INVERTER

INTRODUCTION
The category of converters, which converts dc power into ac power
popularly known as the inverters.
The application areas for the inverters includes the
Uninterrupted Power Supply the ac motor speed
controllers,etc.

• The inverters can be classified based on number of factors like:

1. the nature of output waveform (sine, square, quasi square, PWM etc),
2. the power devices being used (thyristor, transistor, MOSFETs, IGBTs),
3. the configuration being used (series, parallel, half bridge, full bridge).
 Single Phase VSI

•For 0<t<=T/2, T1 conducts

•For T/2<t<=T, T2 conducts

•For 0<t<=T/2, T1, T2 conducts

•For T/2<t<=T, T3, T4 conducts

Fourier Analysis of Output voltage
 3 phase Bridge Inverters

•Each SCR conducts for 180 degree of a cycle.

•T1, T4; T3, T6; T5, T2 are turned on with a time interval of 180 degree
• T1, T3, T5 conducts at an interval of 120 degree
3 phase 180 degree mode VSI
Equivalent circuit

•Each step has a duration

of 60 degree.

•At any instant of time,

three Switches are made
on.
Fourier Series of output voltages
3 phase 120 degree mode VSI

•Each SCR conducts for 120

degree of a cycle.

•T1, T4; T3, T6; T5, T2 are

turned on with a time interval
of 180 degree

•In the first row, T1 conducts

for 120 degree and for the next
60ᵒ neither T1 nor T4 conducts.

•T4 is turned on at 180ᵒ

• T1, T3, T5 conducts at an

interval of 120 degree
Equivalent circuit

•Each step has a duration

of 60 degree.

•At any instant of time,

two Switches are made on.
Fourier Series of output voltages
 PWM Inverters
Single Pulse Modulation
 Single pulse width modulation
There is one pulse per half-cycle, and its width is varied
 • The modulation index is:
Ar
M
Ac
• The rms output voltage is:

Vo  Vs


• Advantages:

• Less effect of noise

• synchronization between the transmitter & receiver
is not essential.
.
Disadvantages:

• In order to avoid any wave form distortion, the

bandwidth required for the PWM communications large as
compare to BW of PAM

• Average power transmitted can be as low as 50% of

maximum power

Application:

• voltage regulators.

• class D audio amplifiers ,which are highly effectively.

• The following fig, shows the harmonic reduction profile with

variation of the modulation index M
• The domain harmonic is the third and DF decreases significantly
at a low output voltage.
 Multiple pulse modulation
• The harmonic contents can be reduced by using several pulses in
each half cycle of output voltage. This type of modulation is also
known as uniform-pulse – width-modulation

• The number of pulses per half cycle is:

fc mf
p 
2 fo 2
Here, mf = modulation frequency ratio

• The rms output voltage is: p

Vo  V s

• The following waveform shows the harmonic reduction against
variation of the modulation index & P=5
 Sinusoidal pulse modulation

• Instead of maintaining the width of all pulses the same, the width
of each pulse is varied in proportion to amplitude of a sine wave

• This kind of modulation is known as SPWM.

p
 m 1/ 2
• The rms output voltage is:
Vo  V s (  )
m 1 
• The DF and LOH are reduced significantly, as shown below:
Realization of PWM in 1 phase Full Bridge
Inverter
 Current Source Inverter

• In CSI input current is constant but adjustable.

• The amplitude of output current from CSI is independent of the load.
• Magnitude and waveform of output voltage is dependent upon the nature of
load.
•CSI does not require any feedback diode, commutation circuit is simple
consisting of only capacitors.
 Basic Series Inverters (Self
Commutated Inverter)

• The series inverter uses a class A type commutation. The

commutating components L1, C1 are connected in series to form
an under damped tuned circuit.

• Since the SCRs turn off themselves this circuit is known as

commutated inverters .
Basic Series Inverters (Self Commutated
Inverter)

Fig. (a )Basic series configuration

Operation :
• At instant t0 SCR1 is turned on. Let the initial voltage capacitor
be “vc” with its left plate negative w .r. t. right plate and the
sinusoidal load current starts flowing.
 Fig (b) Mode 1 (t0 to t1)

• The capacitor C1 start charging in the opposite direction as

shown in fig B.The load current eventually comes to zero at
instant t1 and SCR1 comes out of conduction due to natural
commutation.
•The voltage on the capacitor C1 at instant t1 is greater than V
with its left plate positive w.r.t. its right plate.
• As there is no discharge path for the capacitor, this voltage will
be held constant up to instant t2 where SCR2 is triggered.
 Fig ( c ) Mode 2 (t1 to t2)

• At instant t2, SCR2 is turned on and the load voltage and current
both becomes negative.
• The capacitor now discharges resonantly through SCR2, R, L1,
as shown in fig (c)
• At instant t3 the discharge current goes to zero and SCR2 turned
off again due to natural commutation. The voltage on C1 is equal to
vc.
• Off time :During the time interval between t1 and t2 both the
SCRs are in the off state. Load voltage as well as load current are
zero. Therefore this interval is known as off time of the circuit.
Disadvantages:
• Limitation on the maximum operating frequency
• Distortion in the output wave form
• High rating of commutating components
• The peak amplitude and duration of output current
depends on the load parameters resulting in poor
regulation for the inverter.
• The power flow from the dc source is intermittent.
Therefore, the dc supply must have a large peak
current rating and the input current contains high
percentage of harmonics.
 Modified Series Inverter
The operation can be divided into two modes.
Mode 1
At the instant when SCR T2 is triggered, the voltage across the
capacitor will be slightly less than (E c + E dc)and the load voltage
and current will be closed to zero. Hence the voltage across the
capacitor minus the load voltage will appear across L2.Since L1 is
closely coupled to L2, the same voltage will appear across L1.
Mode 2:
The voltage across L1 will tend to increase the cathode potential
of SCR T1 more than its anode potential and therefore, SCR T1
will be reverse biased and turn-off. Thus, even if SCR T2 is
turned on before SCR T1 is switched off, it will not result into
short circuiting of the d.c. source. A similar operation will take
place if SCR T1 is triggered before SCR T2 is turned off.
Circuit diagram for Modified series inverter
Waveforms For improved Series Inverter
Circuit Diagram for Basic Parallel Inverter
 Basic Parallel Inverter
A parallel inverter is used to produce a square-wave from
a d.c. supply.
In this inverter, the commutating capacitor comes in
parallel with the load during the operation of the inverter.
Hence it is called as ‘parallel inverter’.
Operation
Mode 1:
This mode begins when T1 is fired and current flows
through the inductance L and the thyristor T1.
When SCR is turned on, a d.c. voltage E dc appears across
half the transformer primary, which means the total
primary voltage is 2 E dc, hence the capacitor is charged to
2 E dc.
 Mode 2:
• This mode begins when thyristor T2 is fired. When T2 is turned
on, the commutating capacitor applies voltage -2 Edc to appear
across T1, it will be turn off.
• SCR T2 will now be conducting and the voltage of 2 Edc will
appear across the transformer primary and commutating capacitor,
but with reverse polarity.

Mode 3:
•During mode 3, this SCR T1 is again turned on. Commutating
capacitor applies a voltage -2 E dc to appear across T2.
•when this reverse voltage is applied for sufficient time across T2,
it will be turned off. If trigger pulses are applied periodically to
alternate thyristors, an approximately rectangular voltage
waveform will be obtained at transformer output terminals.
Waveforms For Basic Parallel Inverter
Circuit Diagram Parallel Inverter With
Feedback Diodes
Parallel Inverter With Feedback Diodes

The circuit operation can be divided into

different operating modes.
• Thyristor T1 and T2 are the main load carrying
thyristors.

• Inductor L and capacitor C are the commutating

components. Diodes D1 and D2 are the feedback
diodes. Which permit the load reactive power to be
fed back to the d.c. supply.
Mode 1 :-

• During this mode, thyristor T1 is triggered at instant R.

Battery voltage forces the current to the primary section
through path Edc -C-A-T1-L- E dc . Terminal C is positive with
respect to A.

• The flux produced due to this current induces the voltage in

all sections of transformer winding. The load voltage is nearly
equal to Ede and is in such direction so as to force current into
the dot at terminal P. Due to autotransformer action, voltage
Edc is induced in CE section of primary winding.
 Mode 2:
• This mode begins with thyristor T2 switched on at instant S.
When T2 is turned on, capacitor C will immediately apply a
reverse voltage of 2 E dc across SCR T1 and turned off. When
SCR T1 is turned off, the capacitor will discharge through
SCR T2, inductor L, diode D1, and a portion of a transformer
primary winding BA.

• Thus, the energy stored in the capacitor will be fed back to

the load through the transformer coupling of windings BA
and PQ.

• The load current which earlier flowing through SCR T1, will
now flow through CB and diode D1 to negative input
terminal. This can happen only if diode D1 is forward biased
and capacitor discharge current is more than the load current.
• The current through inductance L will now flow through diode
D2, DE and SCR T2, and the trapped energy in inductor L will be
fed back to the load. D point is now connected to the negative
supply terminal, the load voltage polarity will be reversed.

• Also capacitor C will be charged in the opposite direction slightly

more than supply voltage. Thyristor T2 will stop conducting.
Energy is transferred from the capacitor and inductor to the load.

Mode 3 :
• This mode begins with when load current becomes zero, diode D2
will be blocked and SCR T2 will have to triggered again at instant
U to reverse the direction of the load current. When thyristor T2
starts conducting, the load voltage will again become equal to
Edc.
Waveforms For parallel Inverter with
Feedback Diode