Module3

History of AI, Intelligent Systems, Foundations of Artificial Intelligence, Sub areas of

Al, Applications.

Introduction:
• Artificial Intelligence is concerned with the design of intelligence in an artificial
device. The term was coined by John McCarthy in 1956.
• Intelligence is the ability to acquire, understand and apply the knowledge to
achieve goals in the world.
• AI is the study of the mental faculties through the use of computational models
• AI is the study of intellectual/mental processes as computational processes.
• AI program will demonstrate a high level of intelligence to a degree that equals
or exceeds the intelligence required of a human in performing some task.
• AI is unique, sharing borders with Mathematics, Computer Science, Philosophy,
Psychology, Biology, Cognitive Science and many others.
• Although there is no clear definition of AI or even Intelligence, it can be described
as an attempt to build machines that like humans can think and act, able to learn
and use knowledge to solve problems on their own.

The definitions of AI:

• "The exciting new effort to make computers think . . . machines with minds, in the
full and literal sense" (Haugeland, 1985)
• "The automation of] activities that we associate with human thinking, activities
such as decision-making, problem solving, learning..."(Bellman, 1978)
• "The study of mental faculties through the use of computational models"
(Charniak and McDermott, 1985)
• "The study of the computations that make it possible to perceive, reason, and act"
(Winston, 1992)
• "The art of creating machines that perform functions that require intelligence
when performed by people" (Kurzweil, 1990)
• "The study of how to make computers do things at which, at the moment, people
are better" (Rich and Knight, 1 99 1 )
• "A field of study that seeks to explain and emulate intelligent behavior in terms
of computational processes" (Schalkoff, 1 990)
• "The branch of computer science that is concerned with the automation of
intelligent behavior" (Luger and Stubblefield, 1993)

History of AI:
Important research that laid the groundwork for AI:

➢ In 1931, Goedel layed the foundation of Theoretical Computer Science1920-30s:

He published the first universal formal language and showed that math itself is
either flawed or allows for unprovable but true statements.
➢ In 1956, John McCarthy coined the term "Artificial Intelligence" as the
topic of the Dartmouth Conference, the first conference devoted to the
subject.
➢ In 1957, The General Problem Solver (GPS) demonstrated by Newell, Shaw & Simon
➢ In 1958, John McCarthy (MIT) invented the Lisp language.
➢ In 1959, Arthur Samuel (IBM) wrote the first game-playing program, for checkers,
to achieve sufficient skill to challenge a world champion.
➢ In 1963, Ivan Sutherland's MIT dissertation on Sketchpad introduced the idea of
interactive graphics into computing.
➢ In 1966, Ross Quillian (PhD dissertation, Carnegie Inst. of Technology; now CMU)
demonstrated semantic nets
➢ In 1967, Dendral program (Edward Feigenbaum, Joshua Lederberg, Bruce
Buchanan, Georgia Sutherland at Stanford) demonstrated to interpret mass
spectra on organic chemical compounds. First successful knowledge-based
program for scientific reasoning.
➢ In 1967, Doug Engelbart invented the mouse at SRI
➢ In 1968, Marvin Minsky & Seymour Papert publish Perceptrons, demonstrating
limits of simple neural nets.
➢ In 1972, Prolog developed by Alain Colmerauer.
➢ In Mid 80’s, Neural Networks become widely used with the Backpropagation
algorithm (first described by Werbos in 1974).
➢ 1990, Major advances in all areas of AI, with significant demonstrations in machine
learning, intelligent tutoring, case-based reasoning, multi-agent planning,
scheduling, uncertain reasoning, data mining, natural language understanding and
translation, visio n, virtual reality, games, and other topics.
➢ In 1997, Deep Blue beats the World Chess Champion Kasparov
➢ In 2002, iRobot, founded by researchers at the MIT Artificial Intelligence Lab,
introduced Roomba, a vacuum cleaning robot. By 2006, two million had been sold.

Foundations of Artificial Intelligence:

➢ Philosophy
e.g., foundational issues (can a machine think?), issues of knowledge and believe,
mutual knowledge
➢ Psychology and Cognitive Science
e.g., problem solving skills
➢ Neuro-Science
e.g., brain architecture
➢ Computer Science And Engineering
e.g., complexity theory, algorithms, logic and inference, programming
languages, and system building.
➢ Mathematics and Physics
e.g., statistical modeling, continuous mathematics,
➢ Statistical Physics, and Complex Systems.

Sub Areas of AI:

1) Game Playing
Deep Blue Chess program beat world champion Gary Kasparov
2) Speech Recognition
PEGASUS spoken language interface to American Airlines' EAASY SABRE
reseration system, which allows users to obtain flight information and make
reservations over the telephone. The 1990s has seen significant advances in
 speech recognition so that limited systems are now successful.
3) Computer Vision
Face recognition programs in use by banks, government, etc. The ALVINN system
from CMU autonomously drove a van from Washington, D.C. to San Diego (all but 52
of 2,849 miles), averaging 63 mph day and night, and in all weather conditions.
Handwriting recognition, electronics and manufacturing inspection, photo
interpretation, baggage inspection, reverse engineering to automatically construct a
3D geometric model.
4) Expert Systems
Application-specific systems that rely on obtaining the knowledge of human
experts in an area and programming that knowledge into a system.
a. Diagnostic Systems : MYCIN system for diagnosing bacterial infections of the
blood and suggesting treatments. Intellipath pathology diagnosis system (AMA
approved). Pathfinder medical diagnosis system, which suggests tests and
makes diagnoses. Whirlpool customer assistance center.
b. System Configuration
DEC's XCON system for custom hardware configuration. Radiotherapy treatment
planning.
c. Financial Decision Making
Credit card companies, mortgage companies, banks, and the U.S. government
employ AI systems to detect fraud and expedite financial transactions. For
example, AMEX credit check.
d. Classification Systems
Put information into one of a fixed set of categories using several sources of
information. E.g., financial decision making systems. NASA developed a system for
classifying very faint areas in astronomical images into either stars or galaxies
with very high accuracy by learning from human experts' classifications.
5) Mathematical Theorem Proving
Use inference methods to prove new theorems.
6) Natural Language Understanding
AltaVista's translation of web pages. Translation of Catepillar Truck manuals into
20 languages.
7) Scheduling and Planning
Automatic scheduling for manufacturing. DARPA's DART system used in Desert
Storm and Desert Shield operations to plan logistics of people and supplies. American
Airlines rerouting contingency planner. European space agency planning and
scheduling of spacecraft assembly, integration and verification.
8) Artificial Neural Networks
9) Machine Learning

Application of AI:
AI algorithms have attracted close attention of researchers and have also been applied
successfully to solve problems in engineering. Nevertheless, for large and complex
problems, AI algorithms consume considerable computation time due to stochastic
feature of the search approaches
1) Business; financial strategies
2) Engineering: check design, offer suggestions to create new product, expert
systems for all engineering problems
 3) Manufacturing: assembly, inspection and maintenance
4) Medicine: monitoring, diagnosing
5) Education: in teaching
6) Fraud detection
7) Object identification
8) Information retrieval
9) Space shuttle scheduling

Intelligent Systems:

An intelligence system is an advanced computing system or machine that can

view, process, and react to the world around it.

Intelligence systems are found in many different industries, from retail to software
engineering to manufacturing. As the name implies, intelligence systems are designed to
reduce a portion of the manual workload and replace it with AI-generated capabilities.

Intelligence systems are sometimes recognized as part of the Internet of Things (IoT),
an interconnected web of wireless devices that receive and react to data on the internet.
As more devices are added to the Internet of Things regularly, the world of intelligent
systems continually expands.

Examples of Intelligent Systems

• Military Technology
• Smart Transportation
• Smart Security Devices
• Automated Manufacturing tools etc..

Characteristics of intelligence systems:

• They incorporate artificial intelligence or machine learning capabilities

• They are adaptable and flexible
• They are typically cloud-based (or moving towards cloud computing processes)
• They perform actionable outputs based on sensory inputs
• They introduce automation to previously manual roles or tasks

Benefits of an intelligent system

Aside from the fundamental technological upgrades, there are many advantages to
using or incorporating an intelligent system into your current workflow.

• More predictable outcomes

• Improved customer experiences
• Higher level of quality control
• Greater uptime during non-business or non-traditional hours
• More predictable data quality