SCIENCE 8

Learning Module 22 in Science 8

(CELL REPRODUCTION)

Student’s Name:
Grade & Section:

What is this module about?

Are you wondering how living things like multicellular and unicellular organisms multiply, how they
survive, and even adapt to a certain environment? Cell division plays a vital role in the life cycle of each living
thing: since the moment we were first conceived, we have been continually changing and growing. For our
bodies to grow and develop, they must produce new cells—and allow for the death of old cells. Cell division is
also an essential component of injury repair. If our cells couldn’t divide and create new cells, our bodies could
never produce new skin cells to heal road rash or grow a fingernail back. However, when cell division doesn’t
go well, dramatic results may occur. Without sufficient cellular oversight, repeated rounds of unregulated cell
division can lead to a minor condition like psoriasis or a life-threatening disease like cancer.

Lesson 1: Stages of Mitosis and Meiosis

Lesson 2: Significance of Meiosis
Lesson 3: Mendelian Genetics

What do you need to learn?

1. Compare mitosis and meiosis, and their roles in the cell-division cycle;
2. Explain the significance of meiosis in maintaining the chromosome number; and
3. Predict phenotypic expressions of traits following simple patterns of inheritance

PRE-TEST
Before we proceed with the lesson, let us first test your prior knowledge about the topic in this
module.

TRUE or FALSE. Directions: Write TRUE if the statement tells correct, and write FALSE if it is
wrong.

___________1. Rudolf Virchow states that ―cells come from pre-existing cells.‖
___________2. Eukaryotic cells don't have a nucleus and have free-floating genetic material instead.
___________3. Chromosome is the basic unit of life.
___________4. Cell is a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most
living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes.
___________5. DNA replication is the process by which a double-stranded DNA molecule is copied to
produce two identical DNA molecules.

Refer to the Answer Key on the last page of this module to check your answers.

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 Lesson 1: STAGES of MITOSIS and MEIOSIS
Mitosis helps in increasing the number of cells in a living organism thereby playing a significant
role in the growth of a living organism. Regeneration and replacement of worn-out and damaged tissues are
very important functions of mitosis in living organisms.
Meiosis is a process where a single cell divides twice to produce four cells containing half the
original amount of genetic information. These cells are our sex cells – sperms in males and eggs in females.
In meiosis, sexual cell division, one diploid (2n) meiocyte (a.k.a. germline cell) divides to produce four
haploids (n) daughter cells. These are further processed to become sex cells (gametes). Meio means "less," and
meiosis is "the act of making less."
Copy ONLY the important concepts and accomplish the activity on a separate paper.

LAS #22.1

Activity Title: MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS

Learning Target: The learner will be able to compare mitosis and meiosis and their roles in the cell-division
cycle.
Values/Graduate Attribute: The learner will become orderly and healthy in lifestyle and appreciate
the goodness of God’s loving creation.
References: https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/baby/divi_text.html
I. Concept Notes and Illustration

Mitosis Meiosis
Before splitting Mitosis results in a parent cell Before splitting Meiosis is a type of cell
dividing into two daughter division that is specific to
cells. The genetic information sexual reproduction.
within each of these daughter
cells is identical.

Interphase It is the period between cell Interphase I The activities within this cell
divisions. are the same as in the mitosis
During this time, dividing cell.
chromosomes replicate. The
chromosomes are loosely Dark-colored strands indicate
packed and are not visible with chromosomes from the father;
a microscope. light-colored strands indicate
Two pairs of centrioles lie just chromosomes from the mother.
outside the nucleus, next to
each other. A centriole is a
cylindrical structure within the
cell that plays a part in cell
reproduction.

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 Prophase Chromosomes begin to Prophase I The activities are the same as
condense, actually two in mitosis, except that in this
identical copies. Each copy is cell, the chromosomes attach to
called a chromatid. the membrane of the nucleus
A spindle begins to form from and then pair up with their
the centrioles. The centrioles corresponding chromosome.
begin to separate. While paired up, enzymes cut
The member of the nucleus sequences of DNA (genes)
fragments and disperses. from the chromosomes. The
sequences are exchanged
between the chromosomes;
thus, genes between the two are
also exchanged.

Metaphase The chromosomes line up on Metaphase I It is the same as in mitosis,

the metaphase plate which is except that the chromosome
an imaginary line that divides pairs line up on either side of
the cell in two. the metaphase plate.
The fibers begin to tug each
chromosome toward opposite
ends of the cell.

Anaphase The fibers pull the chromatids Anaphase I The chromosome pairs
toward the opposite ends of the separate, each half moving
cell. towards the opposite end of the
cell.
The chromosomes’ sister
chromatids do not separate as
they do in mitosis.

Telophase The chromatids, which are Telophase I As in mitosis, the

now chromosomes, arrive at chromosomes arrive at the
the opposite ends of the cell, opposite ends of the cell, and
and new nuclear membranes new nuclear membrane forms.
form. The figure shown is a male’s
Mitosis, which describes only sperm cell. With meiosis in a
the division of the nucleus, is female, most of the cytoplasm
now complete. will be concentrated in one of
the two emerging cells, which
will result in one large cell and
one small cell. The large cell
will go on to divide again and
the small cell will degenerate.

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 End of Cytokinesis End of Cytokinesis
The rest of the cells divides. It is identical to mitosis.
Cytokinesis or the division of
the cell’s cytoplasm is now
complete.

Mitosis and cytokinesis are Interphase II The chromosomes do not

complete. replicate during this phase, as
they do in interphase in mitosis
and interphase I in meiosis.

Prophase II As in prophase I, the

chromosomes condense,
spindles form, the centrioles
begin to separate and the
nuclear membrane fragments
and disperses.
Unlike prophase I, the
chromosomes do not attach to
the nuclear membrane to
exchange genetic information.

Metaphase II The chromosomes align along

with the metaphase plate.
Fibers from the centrioles
begin to pull on each one of the
chromosomes from both
directions.

Anaphase II The fibers pull the chromatids

apart and toward opposite ends
of the cells.

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 Telophase II The chromatids arrive at either
end of each cell and new
nuclear membranes form.
With meiosis in a female, there
is only one dividing cell at this
point. The cytoplasm of the cell
will be concentrated in one of
the two emerging cells. The
resulting large cell will become
an egg cell and the smaller cell
will degenerate.

End of cytokinesis The rest of the cell continues to

divide. Only when two distinct
cells form will cytokinesis, the
division of the cell’s
cytoplasm, be complete.
There are now four daughter
cells. Each cell has one set of
chromosomes, or one-half the
number of the initial cell.

II. Exercise
Directions: Using your reference book and the concepts and illustrations above, compare mitosis and meiosis
by providing the needed information to complete the given table.
POINT OF COMPARISON MITOSIS MEIOSIS
1. Number of Division
2. Chromosome Set (=n)
3. Purpose

4. Number of Daughter Cells Produced

5. Site

6. Other Distinguishing Features

Lesson 2: MEIOSIS

We know that your body produces more cells through mitosis. But where did your very first cell
come from? It is not from mitosis because a cell is needed for it to start. It is meiosis and fertilization are the
culprits for the first cell (pls consider revising). This lesson will tell us more about the topic.
Copy ONLY the important concepts and accomplish the activity on a separate paper.
LAS # 22.2
Activity Title: MEIOSIS
Learning Target: The learner will be able to explain the significance of meiosis in maintaining the
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 chromosome number.
Values/Graduate Attribute: The learner will become orderly and healthy in lifestyle and appreciate
the goodness of God’s loving creation.
References: Exploring Life Through Science 8, Phoenix Publishing, Pavico et.al. pg. 340 - 347
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k2DBsovDXxE

Read your reference book and watch the video from your flash drive or from this link:
(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k2DBsovDXxE) to know more about the significance of meiosis in
maintaining the chromosome’s number.

I. Concept Notes

Genetics and Inheritance

A. Balasubramanian, ... C.A. Reynolds, in Encyclopedia of Infant and Early Childhood Development, 2008

II. Exercise
A. Directions: Using a separate sheet of paper (or LAS),
draw a Venn Diagram to differentiate the meiosis in
males and in females.
MALE FEMALE
S S

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 B. Directions: Read and answer the following questions in not less than 2 sentences.
1. Why is meiosis important?

2. What is the role of meiosis in maintaining the number of chromosomes in a cell?

3. What are the effects of having a limited number of eggs in human females?

Lesson 3: MENDELIAN GENETICS

Have you ever wondered why we have different physical or facial features? Even the animals and
plants have this kind of differences, which is called ―variability.‖ How traits are passed from one generation to
the next—and sometimes skip generations—was first explained by an Austrian scientist named Gregor Mendel.
By experimenting with pea plant breeding, Mendel developed three principles of inheritance that described the
transmission of genetic traits, before anyone knew genes existed. Mendel's insight greatly expanded the
understanding of genetic inheritance and led to the development and further studies about genetics.

Copy ONLY the important concepts and accomplish the activity on a separate paper.
LAS # 22.3
Activity Title: MENDELIAN GENETICS
Learning Target: The learner will be able to predict phenotypic expressions of traits following simple
patterns of inheritance.
Values/Graduate Attribute: The learner will become orderly and healthy in lifestyle and appreciate
the goodness of God’s loving creation.
References: Exploring Life through Science 8, Phoenix Publishing, Pavico et.al. pg. 350 - 351

I. Concept Notes and Illustrations

Mendelian Postulates. Mendel’s observations and conclusions are summarized in the following principles, or
laws.
1. Law of Segregation
The Law of Segregation states that for any trait, each
parent’s pairing of genes (alleles) split, and one gene
passes from each parent to an offspring. Which
particular gene in a pair gets passed on is completely up
to chance.

2. Law of Dominance
Mendel's law of dominance states that in a
heterozygote, one trait will conceal the presence of
another trait for the same characteristic. Rather than
both alleles contributing to a phenotype,
the dominant allele will be expressed exclusively.

https://d20khd7ddkh5ls.cloudfront.net/genetics_
inheritance_dominant_cherry.jpg

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 3. Law of Independent Assortment
The Law of Independent Assortment states that different
pairs of alleles are passed onto the offspring
independently of each other. Therefore, inheritance of
genes at one location in a genome does not influence the
inheritance of genes at another location.

https://i.pinimg.com/originals/6b/2d/5c/6b2d5c
008b0765b884b67188209a57e8.jpg

Two types of breeding methods are used to determine how genes work and to analyze how certain traits are
inherited from grandparents and parents.

1. MONOHYBRID CROSS
- It is the hybrid of two individuals with homozygous
genotypes, which result in the opposite phenotype for a
certain genetic trait.
- It is responsible for the inheritance of one gene.
https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/PsfiMVAhsy3ndKKkO5u6ViP5
yqA=/768x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()
/monohybrid_cross-58d567715f9b5846830d0d91.jpg

2. DIHYBRID CROSS
- It shows all the possible offspring that can come from
two given parents.
- The cross is based off of Mendel's Law of
Independent Assortment which states that the
inheritance of one trait does not affect the inheritance
of another.
https://image.slidesharecdn.com/mendeliangeneticswbid2
-140420225348-phpapp01/95/mendelian-genetics-55-
638.jpg?cb=1398039343

Read your reference book and watch the video from your flash drive or from this link:
(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3f_eisNPpnc&list=PLybg94GvOJ9HH3IbmPRCfU4knUiBJPq1Z&index
=9) to know more about Mendelian Genetics and how to make a Punnet square.

II. Exercise
Directions: Use Punnett Square to answer the following problems:

1. Female rr (x) Male RR

2. Female Vv (x) Male VV
3. Female FF (x) Male Ff

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 POST-TEST
Let us test what you have learned after accomplishing this module. Read the directions and answer
the test below. Write only your answers on a separate sheet of paper.

Identification. Directions: Identify what is being asked in each of the following items. Write the answer on
the space provided.

_____________1.It shows us all the possible offspring that can come from two given parents.

_____________2.It states that in a heterozygote, one trait will conceal the presence of another trait for the same
characteristic.

_____________3.It states that different pairs of alleles are passed onto the offspring independently of each other.

____________4. He is the father of genetics because he contributed Hybridization using the pea plants and
developed the Law of Inheritance.

____________5. It is the stage where DNA replication occurs as chromosomes duplicate.

_____________6. In each of the two daughter cells, the chromosomes (pair of sister chromatids) line up end-to-
end along the equator of the cell.

_____________7. It is the stage where there are two daughter cells, each with 23 chromosomes (23 pairs of
chromatids).

_____________8. The pairs of chromosomes may then exchange bits of DNA in a process called recombination
or crossing over.

_____________9. It is a process of cell duplication, or reproduction, during which one cell gives rise to two
genetically identical daughter cells. It is also known as body cells or somatic cells.

_____________10. It is a process where a single cell divides twice to produce four cells containing half the
original amount of genetic information. These cells are our sex cells – sperm in males, and
eggs in females.

B. Punnett Square Construction.

1. Draw a Punnett square of an Ss x ss cross. The S allele are codes for long stems in pea plants and
the s allele are codes for short stems.

2. If S is dominant to s, what percentage of the offspring would you expect to have each phenotype?

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C. Constructed Response.
Directions: Read and answer the questions in not less than two (2) sentences.

1. Why do we need to study cell division?

2. What is the difference between cell division in our skin and the cell division in sexual reproduction?

Rubrics:
Criterion 5 4 3 2 1
Gives a clear Gives a clear Gives a clear The Fails to give a
answer/explanati answer/explanati answer/explanatio answer/explanati clear
Content on and shows on and it shows n, but there are on is somewhat answer/explanati
very neat work. neatness of work. erasures. clear. on but shows
effort.

My Learning Experience:
We want to hear your thoughts! Answer the following questions below. Write your answers on the same paper
where you have written your answers for the Post-Test.

1. What have you learned from this module?

2. Which activities did you find enjoyable and easy?
3. What difficulties did you encounter in accomplishing this module?

You are done with Module 22. Congratulations! You made it!
For clarifications, do not hesitate to consult your teacher.

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 Answer Key
Here are the answers to the pre-test. Please look at this part only after accomplishing the test. Honesty is
STILL the best policy. Please check your answers and determine how much knowledge you have attained.

5. TRUE
4. FALSE
3. FALSE
2. FALSE How many items did you get correctly? Let’s now continue with our
1. TRUE lessons to better understand the topics.
Pre-test

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