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    CH 04

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    CH 04

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    3 views11 pages

    CH 04

    Uploaded by

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    You are on page 1of 11

    Chapter 4

    Descriptive
    Statistics

    By: Abdirizak Wali Abdulle


    3-1
    Measures of Central Tendency:
    Ungrouped Data
    • Measures of central tendency yield
    information about “particular places or
    locations in a group of numbers.”
    • Common Measures of Location
    – Mode
    – Median
    – Mean
    – Percentiles
    – Quartiles

    3-2
    Mode
    • The most frequently occurring value in a
    data set
    • Applicable to all levels of data
    measurement (nominal, ordinal, interval,
    and ratio)

    • Bimodal -- Data sets that have two modes


    • Multimodal -- Data sets that contain more
    than two modes

    3-3
    Mode -- Example
    • The mode is 44.
    • There are more 44s 35 41 44 45

    than any other value. 37 41 44 46

    37 43 44 46

    39 43 44 46

    40 43 44 46

    40 43 45 48

    3-4
    Median
    • Middle value in an ordered array of
    numbers.
    • Applicable for ordinal, interval, and ratio
    data
    • Not applicable for nominal data
    • Unaffected by extremely large and
    extremely small values.

    3-5
    Median: Computational Procedure
    • First Procedure
    – Arrange the observations in an ordered array.
    – If there is an odd number of terms, the median
    is the middle term of the ordered array.
    – If there is an even number of terms, the median
    is the average of the middle two terms.
    • Second Procedure
    – The median’s position in an ordered array is
    given by (n+1)/2.

    3-6
    Median: Example
    with an Odd Number of Terms
    Ordered Array
    3 4 5 7 8 9 11 14 15 16 16 17 19 19 20 21 22

    • There are 17 terms in the ordered array.


    • Position of median = (n+1)/2 = (17+1)/2 = 9
    • The median is the 9th term, 15.
    • If the 22 is replaced by 100, the median is
    15.
    • If the 3 is replaced by -103, the median is
    15.
    3-7
    Median: Example
    with an Even Number of Terms
    Ordered Array
    3 4 5 7 8 9 11 14 15 16 16 17 19 19 20 21

    • There are 16 terms in the ordered array.


    • Position of median = (n+1)/2 = (16+1)/2 = 8.5
    • The median is between the 8th and 9th terms,
    14.5.
    • If the 21 is replaced by 100, the median is
    14.5.
    • If the 3 is replaced by -88, the median is 14.5.
    3-8
    Arithmetic Mean
    • Commonly called ‘the mean’
    • is the average of a group of numbers
    • Applicable for interval and ratio data
    • Not applicable for nominal or ordinal data
    • Affected by each value in the data set,
    including extreme values
    • Computed by summing all values in the
    data set and dividing the sum by the number
    of values in the data set

    3-9
    Population Mean

    =
     X X + X + X +... + X
    = 1 2 3 N
    N N
    24 + 13 + 19 + 26 + 11
    =
    5
    93
    =
    5
    = 18. 6

    3-10
    Sample Mean

    X=
     X X + X + X +... + X
    = 1 2 3 n
    n n
    57 + 86 + 42 + 38 + 90 + 66
    =
    6
    379
    =
    6
    = 63.167

    3-11

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