain iron are called
3. Petroleum is called ‘black gold’ because of
ferrous minerals. Iron ore, manganese and
its great importance in the economy. Crude
chromite are examples of ferrous minerals.
mineral oil is refined to make a variety of
The minerals which do not contain iron, but
products like petrol, diesel, kerosene, wax,

plastics and lubricants. Besides these, may contain some other metals are called
other by-products derived from petroleum non-ferrous minerals. Copper, silver,
include raw materials for chemical fertilizers, lead and gold are examples of non-ferrous
synthetic fibres and drugs. minerals.
4. We can conserve minerals and power Non-metallic minerals—Minerals which do

resources by adopting these measures. not have metals in them are called non-
u Using resources efficiently
metallic minerals. Such minerals are found in
sedimentary rocks. Nitrate, sulphur, potash,
u Improving the techniques of extraction and
salt and coal are examples of non-metallic
purification minerals. Some non-metallic minerals, such
u Recycling resources
as petroleum and coal, which are used
u Saving mines from collapsing
as fuel or as sources of power are called
u Using alternative energy resources mineral fuels.
D. 1. The method of taking out minerals from rocks 3. Power sources, such as solar, wind,
geothermal, tidal and biogas energy, which be easily supplied to rural, urban and remote
have unlimited reserves and are not likely to areas. Therefore, non-conventional power
get exhausted are called non-conventional resources are called the ‘energy needs of the
power sources. These power sources are future’. The different non-conventional power
pollution free and eco-friendly, and can be resources which serve the energy needs of
easily supplied to rural, urban and remote the future are:
areas. Hence, non-conventional power Solar energy—The electricity generated from

sources are called the ‘energy of the future’. the energy of the sun is called solar energy.
Solar energy—The electricity generated
Wind energy—The electricity generated by

from the energy of the sun is called solar harnessing the energy of wind with the help
energy. The photovoltaic cells convert of windmills is called wind energy.
sunlight into electricity. This electricity is Geothermal energy—The electricity

used in heating and cooling appliances, solar generated from the energy derived from
water heaters, street lighting, cooking and hot springs, emission of dry and wet steam
pumping water. However, this energy has not from hot rocks at great depths is called
been fully developed due to lack of available geothermal energy.
technology.
Tidal energy—The electricity generated from

Wind energy—The electricity generated
the energy of high and low tides is called
by harnessing the energy of wind with the tidal energy.
help of windmills is called wind energy. A
Biogas energy—The gaseous fuel generated

cluster of windmills, called wind farms, are
from organic wastes, especially human and
usually set up in the coastal areas and in the
animal wastes, cow dung, dead plants and
mountain passes where strong and steady
kitchen wastes is called biogas energy.
winds blow to harness wind energy.
5. Ores are rocks which has a large
Geothermal energy—The electricity

concentration of a particular mineral and are
generated from hot springs, emission of
thus commercially useful. Hence, minerals
dry and wet steam from hot rocks at great
are mined only in those regions where they
depths is called geothermal energy. USA and
occur in the form of ores. (Accept this or any
Iceland are the leaders in the generation of
geothermal energy.
6. Some of the non-conventional power
Tidal energy—The electricity generated from

sources are not fully developed due to lack
the energy of high and low tides is called
of available technology. Moreover, their
tidal energy. Such energy is generated in
installation and maintenance cost is high.
France, UK, Russia and India. However, the
Therefore, the conventional power sources
technology to harness this energy is not fully
are more popular than non-conventional
developed.
power sources. (Accept this or any other
Biogas energy—The gaseous fuel generated
relevant response.)
from organic wastes, especially human and
animal wastes, cow dung, dead plants and Time to do
kitchen wastes is called biogas energy. It
H. Across Down
is useful for cooking and lighting homes.
Also, a large amount of organic manures are 4 ferrous 1 bauxite
produced from biogas plants. India is the 7 petroleum 2 ore
leader in the development of this technology. 9 geothermal 3 Kimberley
4. Continuous mining and wasteful use of 10 gold 5 Netherlands
minerals and conventional power resources 11 drilling 6 Korba
such as coal, petroleum and natural gas, 12 biogas 8 Mexico
may lead to their exhaustion in the near
future. Thus, non-conventional power sources
are becoming popular. The non-conventional 5. Agriculture
power sources, such as solar, wind,
geothermal, tidal and biogas energy have ENRICHMENT ACTIVITY
unlimited reserves and are not likely to get Group Activity, Information gathering and
exhausted. Moreover, such power resources PowerPoint presentation
are pollution free and eco-friendly, and can Get into groups of five and choose a type of
farming mentioned in this lesson. Gather information u Farm work is done by machines.
and collect pictures about the type of farming you u One or two commercial crops are grown.
have chosen such as the local name u The total crop output is high, but the yield
of the farming, crops cultivated, the areas where per hectare is low.
such farming is done, technique adopted for u Wheat and maize are important crops
farming, impact on the environment, all with
cultivated. (Accept any three of these or
reference to India. On the basis of the information
any other relevant response.)
gathered prepare a PowerPoint presentation and
5. Three main features of mixed farming are:
present in class.
u Crop farming and livestock rearing are
Answers to Textbook Exercises carried on simultaneously.

A. 1. d 2. b 3. c 4. a 5. c u Fodder crops are cultivated along with
B. 1. Three main features of subsistence farming food crops.

are: u Farmers follow a well-developed system of
u Farmers use primitive methods of farming

crop rotation to maintain soil fertility.
to grow crops. u Crop yield is high. (Accept any three of
u Suitability of the soil for the cultivation of these or any other relevant response.)
a particular crop is not considered 6. Three main features of plantation farming
by farmers. are:
u Labour is provided by members of the u Huge farms or estates are required.
farmers’ family. u Efficient and scientific farming methods
u Mostly manure and a little of chemical

are used.
fertilizers are used. u Cheap and skilled labour is required.
u The crop production is low. (Accept any

u Huge capital investment is required.
three of these or any other relevant u Single crop, like tea, coffee, sugarcane,
response.) rubber, banana, spices and cotton are
2. Three main features of sedentary farming mostly grown.
are: u Plantations are managed like industrial
u Farmers settle down at one place and
units. (Accept any three of these or any
carry out agriculture. other relevant response.)
u Crop rotation is done to conserve soil
C. 1. Agriculture and industries share a very close
fertility. relationship. This is because agriculture
u Farmers use simple tools for cultivation. provides raw materials for textile, sugar and
u Cattle are also reared by farmers. oil industries and in turn purchases farm
u On the basis of local raw materials machinery, fertilizers and pesticides from
available, farmers pursue cottage industries. Therefore, the prosperity of the
industries during their free time to industrial sector depends upon agricultural
supplement their income. (Accept any prosperity.
three of these or any other relevant 2. The lowlands are more suitable for farming
than the highlands because the dense
response.)
3. Three main features of intensive farming are: population inhabiting the lowlands provide
u Farmers try to extract maximum possible
both adequate and cheap labour and a
ready market for the farm products. On the
output from small plots of land.
contrary, the highlands face problems like
u Farmers use simple tools and a lot of
rapid soil erosion, non-use of farm machinery
human labour. and limitation to means of transportation
u Rice is the important crop cultivated.
which restricts the scope of farming.
u Farmers grow two or three crops annually
3. Tertiary activities—All types of services
on the same plot of land. (Accept any which support both primary and secondary
three of these or any other relevant activities are called tertiary activities.
response.) Transport, trade, education, banking,
4. Three main features of extensive farming are: insurance and advertising are examples of
u Extensive farming is done in large tertiary activities.
landholdings. Sericulture—Commercial rearing of silkworm

for the production of silk is called sericulture. are land tenure, land use, availability of
Viticulture—Cultivation of grapevine for the farm machinery, government policies and
production of grapes is called viticulture. the level of scientific and technological
Arable land—The land on which crops are developments.
grown is called arable land. 2. Subsistence farming, shifting cultivation,
4. The rearing of cattle for milk is called dairy nomadic herding, sedentary farming,
farming. intensive farming, commercial farming,
extensive farming, mixed farming, plantation
The factors favourable for the development
agriculture and dairy farming are the different
of dairy farming are:
types of farming.
u Existence of natural pastures
Subsistence farming—Subsistence farming

u Availability of large labour force to look
is mainly practised to meet the needs of the
after the cattle. farmer’s family. In this type of farming, the
u Machines for milking, feeding and cleaning
farmers use primitive methods of farming
the cattle to grow crops and the labour is provided
u Huge capital investment
by members of the farmers’ family. The
D. 1. The various factors which influence suitability of the soil for the cultivation of
agriculture are broadly classified under a particular crop is not considered by the
physical, economic and others. The important farmer. They mostly use manure and a little
physical factors include relief, climatic of chemical fertilizers and the crop production
conditions and soil. is low. Hence, the farmers are poor and their
Relief—The lowlands such as river basins, standard of living is low.
flood plains and deltas have fertile soil, Shifting cultivation—In shifting cultivation,

dense population which provides adequate the land is prepared by cutting and burning
and cheap labour, and ready market for farm bushes and trees. Thus, it is also called
products. On the other hand, in the highlands slash and burn agriculture. In this type
soil erosion is rapid, farm machinery cannot of farming, primitive farming methods are
be used and means of transport are limited. adopted by the farmers. Yam, cassava,
Thus, lowlands are more suitable for the maize and potatoes are important crops
growth and development of agriculture than cultivated. When the soil loses its fertility and
the highlands. becomes unproductive after about two to
Climatic conditions—Hot and humid climate three years then the farmer shifts to a new
favours agriculture, whereas low temperature plot of land.
is unfavourable for agriculture. Thus, Nomadic herding—Nomadic herding is

cultivation is possible almost throughout the usually practised in the arid and semi-arid
year in the equatorial and tropical regions, regions. It is a mean of subsistence for the
whereas it is not possible in the winter nomads. In nomadic herding, the nomads
season and in the cold regions. Also, it is move with their domesticated animals, such
difficult to grow crops in dry areas without as sheep, goats, camels and yaks, in search
irrigation. of pastures. These animals provide nomads

Soil—Soil is an important physical factor with food such as milk and meat. The
because it not only supports the plant but animals also provide wool and hides which
also acts as a medium to supply moisture are used to make clothes and shelter.
and nutrients to the plant. Porous soil which Sedentary farming—In sedentary farming,

is soft and can be tilled easily, clayey soil farmers settle down at one place and carry
which has high moisture-retentive capacity, out agriculture. The farmers use simple
alluvial soil which is very fertile and soils tools for cultivation and adopt technique like
which contain a variety of chemicals are crop rotation to conserve soil fertility. The
suitable for agriculture. farmers also rear cattle, and on the basis
The economic factors which influence of local raw materials available, they pursue
agriculture are availability of farm inputs, cottage industries during their free time to
adequate and cheap labour, transport supplement their income.
facilities, markets and loans for the farmers. Intensive farming—Intensive farming is

The other factors which influence agriculture usually practised in the densely populated
countries of the monsoon region. In this type are managed like industrial units. Usually
of farming, the farmers use simple tools and single crops like tea, coffee, sugarcane,
a lot of human labour, and try to extract rubber, banana, spices and cotton are grown
maximum possible output from small plots of in plantations. The rubber plantations in
land. Due to long growing season and fertile Malaysia, coffee plantations in Brazil, tea
soil the farmers grow two or three crops plantations in India and banana plantations
annually on the same plot of land. Rice is in West Indies are examples of plantation
the important crop cultivated. Wheat, maize, agriculture.
sugarcane, pulses and oilseeds are the other Dairy farming—Dairy farming is mostly

crops cultivated. practised near big cities to meet the needs
Commercial farming—Commercial farming
of people working in factories. The growth
is mostly practised in the middle latitudes and development of dairy farming has its
such as in the Prairies of North America, the roots in Europe where the climate is suitable
Pampas of South America and the Steppes for natural pastures. In this type of farming,
of Eurasia. In this type of farming, the crops cattle are reared for milk. Large labour force
are grown and livestock are reared for sale and huge capital investments are required.
in the market. Commercial farming can be At present, machines are widely used for
either intensive or extensive. In this type of milking, feeding and cleaning the cattle.
farming, the farms are generally large in size, (Accept any two of these.)
the investments are high, the farm work is
3. Nomadic herding is usually practised in
mechanized and the farmers try to keep the
the arid and semi-arid regions of Sahara,
cost of production as low as possible.
central Asia and in some parts of India, like
Extensive farming—Extensive farming is
Rajasthan and Jammu and Kashmir. It is a
mostly practised in sparsely populated areas means of subsistence for the nomads. In
where abundant land is available. In this nomadic herding, the nomads move with their
type of farming, the landholdings are large domesticated animals, such as sheep, goats,
and, thus machines are used to do farm camels and yaks, in search of pastures. The
work. One or two commercial crops are seasonal movement of the nomads along
cultivated of which wheat and maize are the with their cattle uphill during summer and
most important crops. Extensive farming is downhill during winter in search of pastures
characterized by high total output but low per is called transhumance. These animals
hectare yield. provide nomads with food such as milk and
Mixed farming—Mixed farming is mostly
meat. The animals also provide wool and
practised in the thickly populated areas of hides which are used to make clothes and
Europe, eastern USA, Argentina, south- shelter. The nomadic herders do not have
east Australia, New Zealand and South permanent dwellings. They usually live in
Africa. In this type of farming, both crop tents which can be easily dismantled and
farming and livestock rearing are carried carried from place to place.
on simultaneously. In crop farming, farmers
4. The differences between intensive and
cultivate fodder crops along with food crops.
extensive farming are:
They also follow a well-developed system of
crop rotation to maintain soil fertility. Hence, Intensive farming Extensive farming
the yield is high. Cattle are usually reared for a. It is usually a. It is mostly
meat and milk. Efficient methods of farming, practised in practised
quick means of transportation and ready the densely in sparsely
market in the nearby thickly populated areas populated populated areas.
give good return to the farmers. countries of the
Plantation agriculture—Plantation
monsoon region.
agriculture is mostly practised in the tropical b. The landholdings b. The landholdings
and subtropical regions. This is a commercial are small. are large.
farming introduced by the Europeans. In
this type of farming, huge farms or estates, c. The farmers use c. The farmers use
efficient and scientific farming methods, simple tools and machines instead
cheap and skilled labour, and huge capital abundant human of human labour.
investments are required. The plantations labour.
d. Due to long d. Due to short The geographical conditions necessary for
growing season growing season the cultivation of millets are:
u High temperature
two or three only a single crop
crops can be can be grown u Low rainfall
cultivated on the annually. u Less fertile and sandy soil
same plot of land The countries in which millets are grown

annually. are India, China, USA, Brazil, Nigeria, Niger
e. Rice is the e. Wheat and maize and Egypt.
important crop are the important 2. Jute, also known as the golden fibre, is an
cultivated. crops cultivated. important vegetable fibre after cotton. It is
f. The total output f. The total output the cheapest fibre which can be dyed but
is low but the is high but the not easily bleached. It is mostly used to
yield per hectare yield per hectare make packing materials. Alluvial soil, rich in
is high. is low. salts, warm and wet climate and abundant
(Accept these or any other relevant response.) labour are required for the cultivation of jute
plants. India, Bangladesh, Brazil, Taiwan,
5. Agriculture is an important occupation in the
China, Thailand and Malaysia are the main
world because more than half of the world’s
jute producing countries of which India and
population is directly or indirectly engaged in
Bangladesh are the leading jute producers in
agriculture. (Accept this or any other relevant
the world.
response.)
3. The Green Revolution has changed
6. Accept any relevant response.
agriculture in India in the following ways:
u Introduced high-yielding variety (HYV)
6. Major Crops and Agricultural Development
seeds.
A. 1. a 2. b 3. d 4. c 5. b u Ensured enough and timely availability of
B. 1. Rice water through development of irrigation

2. Christopher Columbus systems.
3. inheritance u Adequate use of chemical fertilizers,
4. Extensive pesticides and insecticides

u Consolidation of small landholdings
C. 1. China, India, Bangladesh, Japan, North
Korea, South Korea, Sri Lanka, Brazil, Egypt, u Introduction of farm machinery
USA (Accept any four of these or any other u Introduction of agricultural credit on soft
relevant response.) terms from the banks.

2. Russia, USA, Canada, Australia, China, u Setting up of agricultural universities to
Argentina, Ukraine, South Africa, India train farmers. (Accept these or any other
(Accept any four of these or any other relevant response.)
relevant response.) 4. In the Prairies the geographical environment
3. Brazil, Cuba, India, Mexico, Pakistan, is favourable for farming. The well-drained
Australia, Indonesia, Philippines, Hawaii rolling plains are suitable for extensive
Islands, Fiji, South Africa, USA (Accept any mechanized farming. The dark brown soil rich
four of these or any other relevant response.) in humus and organic matter, the moderate
4. India, Bangladesh, Brazil, Taiwan, China, temperature during the spring and summer
Thailand, Malaysia (Accept any four of these seasons and the well-developed connectivity
or any other relevant response.) of this region with the consuming centres
5. USA, China, India, Pakistan, Brazil, Egypt, and port towns through the transcontinental
Sudan, Mexico, Uzbekistan (Accept any four railway have favoured the development of
of these or any other relevant response.) agriculture.
6. China, India, Sri Lanka, Kenya, Japan, E. 1. Rice—High temperature of about 25 °C
Indonesia, Bangladesh (Accept any four of during the growing season, high humidity
these or any other relevant response.) and rainfall of about 150 cm to 200 cm are
D. 1. Coarse grains such as jowar, bajra, ragi and required for the cultivation of rice.
sorghum which have low nutritional value are Sugarcane—Temperature of about 20 °C

called millets. to 26 °C and rainfall of about 150 cm are
required for the cultivation of sugarcane. climate for its growth. Thus, there is hardly
Cotton—High temperature of about 27 °C
any sugarcane production in the temperate
during the growing period and rainfall of lands.
about 60 cm to 100 cm in frequent showers
are required for the cultivation of cotton. more ENRICHMENT ACTIVITies
for Lessons 4– 6
Jute—High monthly average temperature of

about 26 °C and rainfall of over 150 cm are DATA INTERPRETATION
required for the cultivation of jute. u In 2012–13, the yield of rice and wheat was
Coffee—Average temperature of about
minimum.
22 °C and annual rainfall of about 150 cm The yield of rice and wheat was 1984 kg per
to 250 cm are required for the cultivation hectare and 2602 kg per hectare respectively.
of coffee. u The average yield of rice and wheat was
2. The geographical conditions necessary for 2161 kg per hectare and 2724.4 kg per
the cultivation of wheat are: hectare respectively.
u Rolling or undulating plains u The wheat production has increased from
u Moderate temperature of about 15 °C 2012–13 to 2016–17.
u Moderate rainfall of about 75 cm during
HALF-YEARLY TEST PAPER
the growing season.
u Bright and sunny weather during the time
A. 1. a 3. c 5. d 7. a 9. a
of harvest. 2. b 4. d 6. c 8. b 10. d
u Well-drained loamy soil or black soil
B. 1. The Prairies experience continental type
of climate.
The geographical conditions necessary for
2. An ore is a rock which has large
the cultivation of millet are:
concentration of a particular mineral.
u High temperature
3. No, gold isn’t an ubiquitous resource. It is
u Low rainfall
localized resource.
u Less fertile and sandy soil (Accept these
4. The different sources of irrigation are canals,
or any other relevant response.) wells, tubewells and tanks. (Accept these or
3. Indian agriculture is characterized by any other relevant response.)
subsistence agriculture wherein the farmer’s 5. West Indies is famous for banana plantations.
family consumes almost the entire produce (Accept this or any other relevant response.)
with little or no surplus to sell in the market.
6. The Savanna grasslands are found between
This type of agriculture totally depends on
the equatorial forests and the tropical
monsoon rain and is characterized by small
deserts.
and uneconomic landholdings. The farm
labour is provided by animals and members 7. The soil profile is a vertical section of soil
of the farmer’s family. In subsistence from the surface to the parent rock.
agriculture food crop is mostly produced 8. The different types of resources on the basis
and the cultivation of fodder crop is almost of their renewability are renewable and non-
insignificant. On the other hand, in the renewable resources.
Prairies, the farmer and his family owns 9. Three trees found in the Mediterranean
large landholdings of about 1,000 hectares. region are olive, cork, oak and stone pine.
Hence, extensive and mechanized farming (Accept any three of these or any other
is carried out. Moreover, crop rotation, relevant response.)
contour ploughing and strip cropping are 10. Subsistence agriculture is mostly practised in
also practised to maintain soil fertility. Thus, India.
yield per hectare is moderate but yield per C. 1. Minerals which have metals in them are
worker is high. In the Prairies, livestock is called metallic minerals while minerals
also reared to supplement farm income. which do not have metals in them are called
Therefore, the farmers are rich and they non-metallic minerals. Iron ore, bauxite,
maintain a high standard of living. manganese, copper ore and gold are metallic
4. Accept any relevant response. minerals while mica, limestone, salt, gypsum
5. Temperate lands have cold climate whereas and diamond are non-metallic minerals. Both
sugarcane plants require hot and humid these minerals are found in India. Their
distribution in India are as follows. reduce surface runoff and also recharge
Iron ore—Iron ore deposit occurs in Bihar,
groundwater. (Accept any one of these or
Jharkhand, Odisha, Madhya Pradesh, Goa, any other relevant response.)
Chhattisgarh, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, 3. The geographical conditions necessary for
Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Maharashtra. the cultivation of rice are:
Bauxite—Bauxite deposits occur in Bihar,
u High temperature of about 25 °C during the
Jharkhand, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, growing season.

Odisha, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra, u High humidity and rainfall of about 150 cm
Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. to 200 cm.

Manganese—Manganese deposits occur
u Alluvial clayey soil which has water
in Madhya Pradesh, Jharkhand, Odisha, retention capacity.

Karnataka, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra, u Flooded fields when the plants are
Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh and Telangana. growing.

Copper ore—Copper ore deposits occur in
u Adequate cheap labour
Jharkhand, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and

The geographical conditions necessary for
Chhattisgarh.
the cultivation of sugarcane are:
Gold—Gold deposits occur in Tamil Nadu,
u Hot and humid climate
Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka.
u Level land and well-drained fertile soil
Mica—Mica deposits occur in Bihar,

u No accumulation of water in the field
Jharkhand, Rajasthan and Andhra Pradesh.
Limestone—Limestone deposits occur
4. Desert vegetation is found in hot and
in Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, dry areas which experience very high
Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Andhra temperature and very low rainfall.
Pradesh, Telangana and Uttar Pradesh. The desert vegetation is characterized
Salt—Salt is made in coastal Gujarat,
by thorns, wax-coated leaves, thick and
Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh spongy stems and long roots. Such
and Tamil Nadu. vegetation includes cactus, thorny bushes
and coarse grass.
Gypsum—Gypsum deposits occur in Uttar

Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Himachal Pradesh, 5. Extensive farming is mostly practised in
Gujarat, Jammu and Kashmir as well as in sparsely populated areas where abundant
Jodhpur, Bikaner and Jaisalmer districts of land is available. In this type of farming, the
Rajasthan. landholdings are large and, thus machines
are used to do farm work. One or two
Diamond—Diamond deposits occur in

commercial crops are cultivated of which
Panna in Madhya Pradesh and in Golkonda
wheat and maize are the most important
in Telangana. (Accept these or any other
crops. Extensive farming is characterized by
relevant response.)
high total output but low per hectare yield.
2. The demand for freshwater is increasing due
D. 1. The plants which grow naturally are called
to population growth. Now people need more
natural vegetation. However, at present all
water to produce more food and cash crops,
types of plants whether natural or modified,
to meet their domestic needs and to maintain
are termed as natural vegetation. On the
their rising standard of living.
other hand, all plants, animals, birds and
Water can be conserved by adopting the organisms which live in their natural habitat
following methods. are known as wildlife.
u The industries should discharge their
Natural vegetation can be broadly classified
waste products into water bodies only after into three types namely forests, grasslands
treating the impurities present in them. and shrubs.
u Rainwater harvesting should be practised
Forests—Cluster of trees that grow close to
whereby rainwater should be collected and each other are called forests. They grow in
stored during monsoon season for use hot and humid climate. Forests can be further
during dry period. classified into three major types namely
u Sprinklers should be used to irrigate fields
forests of the tropical region, forests of the
as they use less quantity of water. temperate region and forests of the taiga
u More trees should be planted as they region.
u Forests of the tropical region can be On the basis of origin—On the basis of

sub-classified into evergreen forests found origin, natural resources are of two types
in the equatorial region and deciduous namely biotic and abiotic resources.
forests found in the monsoon region. u Biotic resources include resources
u Forests of the temperate region grow in available from living things such as plants
areas where winters are mild and rainfall is and animals like forests, agricultural crops,
moderate. Such forests have trees, scrubs and wild and domestic animals.
and bushes. Most of the trees in these u Abiotic resources include resources
forests are either deciduous or coniferous. which are available from physical or
However, in the Mediterranean region non-living environment such as land,
hardwood evergreen trees are found. water, air, minerals and power resources.
u Forests of the taiga region are found in
On the basis of development—On the

a belt between 50° N and 70° N latitudes basis of development natural resources are
and consists of coniferous trees. of two types namely potential and actual or
Grasslands—In areas where the amount
developed resources.
of rainfall is less to support the growth of u Potential resources include those
trees, grasses grow between the scattered resources which are not developed at
trees. Such areas are called grasslands. present but has the potential for future
Grasslands can be further classified into two development. The potential for the
major types namely tropical grasslands and generation of hydroelectricity in Africa in
temperate grasslands. the future is an example of such resource.
u Tropical grasslands, also called the u Actual or developed resources include
Savanna, are found between the equatorial those resources which are developed from
forests and the tropical deserts. potential resources. For example, windmills
u Temperate grasslands are found developed to harness the wind energy.
between 30° and 55° latitudes in both On the basis of renewability—On the basis

the hemispheres in the interior of the of renewability, natural resources are of two
continents in the transitional zone between types namely renewable and non-renewable
humid coastal areas and mid-latitude resources.
deserts. These grasslands are called u Renewable resources are those
Prairies in North America, Pampas in resources which can be renewed by

South America, Steppes in Eurasia, Velds reproduction or by physical, mechanical
in South Africa and Downs in Australia. or chemical processes. Such resources
Shrubs—Shrubs grow in areas of very high
include plants, animals and water. Some
and low temperature and scanty rainfall such renewable resources such as solar and
as in the hot deserts and in cold tundra wind energy which are unlimited are called
region. Shrubs can be further classified into inexhaustible resources.
two major types namely desert vegetation u Non-renewable resources are those
and tundra vegetation. resources which are available in fixed

u Desert vegetation is found in hot and dry
quantity and cannot be renewed. Such
deserts where there is high temperature resources include minerals and fossil
and very low rainfall. fuels. They are also called exhaustible
u Tundra vegetation is found in the high resources.
latitudes of Eurasia and North America On the basis of distribution—On the

and in the high altitudes of mountains. basis of distribution, natural resources are
Such type of vegetation grows during the classified into ubiquitous and localized.
short summer season when the snow u Ubiquitous resources are those
cover melts. resources which are found everywhere

2. The natural resources include natural such as air and sunlight.
endowments such as land, air, water, soil, u Localized resources are those resources
minerals, natural vegetation and fossil fuels. which are found at certain places. Gold
Natural resources can be further classified on and silver are examples of such resources.
the basis of origin, development, renewability 3. Plantation agriculture—Plantation
and distribution. agriculture is mostly practised in the tropical
and subtropical regions. This is a commercial kerosene, wax, plastics and lubricants
farming introduced by the Europeans. In are obtained by refining crude mineral oil.
this type of farming, huge farms or estates, Other by-products obtained from petroleum
efficient and scientific farming methods, include raw materials for chemical
cheap and skilled labour, and huge capital fertilizers, synthetic fibres and drugs.
investments are required. The plantations Thus, mineral oil is of great importance in
are managed like industrial units. Usually the economy.
single crops like tea, coffee, sugarcane, u Natural gas is found in sedimentary rocks.
rubber, banana, spices and cotton are grown It occurs in association with petroleum or
in plantations. The rubber plantations in may occur alone and is used as domestic
Malaysia, coffee plantations in Brazil, tea and industrial fuel.
plantations in India and banana plantations u Hydel power is the energy derived from
in West Indies are examples of plantation the force of falling water. It is used to
agriculture. generate hydroelectricity.
Mixed farming—Mixed farming is mostly
u The energy released in the form of heat
practised in the thickly populated areas of during the process of alteration of the
Europe, eastern USA, Argentina, south- structure of atoms is called nuclear
east Australia, New Zealand and South energy. It is used to generate electricity.
Africa. In this type of farming, both crop
Non-conventional power resources—

farming and livestock rearing are carried
Power resources which have unlimited
on simultaneously. In crop farming, farmers
reserves and are not likely to get exhausted
cultivate fodder crops along with food crops.
are called non-conventional power resources.
They also follow a well-developed system of
Solar, wind, geothermal, tidal and biogas
crop rotation to maintain soil fertility. Hence,
energy are the main sources of non-
the yield is high. Cattle are usually reared for
conventional power resources.
meat and milk. Efficient methods of farming,
u Solar energy is the energy derived from
quick means of transportation and ready
market in the nearby thickly populated areas the sun. Photovoltaic cells convert sunlight
give good return to the farmers. into electricity.
u Wind energy is the energy derived from
Dairy farming—Dairy farming is mostly

practised near big cities to meet the needs wind. Wind energy is harnessed with the
of people working in factories. The growth help of windmills.
u Geothermal energy is the energy derived
and development of dairy farming has its
roots in Europe where the climate is suitable from hot springs, and emission of dry or
for natural pastures. In this type of farming, wet steam from hot rocks at great depths.
cattle are reared for milk. Large labour force This energy is used to generate electricity.
and huge capital investments are required. u Tidal energy is the energy derived from
At present, machines are widely used for high and low tides. This energy is used to
milking, feeding and cleaning the cattle. generate electricity.
4. Power resources are of two types namely u Biogas energy is the energy obtained
conventional and non-conventional. from organic wastes such as human and

Conventional power resources—Power
animal wastes, cow dung, dead plants and Integrated Social Science Companion 8
resources which have limited reserves and kitchen wastes. These organic wastes are
are likely to get exhausted in the future converted into gaseous fuel which is used
are called conventional energy resources. for cooking and lighting homes.
Coal, petroleum, natural gas, hydel power 5. A number of factors help in the process of
and nuclear energy are the main sources of soil formation. These factors include parent
conventional energy resources. rock material, relief, climatic conditions, plant
u Coal occurs in layers of varying thickness and animal organisms, and time.
in sedimentary rocks and is used to Parent rock material—The underlying

generate thermal electricity. This is the rocks, also called the parent rock materials,
most abundant source of power. influence the colour, texture, chemical
u Petroleum or mineral oil is derived from properties, mineral content and permeability
organic materials trapped in the layers of the soil.
of sedimentary rocks. Petrol, diesel, Relief—The relief features such as the

elevation and nature of slope influence the and then answer the following questions.
rate of weathering and drainage of water. u Name the major industrial regions of India.
Thus, flat areas have thicker layer of soil as In which states are they located?
compared to steep slopes. u In which states are the minor industrial regions
Climatic conditions—Climatic conditions located?
such as seasonal distribution of temperature
and rainfall determines the type and
u What type of industrial region is found in
effectiveness of weathering of rocks and north-east India? In which state is it found?
humus formation. Also, young soil develops u How many industrial districts are there in
into mature soil more quickly in humid Tamil Nadu? Name them.
regions than in dry regions. u Name the industrial districts of Jammu and
Plant and animal organisms—Dead plants
Kashmir, Punjab, Madhya Pradesh and Odisha.
provide humus to soil and humus in turn
Answers to Textbook Exercises
gives dark brown colour to the soil. Besides,
plants and micro-organisms help to convert A. 1. d 2. b 3. a 4. b 5. c
young soil into mature soil. B. 1. d 2. a 3. b 4. c
Time—Time is a very important factor in the
C. 1. The differences between agro-based and
process of soil formation. This is because forest-based industries are:
a body of soil is considered mature if the
soil forming processes have acted over a Agro-based Forest-based
sufficient period of time and the soil has industries industries
developed a distinct soil profile. a. The industries a. The industries
All the above mentioned factors affect the which obtain their which obtain their
quality, colour, texture and fertility of soil. raw materials raw materials
Thus, it can be rightly said that soil is formed from agriculture, from plants, such
under specific natural conditions. that is, plants as trees, bushes
6. The Green Revolution is the increase and animals are and grasses are
in agricultural production as a result of known as agro- known as forest-
the introduction of HYV seeds, chemical based industries. based industries.
fertilizers and irrigation. b. Examples of b. Examples of
The Green Revolution has changed agro-based forest-based
agriculture in India in the following ways: industries are industries are
u Introduced high-yielding variety (HYV)
cotton textiles, paper, cardboard,
silk textiles, rayon, lac, resin
seeds.
vegetable oil, and furniture.
u Ensured enough and timely availability of
sugar and food
water through development of irrigation processing
systems. industries.
u Adequate use of chemical fertilizers,
pesticides and insecticides
2. The differences between small-scale and
u Consolidation of small landholdings
u Introduction of farm machinery

large-scale industries are:
u Introduction of agricultural credit on soft Small-scale Large-scale
terms from the banks. industries industries
Setting up of agricultural universities to train
u a. Small-scale a. Large-scale
farmers. (Accept these or any other relevant industries use industries use
response.) power-driven heavy power-
machines. driven machines.
7. Manufacturing Industries b. The raw materials b. The raw materials
are obtained are obtained from
enrichment activity from outside and far-off places
Map study goods are sold and the finished
Ask the students to study the map showing the through traders. products are send
industrial regions of India on p. 169 of the textbook to distant markets.
c. Less number of c. Thousands of b. Examples of b. Examples of
labourers are labourers are private sector cooperative sector
employed. employed. industries industries are
d. An individual d. Large-scale are Reliance handloom, food
owns a small- industry have Industries processing and
scale industry. a complex Limited, Tata dairy.
management Steel and
system. Hindustan
Motors.
e. Capital invested e. Huge capital
in a small-scale investment is (Accept these or any other relevant response.)
industry is less required to set D. 1. The processing of raw materials into usable
than that of up large-scale finished products such as, cotton into cloth,
a large-scale industry. sugarcane into sugar, wood pulp into paper
industry. and mineral oil into petrochemicals, is known
(Accept these or any other relevant response.) as manufacturing.
Any economic activity which is associated
3. The differences between public sector and with the production of goods, extraction of
joint sector industries are: minerals or provision of services is known as
Public sector Joint sector an industry. Textiles, mining and tourism are
industries industries examples of industries.
a. Industries a. Industries owned 2. The functioning of an industry on a system
owned and and managed which consists of inputs, processes and
managed by the jointly by the output is known as industrial system.
central or state private firms and The different aspects of industrial system
governments or the government are inputs, processes and output. The inputs
their agencies agencies are include raw materials, sources of power,
are known as known as joint labour, cost of land, machinery, transport
public sector sector industries. and other infrastructure while the processes
industries. include a variety of activities which convert
raw materials into finished products with the
b. Examples of b. Examples of
application of suitable technology. The output
public sector joint sector
is the final finished product and the income
industries are industries are
earned after its sale.
Bhilai Steel Gujarat Alkalies
Plant and Bharat and Chemicals 3. In an iron and steel industry the inputs
Heavy Electricals Limited, Punjab are iron ore, coal, limestone, manganese,
Limited. National Bank labour, capital and other infrastructure. The
and Oil India processes include smelting iron ore in a blast
Limited. furnace and making steel. The output is the
iron and steel.
4. In the twenty-first century information
4. The differences between private sector and technology or IT has enabled transfer of
cooperative sector industries are: information from one place to another and
Private sector Cooperative sector thus made communication cheaper, quicker
industries industries and easily accessible through the introduction
of different high-tech applications and
a. Industries owned a. Industries owned gadgets such as iTunes, iPods and Android.
and managed and managed by Besides these, E-commerce has helped
by an individual a group of people small businesses to prosper, Virtual Learning
or a group of are known as Environments or VLEs has revolutionized
individuals are cooperative sector education, and the use of virtual healthcare
known as industries. teams, telemedicine and electronic health
private sector records have positively affected the
industries. healthcare industry.
E. 1. On the basis of raw materials used, hilly area for setting up of industries.
industries are classified into agro-based, Raw materials—Regular and assured supply

mineral-based, pastoral-based, marine-based of raw materials is required.
and forest-based. Power—Adequate and cheap supply of

u Cotton textiles, jute textiles, silk textiles,
power to run the industries is essential.
vegetable oil, sugar and food processing Labour—Adequate supply of skilled

are examples of agro-based industries. labourers at reasonable wages is required.
u Iron and steel, aluminium and cement are
Transport—An efficient network of transport

examples of mineral-based industries. system at a reasonable rate is essential so
u Woollen textiles, leather goods and dairy
that the raw materials or finished products
products are examples of pastoral-based can reach easily.
industries. Market—Nearness to market for quick sale

u Processing of sea food and manufacturing
of manufactured goods.
fish oil are examples of marine-based
Water—Industries which require large

industries.
quantity of water, such as paper industry, is
u Paper, cardboard, rayon, lac, resin and
usually located near rivers, canals or lakes.
furniture are examples of forest-based
Capital—Availability of capital from banks

industries.
and government.
On the basis of size, industries are classified
Government policies—The government

into cottage, small-scale and large-scale.
policies also play an important role in setting
u Industries making rope, basket, handloom
up of industries.
cloth and leather items are examples of
3. The manufacturing of cotton clothes in India
cottage industries.
was in vogue about 5,000 years ago. For
u Industries producing cloth, paper goods,
about 3,000 years, that is, between 1500
toys, furniture, machine parts, electrical BCE and 1500 CE, India held world monopoly
goods, utensils and leather goods are for the manufacture of cotton textiles. Before
examples of small-scale industries. the advent of the British, Indian handloom
u Iron and steel mills, textile mills, transport
clothes like the Muslin of Dhaka, Chintz of
and equipment, and petrochemicals are Masulipatnam, Calico of Calicut and the gold-
examples of large-scale industries. wrought brocade work of Burhanpur were in
On the basis of ownership, industries are great demand all over the world. However,
classified into private sector, public sector, since the Industrial Revolution India lost its
joint sector and cooperative sector. market due to strong competition from the
u
Reliance Industries Limited, Tata Steel and modern machine-made cloth of Great Britain.
Hindustan Motors are examples of private Later in 1854, the first successful cotton
sector industries. textile mill was established in Mumbai. Since
u Bhilai Steel Plant and Bharat Heavy then India made a rapid progress to make
Electricals Limited are examples of public cotton textile the largest organized modern
sector industries. industry of India. At present although cotton
textile mills are found in more than 80 cities
u Gujarat Alkalies and Chemicals Limited,

of India but its maximum concentration is
Punjab National Bank and Oil India Limited
in the states of Maharashtra, Gujarat, West
are examples of joint sector industries.
Bengal, Tamil Nadu and Uttar Pradesh.
u Amul is an example of cooperative sector
Mumbai in Maharashtra developed as the
industry. largest centre of cotton textile and is called
u Maruti Suzuki India Limited and The
the ‘Cottonopolis of India’.
Coca-Cola Company are examples 4. Information Technology or IT is the science
of multinational corporations. (Accept which uses software and computers
these examples or any other relevant to manage information. It is used for
response.) processing, protecting, securing, storing,
2. The different geographical, economic, human receiving and retrieving information. In the
and political factors which influence the twenty-first century information technology
location of industries are: industry has enabled transfer of information
Land—Generally level land is preferred over from one place to another and, thus made
communication cheaper, quicker and easily u Availability of highly educated and skilled
accessible through the introduction of labour force.
different high-tech applications and gadgets u Science, engineering and technology
such as iTunes, iPods and Android. Besides streams are well developed.
these, E-commerce has helped small u Strong support from the state and the
businesses to prosper, Virtual Learning
central governments.
Environments or VLEs has revolutionized
education, and the use of virtual healthcare 4. The information technology industry has
teams, telemedicine and electronic health developed in the Silicon Valley due to the
records have positively affected the following reasons.
u The growth and development of many
healthcare industry.
5. Iron and steel are important for the growth industrial units in the Silicon Valley as a
and development of modern civilization result of the research and expansion of
because the products made from iron US defence programmes in the field of
and steel are used as raw materials for airspace and electronics.
u The development of high technology
other industries. It is widely used to make
machines, tools and a variety of durable Stanford Industrial Park in 1951.
goods. u Prof Frederick Terman’s initiative to ask
the Stanford University to lease out land to

8. Industries—Comparative Studies the new graduates so that their research
A. 1. d 2. a 3. c 4. b 5. b work can help to start new units for the
development of computer and electronics
B. 1. Tata Iron and Steel Company Limited
industry in the region.
2. Bharat Electronics Limited
E. 1. The locational advantages enjoyed by the
3. Hewlett Packard
steel plant at Jamshedpur are:
4. Central processing unit u The best quality iron ore mines are located
5. Personal computer at a distance of about 75 km to 100 km

6. Information Communication Technology from Jamshedpur in the Singhbhum district
C. 1. False 2. False 3. True 4. False of Jharkhand and in the Mayurbhanj
D. 1. Jamshedpur became the hub of economic district of Odisha.
activities as a result of the growth and u The best quality coking coal is obtained
development of Tata Steel plant. With the from Jharia and Raniganj coal mines
growth and development of the Tata Steel located at a distance of about 150 km
plant in Jamshedpur, a number of technical to 200 km.
institutes, metallurgical laboratories and u Manganese is obtained from Keonjhar
factories such as machine tools, heavy district in Odisha.

vehicles, diesel engines, locomotives, u Limestone and dolomite are available from
agricultural machinery and tin plates were set
the Sundergarh district of Odisha and
up in the city.
Palamau, Hazaribagh and Ranchi districts
2. The reasons for the growth of cotton textile of Jharkhand.
mills in Ahmadabad over Mumbai are: u Abundant water for cooling and washing is
u Higher land rent and wages in Mumbai.
available from the Subarnarekha river and
u The location of Mumbai at a greater
a reservoir at the Kharkai river.
distance from the consuming centres. u Availability of labourers from the thickly
u The development of railways in other
populated areas of Jamshedpur and its
parts of India helped the textile centres of surrounding regions as well as from
Ahmadabad to collect raw materials and West Bengal, Odisha, Bihar, Jharkhand
distribute the finished goods easily. and Uttar Pradesh.
u Cheap labour cost in Ahmadabad.
u Kolkata, located at a distance of about
3. The factors which favoured the development 240 km from Jamshedpur, provides a
of IT industry in Bengaluru are: ready market for the finished products.
u The presence of many high-tech u Jamshedpur is well-connected to Kolkata,
industries. Mumbai and Chennai by an efficient

network of roadways and railways. the Silicon Valley which produced high
Besides, the Kolkata port also helps to technical structures to meet the increasing
import and export goods. needs of the industrial units in the Silicon
2. The factors responsible for the growth of iron Valley. Around this time, Prof Frederick
and steel industry in Pittsburgh are: Terman, who was a Stanford graduate
u
An early start in 1903 –1904. and is known as the ‘Father of the Silicon
u
Valley’ played a very important role in the
Cheap and efficient transportation of high
development of the Silicon Valley. He asked
grade iron ore from the northern fields.
u
his students in Stanford University to start
Availability of high grade coking coal from
new units for the development of computer
the nearby Appalachian coalfields.
and electronic industry in the Silicon Valley
u
Sufficient supply of water from Allegheny and at the same time asked Stanford
and Monongahela rivers. University to lease out land to new graduates
u
Easy and cheap inland water transport so that their research work could help in new
provided by the Great Lakes. projects. As a result of this initiative of the
u
Availability of both skilled and unskilled Stanford University a number of companies
labourers. such as Fairchild, Intel, IBM, Microsoft and
u
The furnaces and steel plants located Hewlett Packard developed in the Silicon
along the river banks facilitate receiving Valley which started manufacturing integrated
and dispatch of heavy freight. circuits, central processing units or CPUs,
u Numerous factories located in this region Disc Operating System or DOS and personal
provide a ready market for finished computers.
products. 5. Accept any relevant response.
3. The geographical advantages enjoyed by 6. Dry climate usually breaks the thread and
Osaka for the development of cotton textile deteriorates the quality of the cloth while
industry are: humid climate does not break the thread.
u
Osaka being located in the plains provides Thus, hot and humid climate favour spinning
the scope for the establishment and future and weaving.
expansion of the textile mills.
MORE ENRICHMENT ACTIVITIES
u
Warm and humid climate round the year
for Lessons 7– 8
favours spinning and weaving.
u
Wordsearch
Osaka located on the sea coast provides
the ideal location for the import of raw M X W A G R O B A S E D T
materials and the export of finished goods. J U S O H A A S B Z W X G
u
Nearness to coalfields and water power A T S T O U R I S M M Q F
resources. M J R L R V N A C B B V D
u
Availability of cheap labourers. S U O M I N M T O C T P Q
u
Availability of sufficient freshwater from the H M I L S N M O Z Q B G G
Yodo river. E U C O O P E R A T I V E
u
Availability of new and technologically
D M Y L P W N B X L G Z G
advanced machinery, along with efficient
organization. P B X W S O F T W A R E V
u A large market for the finished goods U A I S I N S A Q U I S X
provided by the Asian and African R I K B R C O E I R C J R
countries. G R E A T B R I T A I N P
4. The Stanford Industrial Park established in
R K C L D B C O T T A G E
1951 played a major role in the development
of the Silicon Valley. Since the end of
the Second World War, the US Defence 9. Human Resources
programmes in the field of airspace
ENRICHMENT ACTIVITY
and electronics helped the growth and
development of a number of industrial units Situational Analysis, Critical thinking and
in the Silicon Valley. As a result, a number of Class discussion
small towns started developing in and around Have a class discussion as to how the age-sex
pyramid will look in the following cases. 4. The population pyramid of a developed
u Both the birth and the death rates are high, country is narrow at the base as both the
and there are a large number of children in the birth and the death rates are low. It shows
population compared to old people. that the decrease in death rates allows more
u There has been a sustained decline in the birth people to reach the old age. On the contrary,
rate, but the proportion of the old people has the population pyramid of an underdeveloped
not yet become large. country is broad at the base and tapers
u The birth rate has been low for a long period,
to the top. This shows that although the
birth rates are high, still many children die
and the proportion of the old people is
in their infancy and very few people reach
increasing.
their old age. (Ask the students to draw the
Answers to Textbook Exercises diagrams of the population pyramids of an
underdeveloped and developed country as in
A. 1. a 2. c 3. c 4. d 5. b
Fig. 9.2 and Fig. 9.3 on p. 191 along with the
B. 1. True 2. True 3. True 4. False answer.)
C. 1. The factors on which human capacity to
D. 1. The factors which affect the distribution of
convert natural resources into useful products
population are relief, climatic conditions,
depend are:
natural vegetation, soil, water availability,
u People must be literate and should
mineral resources, industries, means of
possess technical, vocational and transport, urbanization and government
professional skills. policies.
u Availability of proper tools and machines.
Relief—The mountainous areas restrict the

u People must work hard in order to
availability of agricultural land, industries,
understand the dignity of labour. transportation and settlement whereas the
u Availability of balanced and nutritious food. plains favour the same. Thus, more people
2. The fertile river valleys of eastern and prefer to settle in the plains than in the
southern Asia, the industrial regions of mountainous areas.
western Europe and east-central North Climatic conditions—Extreme climate

America and the metropolitan urban areas of discourages concentration of population
every country are thickly populated. This is while moderate climate favours settlement.
because suitable climate, fertile soil, mineral Therefore, population is concentrated in
resources and development of industries areas of moderate climate.
favour human habitation in such areas. On Natural vegetation—The dense forests in

the other hand, hot deserts, cold deserts, hot and humid areas discourage population
high mountainous areas, tundra region, habitation. Thus, the forested areas of the
thickly forested areas of the Amazon and Amazon and the Congo basins have no large
the Congo basins and the Sahara desert settlement.
have sparse population as the physical
Soil—People prefer to settle in areas having

environment there is unfavourable for human
fertile alluvial and lava soils than in areas
habitation.
having desert, mountain and laterite soils as
3. The change in the number of people living fertile soils help in agriculture.
in a territory during a specific time, i.e. a
Water availability—People prefer to settle in

decade is known as change of population.
river valleys and in oases where freshwater
It is expressed either in absolute numbers
for domestic purposes, agriculture, industry
or in percentage. Birth rate, death rate
and transport are easily available.
and migration are the causes of population
change. The annual growth rate of population Mineral resources—The areas rich in

is a measure of population change. It is the mineral deposits attract more people to settle
difference between the number of live births in such areas. For example, the gold mines
or deaths per thousand persons in a year. in Australia have attracted people to settle
If the number of births exceed the number even in the barren desert.
of deaths within a year, the population Industries—The development of industries

increases while if the number of deaths in any region generates employment. Thus,
exceed the number of births within a year people migrate to such areas in search
then the population decreases. of jobs.
Means of transport—The cities located in
and above are called aged. Generally
the plains and in coastal areas have efficient children and aged are considered dependent
network of transportation and, thus attracts population whereas adults are considered
economic activities. Therefore, such cities are economically active population.
thickly populated. Sex ratio—Sex ratio is the ratio between

Urbanization—The urban areas provide
males and females. It is represented as the
better living conditions, diverse economic number of females per 1,000 males. Usually
activities and more employment opportunities the sex ratio should be balanced but it has
for people than the rural areas. Therefore, been noticed that male births exceed female
urban areas have higher density of births in almost all societies due to biological
population than rural areas. reasons. In underdeveloped countries the
Government policies—Often government
sex ratio is unfavourable for females due
policies result in population migration from to high female mortality. Also, migration of
one region to another. For example, under males in search of employment disturbs the
the British rule, the Indians were sent sex ratio in many parts of the world such
to Malaya, Fiji and Mauritius to work on as in many European countries, Africa and
plantations. The Negroes from Africa were Kerala in India.
brought to work on the farms in America. Literacy—Literacy is an important component

2. Density of population—The density of of population composition because it
population refers to the number of people influences the social and economic
living in one sq km area of land. development of a country. The factors
Birth rate—The number of live births that
which affect the literacy rate are the levels
occur per thousand persons in a year is of economic development, urbanization,
known as the birth rate. standard of living, social status of women,
availability of educational facilities and
Death rate—The number of deaths that

government policies. The literacy level is
occur per thousand persons in a year is
higher in urban areas than in rural areas and
known as the death rate.
also among the males than the females.
Annual population growth—Annual

4. Human beings are considered a resource
population growth is the difference between
because human beings can discover, exploit,
the birth and the death rates.
develop and convert the natural resources
Age composition—Age composition refers
into useful articles as per their requirements.
to the number of people in each age groups. (Accept this or any other relevant response.)
For example, the number of people in the
5. The rural areas lack employment, education
age groups of 0–4 years, 5–9 years and
and health facilities. The poverty in the rural
so on.
areas force people to migrate to urban areas
Sex ratio—Sex ratio is the ratio between the
in search of better economic conditions.
males and the females. It is defined as the Thus, people mostly migrate from rural
number of females per 1,000 males. to urban areas. (Accept this or any other
3. The structure of population is known as relevant response.)
population composition. The different

components of population composition are TIME TO DO
age, sex and literacy. These components G. 1. The states with the highest and lowest
vary from country to country and from time population density are Bihar and Arunachal
to time. Pradesh respectively.
Age composition—The number of people in
2. The states which have population density
each age groups such as 0–4 years, between 201 and 600 are Punjab, Haryana,
5–9 years and so on is called age Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh,
composition. On the basis of age, the Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Telangana,
population of a country can be broadly Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, Tamil Nadu,
classified into children, adults and aged. Jharkhand, Assam and Tripura.
People who are between 0 years and 14
years of age are called children, those 3. Among the north-eastern states, Assam has
between 15 years and 59 years of age are the highest population density.
called adults and those who are 60 years 4. Uttar Pradesh has fertile alluvial plain which
favours human settlement and agriculture (Accept these or any other relevant response.)
whereas three-fourths of Rajasthan is a 3. The differences between flood and drought are:
desert which is unfavourable for human
settlement and agriculture. Thus, Uttar Flood Drought
Pradesh has more population density than a. When river a. Extreme shortage
Rajasthan. (Accept this or any other relevant water overflows of water in a
response.) its banks and region is called
spreads over drought.
10. Disaster and its Management the surrounding
areas it is called
ENRICHMENT ACTIVITY flood.
Research and Project

b. It is caused due b. It is caused
to heavy rainfall. due to low and
Make a project on natural disasters which have hit
variable rainfall.
our country in the last two years. Collect pictures
and excerpt from interviews of survivors. Also, (Accept these or any other relevant response.)
gather information on the cause of the natural D. 1. Seismograph—An instrument which detects
disaster / disasters and how it has affected the the occurrence of an earthquake is called
people and the economy of the region. seismograph.
Cyclone—Circulatory winds which develop
Answers to Textbook Exercises in the lower parts of the atmosphere is called
A. 1. a 3. c 5. b cyclone. A cyclone develops when a low
2. d 4. b pressure area is surrounded by high pressure
and the winds blow towards the low pressure
B. 1. destruction
centre at a very high speed.
2. Richter scale.
Flood—After heavy rainfall, the river water
3. Indian Meteorological Department. when overflows and spreads over the
4. northern surrounding areas is called flood.
C. 1. The difference between focus and epicentre is: Drip irrigation—An irrigation method in
which water drips slowly to the roots of plants
Focus Epicentre
is called drip irrigation.
Focus is the place Epicentre is the point Tsunami—A tsunami is a huge wave which
of origin of an on the earth’s surface develops when large mass of water is
earthquake inside which is vertically displaced due to undersea earthquake or
the earth. above the focus. volcanic eruption.
2. The differences between tsunami and 2. The destructions caused due to natural
cyclone are: phenomena such as earthquakes, floods,
droughts, cyclones, landslides and forest
Tsunami Cyclone
fires are called natural hazards while natural
a. Tsunami a. Cyclone develops hazards which cause great loss of life and
develops when when low property are called natural disasters.

large mass of pressure area is The important sources of natural disasters
water is displaced surrounded by are earthquakes, floods, droughts, cyclones,
due to undersea high pressure landslides and forest fires.
earthquake or and wind blows 3. The main causes of droughts are low and
volcanic eruption. towards the low variable rainfall while that of floods are very
pressure centre heavy rainfall.
at a very high
The plains of northern India are more prone
speed.
to floods while Rajasthan, Gujarat, western
b. Huge waves b. Wind blowing Odisha, Rayalaseema in Andhra Pradesh,
in the coastal at very high Telengana, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, central
areas are the speed and heavy Maharashtra, interior Karnataka, West
characteristics of rain are the Bengal, Tamil Nadu, Punjab, Haryana, Bihar
tsunamis. characteristics of and Uttar Pradesh are more prone
cyclones. to droughts.
4. An undersea earthquake or volcanic eruption u One must not enter the flooded areas of
is the cause of tsunami. unknown depth.
u One must switch off power and electrical
E. 1. The following precautions should be taken if
an earthquake strikes. appliances.
u One must leave her / his home or school u One must drink boiled water and eat fresh
building and move to an open area. cooked food.

u One must learn the basic first-aid u One must take help from disaster
functions. management teams and other agencies.

u One must not stay near windows, (Accept these or any other relevant
bookcases, mirrors, hanging pots and fans response.)
during or immediately after an earthquake. 4. The precautionary measures which I will take
u If a person is trapped in a building, she / he in tsunami-prone areas are:
u If I experience an earthquake that lasts
should avoid using a lift and remain close
to an interior wall and protect her / his head for about 20 seconds or longer when I am
with her / his arms. in a coastal area, along with my family I
u If a person is outdoors, she / he should
should move to higher ground immediately
keep away from trees, signboards, after the shaking stops.
u If sea water recedes upto 800 m from the
buildings, poles and electric wires.
u One should not sit inside a car or a bus.
coast, I should not enter this temporary
dry area as the sea water may come
u If a person is inside a theatre hall, stadium
back soon.
or an auditorium, she / he should stay u I should know the height of my street
inside and do not panic. (Accept these or
above sea level and its distance from the
any other relevant response.)
coast as the areas of great risk are less
2. The precautions needed in cyclone-affected than 10 m above sea level and within
areas are: two km from the coast.
u
One must regularly listen to weather u I should prepare a plan of the evacuation
bulletins on television and radio. route from my house or school and find a
u
One must keep an emergency kit ready safe location about 30 m above sea level
at home. which I should be able to reach in
u
One must secure one’s home or move 15 minutes.
to a safer place before the cyclone hits u If I am planning to visit any coastal area,
the area. I should check with the hotel and tour

u
One must store enough non-perishable operators about tsunami evacuation
food articles in waterproof bags. information and how I would be warned
u One must not venture into the sea. about it.
u I should discuss tsunami with my family
(Accept these or any other relevant
response.) as this reduces the fear and anxiety
3. The precautions taken against floods are: associated with it. (Accept these or any
u One must know the routes and location of
safe shelters. 5. Earthquakes, floods, droughts, cyclones,

u One must listen to radio or watch
landslides and forest fires are caused by
nature and are called natural hazards.
television for warning and advice.
These natural hazards cause large-scale
u Keep first-aid for diarrhoea and snake
destruction. Thus, nature is one of the
bites ready. biggest sources of destruction. (Accept this
u Keep small ropes for tying things.
or any other relevant response.)
u Keep a radio, torch, matchbox, candles
6. Accept any relevant response.
and spare batteries.
u Keep adequate stock of freshwater, food MORE ENRICHMENT ACTIVITIES
articles and kerosene. for Lessons 9 –10
u Keep waterproof bags for packing food Crossword Puzzle
articles and clothes. Across Down
u Keep bamboo sticks to ward off snakes.
1 tsunami 2 monsoon
5 Telangana 3 earthquake Cooperative sector industries— Industries
7 Drought 4 natural hazard which are owned and managed by a group
8 seismograph 6 focus of people who are also the producers of
raw materials are called cooperative sector
9 cyclone
industries. Amul is an example of cooperative
10 flood sector industry.
Multinational corporations—Industries
ANNUAL TEST PAPER
which are set up in collaboration with foreign
A. 1. c 3. a 5. b 7. b 9. d investors and are owned and managed by
2. a 4. d 6. d 8. d 10. b members of two or more countries are called
B. 1. The economic activity associated with the multinational corporations. Maruti Suzuki
production of goods is called industry. India Limited and The Coca-Cola Company
2. Silicon Valley is located in the Santa Clara are examples of multinational corporations.
County in the state of California in USA. (Accept these examples or any other relevant
3. TISCO is renamed as Tata Steel. response.)
4. The annual growth rate of population is the 2. Density of population—The density of
difference between birth rates and death population refers to the number of people
rates in a year. living in one sq km area of land.
Birth rate—The number of live births that
5. The place of origin of an earthquake is called
occur per thousand persons in a year is
the focus.
known as birth rate.
6. An undersea earthquake or volcanic eruption
Population pyramid—Population pyramid,
is the cause of tsunami.
also called age-sex pyramid, is the graphical
7. The Velds are the temperate grasslands of representation of the distribution of females
South Africa. and males in different age groups for a
8. Two centres of gold deposit in Australia are country.
Kalgoorlie and Coolgardie. Sex ratio—Sex ratio is the ratio between the
9. Transhumance is the seasonal movement of males and the females. It is defined as the
the nomadic herders along with their livestock number of females per 1,000 males.
uphill during summer and downhill during 3. The underdeveloped areas such as the rural
winter in search of pastures. areas lack employment, education and health
10. Soil Horizon B is also known as subsoil. facilities. The poverty in the underdeveloped
C. 1. On the basis of ownership, industries are areas force people to migrate to cities in
classified into private sector, public sector, search of better economic conditions. Thus,
joint sector and cooperative sector. people migrate from underdeveloped to
Private sector industries—Industries
developed areas.
which are managed by an individual or a 4. In shifting cultivation the land is cleared by
group of individuals are called private sector cutting and burning bushes and trees. Thus,
industries. Reliance Industries Limited, Tata shifting cultivation is also known as slash and
Steel and Hindustan Motors are examples of burn agriculture.
private sector industries. 5. The four varieties of coal are peat, lignite, Integrated Social Science Companion 8
Public sector industries—Industries which
bituminous and anthracite.
are owned and managed by the central or Two coal-mining areas in India are Jharia,
state governments or their agencies are Dhanbad, Giridih, Bokaro, Raniganj, Neyveli,
called public sector industries. Bhilai Steel Singareni, Korba and Talcher. (Accept
Plant and Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited any two of these or any other relevant
are examples of public sector industries. response.)
Joint sector industries—Industries which
D. 1. The science which uses software and
are owned and managed jointly by private computers to manage information is called
firms and government agencies are called information technology. It is used for
joint sector industries. Gujarat Alkalies and processing, protecting, securing, storing,
Chemicals Limited, Punjab National Bank and receiving and retrieving information.
Oil India Limited are examples of joint sector In the twenty-first century information
industries. technology industry has enabled transfer of
information from one place to another and, is not favourable for human habitation.
thus made communication cheaper, quicker Tundra region, the thickly forested areas of
and easily accessible through the introduction the Amazon and the Congo basins, and the
of different high-tech applications and Sahara desert have sparse population.
gadgets such as iTunes, iPods and Android. 4. The precautions taken against floods are:
Besides these, E-commerce has helped u One must know the routes and location of
small businesses to prosper, Virtual Learning safe shelters.

Environments or VLEs has revolutionized u One must listen to radio or watch
education, and the use of virtual healthcare
television for warning and advice.
teams, telemedicine and electronic health
u Keep first-aid for diarrhoea and snake
records have positively affected the
healthcare industry. bites ready.
2. The factors favourable for the development of u Keep small ropes for tying things.
cotton textile industry in Ahmadabad are: u Keep a radio, torch, matchbox, candles
u The city is located near the cotton and spare batteries.
u Keep adequate stock of freshwater, food
producing belt of India.
u Ahmadabad being located in the plains articles and kerosene.
u Keep waterproof bags for packing food
provide scope for the establishment and
future expansion of the cotton mills. articles and clothes.
u Availability of sufficient freshwater from the u Keep bamboo sticks to ward off snakes.
Sabarmati river. u One must not enter the flooded areas of
u Humid climate favours spinning and unknown depth.

weaving. u One must switch off power and electrical
u Availability of cheap hydroelectricity. appliances.

u Availability of cheap skilled and semi- u One must drink boiled water and eat fresh
skilled labourers from the densely cooked food.

populated states of Gujarat and u One must take help from disaster
Maharashtra. management teams and other agencies.

u Well-developed rail and road networks The precautions taken against droughts are:
help in easy transportation of finished u One must learn to harvest and conserve
goods to other parts of the country. water at home.

3. Thickly populated areas have high density u One must develop water harvesting systems.
of population. The fertile river valleys, areas u Drip irrigation should be promoted.
with warm climate and mineral resources, u Forest cover should be increased through
and the industrial regions are thickly
plantations.
populated. Eastern and southern Asia,
u Crop insurance schemes should be
western Europe, east-central North America
and the metropolitan urban areas of every encouraged.
u Drought-resistant crops should be planted.
country are thickly populated. The moderately
populated areas are mostly found between 5. A tsunami is a huge wave which develops
the thickly and sparsely populated areas. when large mass of water is displaced due
Most of these areas have developed new to undersea earthquake or volcanic eruption.
industries, facilities for irrigation and mining. Although tsunamis are not frequent they
Thus, people have migrated and settled can occur at any time of the year. When an
in such areas. Central USA, tropical west undersea earthquake occurs it causes large
Africa, southern parts of Russia, eastern areas of the sea floor to rise or subside. This
Europe, Deccan plateau of India, central leads to the occurrence of huge waves called
China and parts of South America are tsunamis. These waves travel at a very high
moderately populated. On the other hand, speed of about 500 to 1,000 km per hour.
sparsely populated areas have low density However, its speed reduces when it enters
of population. The sparsely populated areas the shallow coastal waters. When a tsunami
are the hot deserts, cold deserts and the reaches the coast, its height increases
high mountainous areas. This is because and it appears as a wall of water. With its
the physical environment in these regions tremendous energy, these fast moving waves
can crush houses and other structures in the Constructing banks along the contours across
coastal areas and can cause great loss of life the hill slopes.
and property. Contour ploughing—Cultivating along the

6. The agricultural practices that can be contours to check the flow of water and
adopted for soil conservation are: thereby to stop soil erosion.
Rotation of crops—Cultivating different
Cover crops—Growing crops on the bare

crops on the same piece of land during ground of the orchards and plantations during
different times of the year. the gestation period of tree crops to cover
Strip cropping—Cultivating erosion-inducing
the soil from erosion.
crops in rotation with erosion-resisting crops. Fallowing—Allowing the land to rest in order

Terrace and contour-bunding—
to regain soil fertility.
u u u u u

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GEOGRAPHY For more exercises see the Practice App.

1. Resources c. Forests, c. Land, water, air,

u The cost of processing it.

types—natural, human-made and human beings.

resources. resources. u Are there times when safe water is in short

Integrated Social Science Companion 8

order to regain soil fertility.

relevant response.) u Increased surface runoff

3. elephant, hippo, rhino, python, crocodile, u Large-scale soil erosion

stag, lion, tiger, leopard, camel, ostrich u Decrease in rainfall

Africa—Elephants, hippos, rhinos, pythons,

Savanna grasslands. In the desert, animals in various conservation programmes.

Australia—Marsupials such as kangaroos

4. Minerals and Power Resources Metallic Non-metallic

products like petrol, diesel, kerosene, wax,

Answers to Textbook Exercises carried on simultaneously.

B. 1. Three main features of subsistence farming food crops.

u Farmers use primitive methods of farming

farmers’ family. u Efficient and scientific farming methods

u Mostly manure and a little of chemical

u The crop production is low. (Accept any

Integrated Social Science Companion 8

cultivated on the annually. u Less fertile and sandy soil

same plot of land The countries in which millets are grown

B. 1. Rice water through development of irrigation

4. Extensive pesticides and insecticides

relevant response.) terms from the banks.

Jharkhand, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, growing season.

Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. to 200 cm.

in Madhya Pradesh, Jharkhand, Odisha, retention capacity.

Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh and Telangana. growing.

Jharkhand, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and

Prairies in North America, Pampas in resources which can be renewed by

and tundra vegetation. resources which are available in fixed

cover melts. resources which are found everywhere

conventional and non-conventional. from organic wastes such as human and

u Consolidation of small landholdings

u Introduction of farm machinery

u Gujarat Alkalies and Chemicals Limited,

the Stanford University to lease out land to

5. Personal computer at a distance of about 75 km to 100 km

factories such as machine tools, heavy district in Odisha.

industries. Mumbai and Chennai by an efficient

population composition. The different

Research and Project

Integrated Social Science Companion 8

building and move to an open area. cooked food.

functions. management teams and other agencies.

the area. I should check with the hotel and tour

u One must know the routes and location of

safe shelters. 5. Earthquakes, floods, droughts, cyclones,

small businesses to prosper, Virtual Learning safe shelters.

Sabarmati river. u One must not enter the flooded areas of

u Humid climate favours spinning and unknown depth.

u Availability of cheap hydroelectricity. appliances.

skilled labourers from the densely cooked food.

Maharashtra. management teams and other agencies.