Note Chapter 3

DAC 12503
MECHANIC OF
MATERIALS
Diploma Study Center
University Tun Hussein Onn
SEM 2 20202021
MJK CeDS DAC 12503

UNIT 3.0 INTRODUCTION TO SFBM
UNIT 3 SHEAR FORCE AND

BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAM
-INTRODUCTION-
MJK CeDS DAC 12503

• 3.1 Types of Beam, Support, Loading and Support

Reaction.
• 3.2 Sign Convention.
• 3.3 Equation for Section Method
• 3.4 Drawing of Shear Force and Bending Moment
Diagram and Interpretation
• 3.5 Graphic
Method
MJK CeDS DAC 12503

DEFINITIONS
Moment: It is the product of force and perpendicular distance between
line of action of the force and the point about which moment is
required to be calculated.
Bending Moment (BM): The moment which causes the bending
effect on the beam is called Bending Moment. It is generally denoted
by ‘M’ or ‘BM’.
Shear force at a section: The algebraic sum of the vertical forces

acting on the beam either to the left or right of the section is known as
the shear force at a section.
Bending moment (BM) at section: The algebraic sum of the

moments of all forces acting on the beam either to the left or right of
the section is known as the bending moment at a section
MJK CeDS DAC 12503

DEFINITIONS
Structural Members are usually classified according to the

types of loads that they support
There are four type of loads that structural member need
to support :
Shear Force
Axial Load
(Tension or Compression)
Torsion
Bending Moment
MJK CeDS DAC 12503
DEFINITIONS
We have already cover in great length the analysis of

stress and strain due to axial loads in previous section.
Examples of structural elements that resist axial load.

The resulting internal forces is either tension of compression.
Stresses generated by these internal forces can be NORMAL or
SHEAR depanding on the direction of applied forces compared
with the surface area being analized.
MJK CeDS DAC 12503
DEFINITIONS
PROCEDURE OF ANALYSIS FOR AXIALLY LOADED MEMBER

1 DRAW FBD OF THE WHOLE STRUCTURE 4 DRAW THE VALUE OF INTERNAL
FORCES AS AS GRAPH
2 DRAW FBD OF EACH SECTION FOR

INTERNAL FORCE ANALYSIS
5 APPLY STRESS AND STRAIN
EQUATION USING VALUE OF INTERNAL
FORCES
𝑃 𝑉
𝜎= 𝑟=
𝐴 𝐴
3 APPLY APPROPRIATE EQUATION OF
Δ
EQUILIBRIUM TO CALCULATE
s=
INTERNAL FORCE VALUE 𝐿
∑𝐹=0
MJK CeDS DAC 12503

DEFINITIONS
In this section, we will learn about the

second and third load.
1. Shear Force
2. Bending Moment
MJK CeDS DAC 12503

DEFINITIONS
DEVICES THAT EMPLOY SHEAR ACTION
Two forces acting parallel but on opposite direction

slip surface
Will create a slip surface between the two forces
MJK CeDS DAC 12503

DEFINITIONS
Building collapse
Bolt failure
Crack to column-beam junction
SHEAR ACTIONS ON STRUCTURE

MJK CeDS DAC 12503
DEFINITIONS
MOMENT
ACT
PRIMARILY
ON BEAM
TYPE
STRUCTURE
AND CAUSE
BENDING
Deflection of beam under moment Steel beam under construction
BENDING
ACTION
Hoist crane Concrete girder for bridge
MOMENT ACTIONS ON STRUCTURE

MJK CeDS DAC 12503
DEFINITIONS
Beams
DEFINITION :
Structural members that are slender and support loads
applied perpendicular to their longitudinal axis.
SLENDER (LONG AND THIN)

Length (L) , Width (W) , thickness (t):
L >> W and L >> t
W
L
MJK CeDS DAC 12503
DEFINITIONS Beams
Structural members that are slender and support loads

applied perpendicular to their longitudinal axis.
Co ncent r at ed Load,
Dist ribut ed Load, w(x) P
Per pen Longit udinal Axis

dicular
Span,
L
MJK CeDS DAC 12503
a
P
a
R R
INTERNAL REACTIONS FORCES IN A BEAM, IN
THE FORM OF SHEAR AND MOMENT
V
aa
M
aa
MJK CeDS DAC 12503
Ax By
SHEAR FORCE DIAGRAM
V = 200 − 50 x
V
M = 200 x − 25 x
2
M BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAM
PLOT OF MAGNITUDES OF INTERNAL FORCES

MJK CeDS DAC 12503
DAC 12503
MECHANIC OF
MATERIALS
Diploma Study Center
University Tun Hussein Onn
SEM 2 20202021
MJK CeDS DAC 12503

UNIT 3.1 BEAMS, LOAD, SUPPORT AND REACTIONS
TYPES OF BEAMS
Statically Determinate Beams
Rx Roller
support
Pin support
R Ry
y Rolle Pin
Fixed r
Rx support
Rx
M R R
Ry
y
y
Classify depending on the support configuration
MJK CeDS DAC 12503

TYPES OF BEAMS
Statically Indeterminate Beams
Continuous Beam Propped Cantilever Beam
Fixed Beam
Classify depending on the support configuration
MJK CeDS DAC 12503
TYPES OF LOADS
(a) Concentrated
Loads (Point
Loads)
(b) Couple
M
(Point moment)
MJK CeDS DAC 12503

TYPES OF LOADS
(c) Distributed Loads

Uniformly distributed (UDL)
Linearly varying (LDL)
W2= 16 kN/m
W1= 4 kN/m
W1= 4 kN/m
Uniformly distributed Linearly

(UDL) varying (LDL)
MJK CeDS DAC 12503

TYPES OF SUPPORTS
(Sokong Mudah)
1 Pin + 1 Roller
(Sokong Terikat
Tegar) 1 Fixed (Bina Dalam) + 1 Free (Bebas)
MJK CeDS DAC 12503

TYPES OF SUPPORTS
MJK CeDS DAC 12503

TYPES OF SUPPORTS
MJK CeDS DAC 12503

TYPES OF SUPPORTS
MJK CeDS DAC 12503

TYPES OF SUPPORTS
MJK CeDS DAC 12503

TYPES OF SUPPORTS
MJK CeDS DAC 12503

EXTERNAL REACTIONS
MJK CeDS DAC 12503

EXTERNAL REACTIONS
MJK CeDS DAC 12503

EXTERNAL REACTIONS
FBD P
RAX
RA RBY
Y
MJK CeDS DAC 12503

EXTERNAL REACTIONS
Concentrated Moment
Concentrated Force Point Moment
(P) Applied Moment
Sokong
Terikat
Tegar
1 Bina Dalam + 1 Bebas
MJK CeDS DAC 12503

EXTERNAL REACTIONS
FBD
MJK CeDS DAC 12503

EXTERNAL REACTIONS
MJK CeDS DAC 12503

EXTERNAL REACTIONS
FBD
MJK CeDS DAC 12503

EXTERNAL REACTIONS
MJK CeDS DAC 12503

EXTERNAL REACTIONS
FBD
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EXTERNAL REACTIONS EXAMPLE
3m 6 kN
6m
9 kN m
A B C
A simply supported beam ABC

Subjected with external loads at B and C.
Calculate reactions at A and C
MJK CeDS DAC 12503

3m 6 kN FBD
6m
9 kN m
Cx
Ay Cy
→ +
EoE C x= 0
∑
Fx = 0 ccw +
∑
MC = 0 ↑
Ay
+
−
0
∑
6 +
Fy
C y
=
= 0
9 + 6( 6) - A y
( 9) = 0
C y =1kN
A y = 5 kN
MJK CeDS DAC 12503

A B
MJK CeDS DAC 12503

9 kN FBD
My
3m Bx
By
EoE
→+ Fx=
∑
ccw + M =0
0 ∑
↑ + F y= 0
∑ + By
−9kN
9kN (3m) + M y =
Bx = 0 =
B 0= 9kN
y 0 M y = −27kN.m
OR 27kN.m cw
MJK CeDS DAC 12503

MJK CeDS DAC 12503

FBD 3m
(8 kN/m)(6m)(?)
F=? kN
Ax
4m 2m
Ay
By
EoE
→+ ↑+ Fy =
∑
Fx= ccw +
∑
MA=0
∑
0Ay + By − F kN = 0
0 By (4m) − F (? m) =
0 Ay = ?
Ax = 0
By =?
MJK CeDS DAC 12503

EXTERNAL REACTIONS EXERCISE
MJK CeDS DAC 12503


(6 kN/m)(9m)(?)
FBD ?m F=? kN
Bx
9m
Ay
By
EoE
→+ ↑+ Fy =
∑ ∑
ccw + MA=0
∑
Fx=
0 By (9m) − F (? m) = 0Ay + By − F kN = 0
Bx = 0 0
By =?
MJK CeDS DAC 12503

DAC 12503
Mechanics of Materials
CHAPTER 3
SHEAR FORCE AND
BENDING MOMENT
Lecturer:
Suhaila Sahat
3.2 Sign Convention
Shear Force and Bending Moment
Shape deformation due to shear

force
V V
Shape deformation due to bending

moment
M M
-Positive shear force diagram drawn above the beam

-Positive bending moment diagram drawn below the
beam
Contra Point of SF and BM
• Contra point is a place where positive

shear force/bending moment shifting to
the negative region or vice-versa.
• Contra point for shear: V = 0
• Contra point for moment: M = 0
• When shear force is zero, the moment is
maximum.
• Maximum shear force usually occur at the
support / concentrated load.
Contra Point of SF and BM
10 20 kN
kN/m
A C B
0 D
25 kN 4m 4 m 35 kN 2 m
25
SFD 4–x 20
Contra Point of
Shear Force x 15
40 (maximum negative moment)
BMD
Contra Point of Bending Moment
20
31.25 (maximum positive moment)
3.3 Equilibrium Equation for Shear & Moment
• Representing shear and moment algebraically is very useful to identify

the critical stress areas in the beam.
• In most cases, it is impossible to write down only 1 equation of shear &
moment for the entire beam.
• It would be necessary to write multiple equations, one for each beam’s
segment as the beam may be subjected to one or more concentrated
loads.
• Example;
3.3 Equilibrium Equation for Shear & Moment
• The following are several equation that can be used for identifying the
critical value for shear and moment.
3.4 Drawing of Shear Force and Bending Moment
Diagram and Interpretation
Cut Section Method
Steps in analyzing deflection of beam;
1. Calculate the support reactions
‐ If a support prevents translation of a body in a
particular direction, then the support exerts a force on
the body in that direction.
‐ Determined using ΣFx=0 , ΣFy=0 , and ΣM=0
2. Determine the number of shear and moment equation
3. Cut the beam in each segment and draw the free body diagram
4. Formulate the equailibrium equation and solve the unknowns.
Example 1
a) Calculate the shear force and bending moment for

the beam subjected to a concentrated load as shown
in the figure, and draw the shear force diagram
(SFD) and bending moment diagram (BMD).
b) If P = 20 kN and L = 6 m, draw the SFD and BMD
for the beam.
P kN
A B
L/2 L/2
Solution
a) P kN
A B
R
Ax
R L/2 L/2 R
Ay By
By taking the moment at A,

ΣMA = 0 ΣFy = 0 ΣFx = 0
– R × L + P × L/2 = 0 RA + RB = P RAx = 0
B
RB = P/2 kN RA = P – P/2
RA = P/2 kN
Solution
(cont.) P kN
A B
P/2 L/2 L/2 P/2
P/2 P/2
A (+) B
SFD
(-)
P/2 P/2
BMD
0 (+) 0
PL / 4
Solution
(cont.) 20 kN
b) B
A
10 kN 3m 3m 10 kN
10 kN 10 kN
A (+) B
SFD
(-)
10 kN 10 kN
BMD
0 (+) 0
30 kNm
Example 2
Draw the shear and
moment diagram for the
beam.

3. Cut the beam in each segment and draw the free body
diagram
From
LEFT
to R
IGH
T
4. Formulate the equailibrium equation and solve the
unknowns.
Example 3
The beam shown below is supported by a pin at A and roller at B.
Calculate the reactions at both supports due to the loading and draw the
SFD and BMD.
Solution 1. Calculate the support reactions
20 kN 40 kN
RAx B
A
2m 3m 4m
RA RB
By taking the moment at B,

ΣMB = 0 ΣFy = 0 ΣFx = 0
RA × 9 – 20 × 7 – 40 × 4 = 0 RA + RB – 20 – 40 = 0 RAx = 0
9RA = 140 + 160 RB = 20 + 40 – 33.3
RA = 33.3 kN RB = 26.7 kN
diagram
I G H T
E FT to R
L
From
unknowns.
Example 4
Determine the reactions at support A and B for
the overhanging beam subjected to the loading
as shown. Draw the SFD and BMD for the beam.
Solution
Draw free body diagram
15 kN/m 20 kN
R A B
Ax
4m 3m 2m
RA RB

ΣMA = 0 ΣFy = 0 ΣFx = 0
– RB × 7 + 20 × 9 – (15 × 3) × 5.5 = 0 RA + RB – 20 – 45 = 0 RAx = 0
7RB = 247.5 + 180 RA = 20 + 45 – 61.07
RB = 61.07 kN RA = 3.93 kN
diagram
I G H T
E FT to R
L
From
unknowns.
V=0
M = Max
x
?
V=0 occurs at 4<x<7.
Hence use the shear equation of the region.
x?
When V=0, x=4.26m
OR
3.93+41.07=45k
N
x=3m
3.5 Shear Force & Bending Moment Diagram
Graphic Method
Steps in analyzing deflection of beam;
‐ If a support prevents translation of a body in a
particular direction, then the support exerts a force on
the body in that direction.
‐ Determined using ΣFx=0 , ΣFy=0 , and ΣM=0
2. SFD based on detailed FBD
3. BMD based on area SFD
Example 5
Draw the shear and
moment diagram for the
beam.

5 kN
10 kN
-5 kN
5 kN
A
SFD
B
-5 kN
BMD
+
10kNm
Example 6
The beam shown below is supported by a pin at A and roller at B.

Calculate the reactions at both supports due to the loading and draw the
SFD and BMD.
Solution 1. Calculate the support reactions
20 kN 40 kN
RAx B
A
2m 3m 4m
RA RB
By taking the moment at B,

ΣMB = 0 ΣFy = 0 ΣFx = 0
RA × 9 – 20 × 7 – 40 × 4 = 0 RA + RB – 20 – 40 = 0 RAx = 0
9RA = 140 + 160 RB = 20 + 40 – 33.3
RA = 33.3 kN RB = 26.7 kN
33.3 kN 26.7 kN
33.3 kN
33.3-20
13.3 kN
13.3-40
-26.7 kN
33.3 kN
A 13.3 kN
B
C
SFD
-26.7 kN
BMD
66.6kNm
106.5 kNm
Example 7
Determine the reactions at support A and B for
the overhanging beam subjected to the loading
as shown. Draw the SFD and BMD for the beam.
Solution
Draw free body diagram
15 kN/m 20 kN
R A B
Ax
4m 3m 2m
RA RB

ΣMA = 0 ΣFy = 0 ΣFx = 0
– RB × 7 + 20 × 9 – (15 × 3) × 5.5 = 0 RA + RB – 20 – 45 = 0 RAx = 0
7RB = 247.5 + 180 RA = 20 + 45 – 61.07
RB = 61.07 kN RA = 3.93 kN
3.93 kN 61.07 kN
20 kN
3.93 kN
-41.07 kN
20 kN
3.93 kN D
A B
SFD
C
-41.07 kN
40.04 kNm
BMD
15.72 kNm
16.23kNm
References
1. Hibbeler, R.C., Mechanics Of Materials, 8th

Edition in SI units, Prentice Hall, 2011.
2. Gere dan Timoshenko, Mechanics of Materials, 3rd
Edition, Chapman & Hall.
3. Yusof Ahmad, ‘Mekanik Bahan dan Struktur’ Penerbit
UTM 2001

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DAC 12503

MJK CeDS DAC 12503

UNIT 3 SHEAR FORCE AND

MJK CeDS DAC 12503

• 3.1 Types of Beam, Support, Loading and Support

MJK CeDS DAC 12503

Shear force at a section: The algebraic sum of the vertical forces

Bending moment (BM) at section: The algebraic sum of the

MJK CeDS DAC 12503

Structural Members are usually classified according to the

We have already cover in great length the analysis of

Examples of structural elements that resist axial load.

PROCEDURE OF ANALYSIS FOR AXIALLY LOADED MEMBER

2 DRAW FBD OF EACH SECTION FOR

MJK CeDS DAC 12503

In this section, we will learn about the

MJK CeDS DAC 12503

DEVICES THAT EMPLOY SHEAR ACTION

Two forces acting parallel but on opposite direction

MJK CeDS DAC 12503

Crack to column-beam junction

SHEAR ACTIONS ON STRUCTURE

Hoist crane Concrete girder for bridge

MOMENT ACTIONS ON STRUCTURE

SLENDER (LONG AND THIN)

Structural members that are slender and support loads

Per pen Longit udinal Axis

M BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAM

PLOT OF MAGNITUDES OF INTERNAL FORCES

MJK CeDS DAC 12503

Statically Determinate Beams

Classify depending on the support configuration

MJK CeDS DAC 12503

Continuous Beam Propped Cantilever Beam

MJK CeDS DAC 12503

(c) Distributed Loads

Uniformly distributed Linearly

MJK CeDS DAC 12503

MJK CeDS DAC 12503

MJK CeDS DAC 12503

MJK CeDS DAC 12503

MJK CeDS DAC 12503

MJK CeDS DAC 12503

MJK CeDS DAC 12503

MJK CeDS DAC 12503

MJK CeDS DAC 12503

MJK CeDS DAC 12503

MJK CeDS DAC 12503

MJK CeDS DAC 12503

MJK CeDS DAC 12503

MJK CeDS DAC 12503

MJK CeDS DAC 12503

MJK CeDS DAC 12503

EXTERNAL REACTIONS EXAMPLE

A simply supported beam ABC

MJK CeDS DAC 12503

EXTERNAL REACTIONS EXAMPLE

MJK CeDS DAC 12503

EXTERNAL REACTIONS EXAMPLE