‭BLDC Motor‬

‭1.‬‭Introduction to BLDC Motor:‬

‭- BLDC motors are widely used in various applications due to their efficiency and reliability.‬
‭-‬‭They‬‭are‬‭commonly‬‭preferred‬‭in‬‭situations‬‭where‬‭long-term,‬‭maintenance-free‬‭operation‬‭is‬
‭essential, such as in industrial automation.‬

‭2‬‭.‬‭Types of BLDC Motors:‬

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‭Unipolar BLDC Motor:‬

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-‭ Suitable for applications where simplicity in control is crucial.‬
‭- Often used in low-cost consumer electronics and simple automation systems.‬
‭Bipolar BLDC Motor:‬

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-‭ ‬ ‭Provides‬ ‭finer‬ ‭control‬ ‭over‬ ‭the‬ ‭motor‬ ‭and‬ ‭is‬ ‭prevalent‬ ‭in‬ ‭applications‬ ‭requiring‬ ‭higher‬
‭performance.‬
‭- Commonly found in automotive systems, robotics, and advanced industrial machinery.‬

‭3‬‭.‬‭Operating Principle of BLDC Motor‬

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-‭ ‬ ‭The‬ ‭BLDC‬ ‭motor's‬ ‭operation‬ ‭is‬ ‭based‬‭on‬‭the‬‭Hall‬‭Effect,‬‭where‬‭sensors‬‭detect‬‭the‬‭rotor's‬
‭position.‬
‭- This information is used to switch the stator windings, creating a rotating magnetic field.‬

‭4.‬ ‭Comparison with Brushed DC Motor:‬

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-‭ BLDC motors have a longer lifespan since there are no brushes to wear out.‬
‭-‬‭They‬‭offer‬‭higher‬‭efficiency,‬‭making‬‭them‬‭suitable‬‭for‬‭battery-operated‬‭devices‬‭where‬‭power‬
‭consumption is critical.‬

‭5.‬ ‭Comparison with Induction Motor:‬

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-‭ BLDC motors are more efficient at low speeds and offer better speed control.‬
‭- Induction motors are generally more rugged and better suited for high-power applications.‬
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‭6‬‭. Applications of BLDC Motor:‬

-‭ ‬ ‭BLDC‬ ‭motors‬ ‭are‬ ‭extensively‬ ‭used‬ ‭in‬ ‭electric‬ ‭vehicles‬ ‭(EVs)‬ ‭for‬ ‭propulsion‬ ‭and‬‭in‬‭hybrid‬
‭vehicles.‬
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‭-‬‭They‬‭find‬‭applications‬‭in‬‭HVAC‬‭systems,‬‭consumer‬‭electronics‬‭like‬‭washing‬‭machines,‬‭and‬
‭precision tools.‬
 ‭Switched Reluctance Motor:‬
‭1. Introduction to Switched Reluctance Motor:‬
‭-‬‭Switched‬‭reluctance‬‭motors‬‭are‬‭gaining‬‭attention‬‭due‬‭to‬‭their‬‭simplicity‬‭and‬‭potential‬‭for‬‭high‬
‭efficiency.‬
‭-‬ ‭They‬ ‭are‬ ‭particularly‬ ‭suitable‬ ‭for‬ ‭applications‬ ‭where‬ ‭cost-effectiveness‬ ‭is‬ ‭a‬ ‭significant‬
‭concern.‬

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‭2.‬‭Working Principle:‬

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‭-‬‭The‬‭rotor‬‭tends‬‭to‬‭align‬‭itself‬‭with‬‭the‬‭minimum‬‭reluctance‬‭path,‬‭leading‬‭to‬‭a‬‭straightforward‬
‭yet effective design.‬
‭- This design allows for robust performance in harsh environments.‬

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‭Stepper Motor:‬
‭1. Construction of Stepper Motor:‬
‭-‬ ‭Hybrid‬ ‭stepper‬ ‭motors‬ ‭combine‬ ‭the‬ ‭advantages‬ ‭of‬ ‭both‬ ‭permanent‬ ‭magnet‬ ‭and‬ ‭variable‬
‭reluctance designs.‬
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‭-‬ ‭The‬ ‭toothed‬ ‭rotor‬ ‭and‬ ‭stator‬ ‭enhance‬ ‭the‬ ‭motor's‬ ‭precision‬ ‭and‬ ‭eliminate‬ ‭the‬ ‭need‬ ‭for‬ ‭a‬
‭position sensor.‬

‭2. Types of Stepper Motors:‬

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‭- Permanent Magnet Stepper Motors:‬
‭- Provides high torque at low speeds, making them suitable for applications like robotics.‬
‭- Hybrid Stepper Motors:‬
‭-‬ ‭Combines‬ ‭the‬ ‭benefits‬ ‭of‬‭variable‬‭reluctance‬‭and‬‭permanent‬‭magnet‬‭designs,‬‭offering‬‭a‬
‭balance between performance and cost.‬
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‭3. Principle and Characteristics:‬

-‭ ‬ ‭Stepper‬ ‭motors‬ ‭move‬ ‭in‬‭discrete‬‭steps,‬‭allowing‬‭for‬‭precise‬‭control‬‭without‬‭the‬‭need‬‭for‬‭a‬
‭closed-loop feedback system.‬
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‭-‬‭Their‬‭ability‬‭to‬‭hold‬‭a‬‭position‬‭without‬‭power‬‭makes‬‭them‬‭ideal‬‭for‬‭applications‬‭where‬‭power‬
‭consumption is a concern.‬
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‭4. Control Circuit:‬

‭-‬‭Stepper‬‭motors‬‭require‬‭a‬‭dedicated‬‭driver‬‭circuit‬‭capable‬‭of‬‭delivering‬‭the‬‭specific‬‭sequence‬
‭of current pulses to achieve controlled movement.‬
‭-‬ ‭Open-loop‬ ‭control‬ ‭systems‬ ‭are‬ ‭common,‬ ‭but‬ ‭closed-loop‬ ‭systems‬ ‭can‬ ‭further‬ ‭enhance‬
‭performance.‬
 ‭5. Applications of Stepper Motor‬
-‭ Stepper motors are extensively used in 3D printers for precise control of the print head.‬
‭- They find applications in CNC machines for accurate positioning of cutting tools.‬
‭-‬ ‭Robotics,‬ ‭where‬ ‭precise‬ ‭control‬ ‭of‬ ‭joint‬ ‭movements‬ ‭is‬ ‭crucial,‬ ‭is‬ ‭another‬ ‭common‬
‭application.‬

‭Servo Motor:‬

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‭1. Construction and Principle:‬
-‭ Servo motors consist of a DC motor, a position sensor (encoder), and a control circuit.‬
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‭- The feedback system continuously adjusts the motor's position to match the desired position.‬

‭2. Characteristics:‬
-‭ ‬ ‭Servo‬ ‭motors‬ ‭offer‬ ‭high‬ ‭torque‬ ‭and‬ ‭high‬ ‭precision,‬ ‭making‬ ‭them‬ ‭suitable‬ ‭for‬ ‭applications‬
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‭requiring accurate and controlled motion.‬
‭- They are capable of rapid acceleration and deceleration.‬

‭3. Applications:‬
-‭ ‬ ‭Servo‬ ‭motors‬ ‭are‬ ‭widely‬ ‭used‬ ‭in‬ ‭robotics,‬ ‭where‬ ‭precise‬ ‭control‬ ‭of‬ ‭joint‬ ‭movements‬ ‭is‬
‭essential.‬
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‭- CNC machines leverage the accuracy of servo motors for precise tool positioning.‬
‭-‬ ‭Automated‬ ‭manufacturing‬ ‭processes‬ ‭benefit‬ ‭from‬ ‭the‬ ‭speed‬‭and‬‭precision‬‭of‬‭servo‬‭motor‬
‭control.‬
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‭Single Phase Induction Motor:‬

‭1. Construction and Principle:‬
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-‭ ‬‭Single-phase‬‭induction‬‭motors‬‭are‬‭simpler‬‭in‬‭construction‬‭compared‬‭to‬‭three-phase‬‭motors,‬
‭making them cost-effective.‬
‭- They rely on the creation of a rotating magnetic field for motor operation.‬

‭2. Types:‬
‭- Split-phase Induction Motors:‬
 -‭ Commonly used in household appliances like fans and air conditioners.‬
‭- Capacitor-start Induction Motors:‬
‭- Suitable for applications requiring higher starting torque, such as compressors.‬

‭3. Characteristics:‬

‬
-‭ ‬‭Single-phase‬‭induction‬‭motors‬‭are‬‭less‬‭efficient‬‭than‬‭three-phase‬‭motors‬‭but‬‭are‬‭suitable‬‭for‬

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‭lower-power applications.‬
‭- They are widely used in scenarios where simplicity and cost-effectiveness are essential.‬

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‭Shaded pole induction motor:‬

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‭ s‬ ‭compared‬ ‭to‬ ‭other‬ ‭types‬‭of‬‭single-phase‬‭induction‬‭motor,‬‭this‬‭motor‬‭has‬‭a‬‭different‬

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‭construction‬ ‭and‬ ‭working‬ ‭principle.‬ ‭This‬ ‭type‬ ‭of‬ ‭motor‬ ‭does‬ ‭not‬ ‭require‬ ‭auxiliary‬
‭winding.‬
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‭ his‬‭motor‬‭has‬‭stator‬‭salient‬‭pole‬‭or‬‭projecting‬‭pole‬‭and‬‭the‬‭rotor‬‭is‬‭the‬‭same‬‭as‬‭squirrel‬
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‭cage‬ ‭induction‬ ‭motor.‬ ‭The‬ ‭stator‬ ‭poles‬ ‭are‬ ‭constructed‬ ‭specially‬ ‭to‬ ‭create‬ ‭a‬ ‭rotating‬
‭magnetic field.‬
 ‭ ‬‭pole‬‭of‬‭this‬‭motor‬‭is‬‭divided‬‭into‬‭two‬‭parts;‬‭shaded‬‭part‬‭and‬‭un-shaded‬‭part.‬‭It‬‭can‬‭be‬
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‭created by cutting pole into unequal distances.‬

‭ ‬ ‭copper‬ ‭ring‬‭is‬‭placed‬‭in‬‭the‬‭small‬‭part‬‭of‬‭the‬‭pole.‬‭This‬‭ring‬‭is‬‭a‬‭highly‬‭inductive‬‭ring‬
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‭and‬ ‭it‬ ‭is‬ ‭known‬ ‭as‬ ‭a‬ ‭shaded‬ ‭ring‬ ‭or‬ ‭shaded‬ ‭band.‬ ‭The‬ ‭part‬ ‭at‬ ‭which‬ ‭shaded‬ ‭ring‬ ‭is‬
‭paced is known as shaded part of the pole and the remaining part is an unshaded part.‬

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‭ hen‬ ‭an‬ ‭alternating‬ ‭supply‬ ‭passing‬ ‭through‬ ‭the‬ ‭stator‬ ‭winding,‬ ‭an‬ ‭alternating‬ ‭flux‬
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‭induced‬‭in‬‭the‬‭stator‬‭coil.‬‭Due‬‭to‬‭this‬‭flux,‬‭some‬‭amount‬‭of‬‭flux‬‭will‬‭link‬‭with‬‭shaded‬‭ring‬

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‭and current will flow through a shaded ring.‬

‭ ccording‬ ‭to‬ ‭Len’z‬ ‭law,‬ ‭the‬ ‭current‬ ‭passing‬‭through‬‭coil‬‭is‬‭opposite‬‭in‬‭nature,‬‭and‬‭flux‬

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‭produced due to this coil will oppose the main flux.‬

‭ he‬ ‭shaded‬ ‭ring‬ ‭is‬ ‭a‬ ‭highly‬ ‭inductive‬ ‭coil.‬ ‭So,‬ ‭it‬ ‭will‬ ‭oppose‬ ‭the‬ ‭main‬ ‭flux‬ ‭when‬ ‭both‬
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‭fluxes‬‭are‬‭in‬‭the‬‭same‬‭direction‬‭and‬‭it‬‭will‬‭increase‬‭the‬‭main‬‭flux‬‭when‬‭both‬‭fluxes‬‭are‬‭in‬
‭the opposite direction.‬
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‭ o,‬‭it‬‭will‬‭create‬‭a‬‭phase‬‭difference‬‭between‬‭the‬‭main‬‭flux‬‭(stator‬‭flux)‬‭and‬‭rotor‬‭flux.‬‭By‬
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‭this‬‭method,‬‭a‬‭phase‬‭difference‬‭is‬‭very‬‭less.‬‭Hence,‬‭the‬‭starting‬‭torque‬‭is‬‭very‬‭less.‬‭It‬‭is‬
‭used in applications like toy motor, fan, blower, record player, etc‬
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 ‭Universal Motor:‬

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1‭ . Working:‬
‭-‭A
‬ ‬ ‭universal‬ ‭motor‬ ‭works‬‭on‬‭either‬‭DC‬‭or‬‭single‬‭phase‬‭AC‬‭supply.‬‭When‬‭the‬‭universal‬
‭ otor‬‭is‬‭fed‬‭with‬‭a‬‭DC‬‭supply,‬‭it‬‭works‬‭as‬‭a‬‭DC‬‭series‬‭motor.‬‭When‬‭current‬‭flows‬‭in‬‭the‬
m
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‭field‬‭winding,‬‭it‬‭produces‬‭an‬‭electromagnetic‬‭field.‬‭The‬‭same‬‭current‬‭also‬‭flows‬‭from‬‭the‬
‭armature‬ ‭conductors.‬ ‭When‬ ‭a‬ ‭current‬ ‭carrying‬ ‭conductor‬ ‭is‬ ‭placed‬ ‭in‬ ‭an‬
‭electromagnetic‬ ‭field,‬ ‭it‬ ‭experiences‬ ‭a‬‭mechanical‬‭force.‬‭Due‬‭to‬‭this‬‭mechanical‬‭force,‬
‭or‬ ‭torque,‬ ‭the‬‭rotor‬‭starts‬‭to‬‭rotate.‬‭The‬‭direction‬‭of‬‭this‬‭force‬‭is‬‭given‬‭by‬‭Fleming's‬‭left‬
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‭hand rule‬
-‭ ‬ ‭Universal‬ ‭motors‬ ‭operate‬ ‭on‬ ‭both‬ ‭AC‬ ‭and‬ ‭DC‬ ‭power,‬ ‭making‬ ‭them‬ ‭versatile‬ ‭for‬ ‭various‬
‭applications.‬
‭-‬ ‭Their‬ ‭construction‬ ‭includes‬ ‭a‬ ‭wound‬ ‭rotor‬ ‭and‬ ‭laminated‬ ‭stator,‬ ‭allowing‬ ‭for‬ ‭high-speed‬
‭operation.‬
‭ onstruction‬‭of‬‭a‬‭universal‬‭motor‬‭is‬‭very‬‭similar‬‭to‬‭the‬‭construction‬‭of‬‭a‬‭DC‬‭machine‬‭.‬‭It‬
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‭consists‬‭of‬‭a‬‭stator‬‭on‬‭which‬‭field‬‭poles‬‭are‬‭mounted.‬‭Field‬‭coils‬‭are‬‭wound‬‭on‬‭the‬‭field‬
‭poles.‬
‭However,‬ ‭the‬ ‭whole‬ ‭magnetic‬ ‭path‬‭(stator‬‭field‬‭circuit‬‭and‬‭also‬‭armature)‬‭is‬‭laminated.‬
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‭Lamination‬‭is‬‭necessary‬‭to‬‭minimize‬‭the‬‭eddy‬‭currents‬‭which‬‭induce‬‭while‬‭operating‬‭on‬
‭AC.‬
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‭2. Applications:‬
-‭ ‬‭Commonly‬‭found‬‭in‬‭power‬‭tools‬‭like‬‭drills‬‭and‬‭grinders‬‭due‬‭to‬‭their‬‭ability‬‭to‬‭operate‬‭at‬‭high‬
‭speeds.‬
‭-‬ ‭Vacuum‬ ‭cleaners‬ ‭often‬ ‭use‬ ‭universal‬ ‭motors‬ ‭for‬ ‭their‬ ‭compact‬ ‭size‬ ‭and‬ ‭variable‬ ‭speed‬
‭capabilities.‬
 ‭Servo Motor‬ ‭DC Motor‬

‭ he‬ ‭servo‬ ‭motor‬ ‭mainly‬

T ‭ he‬ ‭DC‬ ‭motor‬ ‭is‬ ‭used‬ ‭for‬ ‭the‬
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‭provides‬ ‭precise‬ ‭position‬ ‭continuous‬ ‭rotational‬ ‭motion‬ ‭to‬

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‭control‬‭which‬‭can‬‭hold‬‭position‬ ‭drive‬ ‭the‬ ‭load‬ ‭connected‬ ‭to‬ ‭it‬‭that‬

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‭for long time.‬ ‭cannot hold at still position.‬

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‭ he‬ ‭servo‬ ‭motor‬ ‭does‬ ‭not‬ T
T ‭ he‬ ‭DC‬ ‭ otor‬
m ‭ oves‬
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‭move‬ ‭continuously.‬ ‭The‬ ‭continuously‬ ‭in‬ ‭rotational‬ ‭motion‬
‭motion‬ ‭of‬ ‭the‬ ‭servo‬ ‭motor‬ ‭is‬ ‭at 360 degrees‬
‭limited to 180 degrees.‬ IK
‭ he‬ ‭Servo‬ ‭motor‬ ‭can‬ ‭be‬ ‭a‬ D
T ‭ C‬‭motor‬‭can‬‭also‬‭be‬‭brushed‬‭DC‬
‭brushed‬ ‭servo‬ ‭motor‬ ‭or‬ ‭motor and brushless DC motor‬
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‭brushless servo motor‬

‭ he‬ ‭servo‬ ‭motor‬ ‭has‬ ‭multiple‬ T

T ‭ he‬ ‭DC‬ ‭motor‬ ‭has‬‭only‬ ‭2‬‭cables‬
‭cables‬ ‭for‬ ‭its‬ ‭working‬ ‭i.e.‬ ‭for‬ ‭its‬ ‭working‬ ‭i.e.‬ ‭power‬ ‭cable‬
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‭power‬ ‭cable,‬ ‭ground‬ ‭cable,‬ ‭and ground cable‬

‭and control cables.‬
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‭ he‬ ‭servo‬ ‭motor‬ ‭is‬ ‭used‬ ‭to‬

T ‭ he‬
T ‭DC‬ ‭motor‬ ‭rotates‬
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‭produce‬ ‭an‬ ‭accurate‬ ‭and‬ ‭continuously‬ ‭until‬ ‭it‬ ‭has‬ ‭a‬ ‭power‬
‭precise‬ ‭output‬ ‭in‬ ‭terms‬ ‭of‬ ‭supply‬ ‭connected‬ ‭to‬ ‭it.(no‬ ‭control‬
‭position‬‭(min.‬‭Angle‬‭of‬‭rotation‬ ‭in angle ro)‬
‭possible is 1°,2°,3°)‬
 ‭ he‬ ‭servo‬ ‭motor‬ ‭is‬ ‭controlled‬
T ‭ he‬ ‭DC‬ ‭motor‬‭does‬ ‭not‬‭have‬‭any‬
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‭by‬ ‭a‬ ‭controller‬ ‭which‬ ‭receives‬ ‭controller‬ ‭or‬ ‭position‬ ‭feedback‬
‭feedback‬ ‭from‬ ‭the‬ ‭position‬ ‭sensor.‬ ‭DC‬ ‭motor‬ ‭can‬ ‭be‬
‭feedback sensor‬ ‭controlled by a simple switch.‬

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‭ he‬‭servo‬ ‭motors‬‭can‬‭transfer‬ T
T ‭ he‬ ‭DC‬ ‭motors‬ ‭have‬ ‭a‬

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‭high‬ ‭speed‬ ‭low‬ ‭torque‬ ‭to‬ ‭low‬ ‭comparatively low torque output.‬
‭speed & high torque output‬

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I‭t‬‭can‬‭accelerate‬‭&‬‭retard‬‭at‬‭an‬ I‭t‬ ‭can‬ ‭accelerate‬ ‭at‬ ‭instant‬ ‭but‬
‭instant.‬ ‭requires time to retard / stop‬
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