Unit 5: Human Health, Nutrition, and Disease

5.1. What is food? Explain about food

 Food is any beneficial substance that is eaten, drunk, or otherwise taken into the body to sustain
life, provide energy, promote growth, etc.
 It is consumed to provide nutritional support for an organism.
 Food is usually of plant, animal, or fungal origin, and contains essential nutrients, such as
carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, or minerals.

The importance of food in living things

 Growth: Food is the source substances necessary for making new cells, tissues and organs.

 Energy: living things undergo different biological and chemical reaction in their bodies.

 These reactions in living things produce at the same time require energy.

 Food is the sources of energy that fuel all the biological activities. Running, jumping, moving,
growing, reproducing, and all other activities require energy.

 Replacement of damaged tissues: Food is required for making new cell and used to replace
damaged cells of the body.

 Protect from diseases: There are different types of diseases caused by the shortage of specific
groups of foods.
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 Our body requires these food groups to protect our body from deficiency diseases and to become
healthy.

5.2 Nutrition

 Nutrition is the process of taking in food and converting it into energy and other vital nutrients
required for life.

 Energy obtained from food is important for different activities of the body.
 The food we eat keeps us alive and provides the nourishment for growth, repairs of our body cells
and maintain good health

 5.3. Nutrients

 Nutrients: are important chemical substances that are found in foods.

 Nutrients are chemical substance found in food and used by the human body for growth, or to provide
energy.
 In human body, we need nutrients for growth, source of energy and stay healthy.
 We obtain these nutrients from the foods we eat.
 The five important classes of nutrients are: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids (Fats and oil),vitamins,
minerals and water.
 Macronutrients and Micronutrients
 The three nutrients, carbohydrate, protein and fats are required in large quantities.
 Such nutrients are called macronutrients.
 In contrast, minerals and vitamins are needed in very small quantities and are
called micronutrients.
 Vitamins and minerals do not supply energy but they play an important role in the
regulation of the metabolic activity in the body and help in the utilization of
proteins, fats and carbohydrates.
 Minerals are also used for the formation of body structure and skeleton.
Carbohydrates
 Carbohydrates are types of nutrients that provide energy for the human body.
 They are composed of three elements, carbon, oxygen and hydrogen.
 The human body gets carbohydrate from green plants.
 These green plants prepare carbohydrate in the form of starch by the process of
Photosynthesis.
 They combine carbon dioxide and water using energy from the sun in order to
produce carbohydrate.
 Such carbohydrates are the major sources of energy in our diet.
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 Starch is abundant in potatoes, bread, maize, rice and other cereals.
 Sugar appears in our diet mainly as sucrose (table sugar) and is added to drinks
and many prepared foods such as biscuits and cakes.
 Sugars also occur naturally in many fruits and some vegetables.
 One gram of carbohydrate can provide, on average, 16 kilojoules (kJ) of energy.
 An unavailable or indigestible carbohydrate provides dietary fiber that does not
serve as a source of energy.
 This indigestible part is a product of plant‟s cell walls that consists mainly of
cellulose.
 Human body does not have any enzymes for the digestion of this cellulose.
 Therefore, the plant cell walls reach the large intestine (colon) without being
digested.
 This undigested part of the diet is called fiber or roughage.
 The colon contains many bacteria that can digest some of the substances in the
plant cell walls to form fatty acids.
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 The fibre and the bacteria, which multiply from feeding on it, add bulk to the contents of the colon
and help it to recollect water.
 This softens the feces and reduces the time needed for the undigested residues to pass out of the
body.
 Both effects help to prevent constipation and keep the colon healthy and increase bowel movement.
 It is found in vegetables, fruits, and grains.
There are three types of carbohydrates
A. Monosaccharide: The simplest carbohydrate is simple sugar or monosaccharide which include
glucose, fructose and galactose.
 These three monosaccharide each have six carbon atoms, so they are also known as hexose sugars.
Their molecular formula is C6 H12O6 .
B. Disaccharide: Similar to other carbohydrates, disaccharides are comprised of hydrogen, carbon, and
oxygen.
 It is the combination of two simple sugars to form a complex sugar called disaccharide. These are
maltose (Glucose + Glucose), sucrose (Glucose + Fructose and lactose (Glucose + Galactose).
 The general chemical formula of disaccharides is C12H22O11.
C. Polysaccharide, which is formed when many simple sugar join together.
 They are substances whose molecules contain hundreds or thousands of monosaccharaides linked
together into long chains.
 Polysaccharides are found in plant cell as cellulose and starch. In addition it stored in animals as
glycogen. The general formula of polysaccharide is(C6 H10O5 )n
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The energy produced from the raw materials is usually measured in units known as
calories; one calorie is the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 g or
cubic centimeter (cc) of water in 1°C. The calorie units usually referred to in biology and
nutrition are kilogram-calories (Kcal); each is 1,000 gram-calories.
Fats and Oils
 Fats and oils are high-energy nutrients that provide 35 to 45% of caloric intake.
 One gram of lipid gives 37 kJ of energy.
 Like carbohydrates, fats and oils are composed of three elements, carbon, oxygen and
hydrogen.
 Fats are obtained from animal source and are solid at room temperature while oils are
from plant source and liquid at room temperature.
 The major sources of fat are meat, milk, cheese, butter and egg-yolk.
 We obtain oils from fruits, seeds (e.g. sunflower seed).
 In human body, lipid is used to make fatty tissue, adipose tissue, under the skin forms a
layer that can reduce heat losses from the body.
 Besides satisfying metabolic energy needs, dietary fat, also serve as a vehicle for the
absorption of the fat soluble vitamins (A, D, E and K).
Cont…
Proteins

 Proteins are nutrients, which provide growth of the body and build a new cell.
 It is made up of amino acid composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen.
 In all living things, the structural part of the cell is composed of protein.
 The major sources of dietary proteins from animals are meat, fish, eggs, milk and cheese.
 Plants such as beans, chickpea, soy beans and nuts are also important protein sources

Vitamins (Types)

 Vitamins are nutrients, which are essential in small quantities for human body.
 They are organic substances needed for chemical reactions of human cells.
 Plants can make these vitamins in their leaves, but animals as well as human have to obtain many of
them ready-made either from plants or from other animals.
 If any one of the vitamins is missing or deficient in the diet, the vitamin- deficiency disease may
develop.
 Examples of vitamins: are vitamin A, vitamin E, thiamine (vitamin B1) and riboflavin (vitamin B2),
and vitamin C.
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Minerals
 Minerals are inorganic substances, which are essential in small quantities for human body.
 The major minerals, which are necessary for human body, are Calcium, Iron, phosphorous and Iron.
A. Calcium is used to build teeth and bones, it make muscles to contract and help for the transmission
of nerve impulses.
 The important sources of calcium are milk, cheese etc.
B. Iron is a mineral which synthesizes the hemoglobin of red blood cells.
 Hemoglobin is a molecule, which carries oxygen in blood.
 The sources of iron in the diet are red meat, liver, kidney, eggs, groundnuts, Tikur teff etc.
C. Iodine is a mineral, which makes thyroid gland to work properly.
 The source iodine is iodized salt and seafood.
D. Phosphorus is a mineral required to build bones in animal as well as humans body.

Fiber: is the indigestible part of the vegetables and other plant material, prevent constipation and keep
the colon healthy.

Water

 Body fluids such as blood, lymph and tissue fluid are mainly composed of water.
 The transportation of digested food into the body cell and excretion of excess salt and urea out of the
body is possible because of water.
 Thus, water acts as a solvent and as a transport medium for substances throughout the body.
 5.4. Balanced diets
 Ethiopia has multicultural societies.
 These diverse societies have different types of cultural foods.
 All these foods are different in their preparation, flavor and ingredients.
 In addition, different people prefer different food types.
 Some may prefer to feed on vegetables; others may carbohydrate, animal
protein etc.
 Different food or diet may contain important composition of the above
important nutrients.
 In contrast, some diet may result in health problem because it may contain
high amount of fat or high amount of animal protein etc.
 The diet that contains all of the nutrients in the correct amount and
proportion is termed as a balanced diet.
 A balanced diet must contain enough proportion of carbohydrates and fats
to meet our energy requirement.
 It should also contain enough protein of the right kind to provide the amino
acids to make new cells and produce tissues growth.
 The diet must also contain vitamins and mineral salts, plant fiber and water
for normal functioning of the body.
 Therefore, a balanced diet gives us all the essential substances that we need
in the right quantities.
Cont…
Diet: the food that you eat

Balanced diet: the diet that contains all of the nutrients in the correct amount and proportion Deficiency
disease: disease occurs when a person does not have enough amount of one particular nutrient and
suffers health problems.

Balanced diet depends on age, sex, activities and lifestyles

 The feeding habit of people depends on where they live, their social issues, their age, their sex their
personal activity and physiological conditions etc.
 For example, a pregnant woman should eat more food for the development and growth of her baby.
 She should get more minerals like calcium for the development of bone and teeth of her baby.
 Children have a greater energy requirement than adults because they are still in the process of
growth.
 Young children also need more protein than adult does because they are constantly developing and
making new cells.
 Elderly people generally have lower energy and protein needs. However, they need to eat a balanced
diet in order to stay healthy.
 Naturally, female have a relatively higher fat content in their bodies than male.
 Fat in female body is stored in fat tissue, such as under the skin.
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 These fatty tissues have a lower metabolic rate than muscular tissue, so women
generally have a lower energy requirement than men.
 Therefore, men should eat relatively more energy food than women should. Some
jobs that involve physical activity require more energy than less active jobs.
 People who are usually work physical exercise such as athletes also require high
energy and high protein diets.
 The extra protein is required for muscle development.
5.5 Deficiency diseases
 Human body requires a balanced diet for normal functioning of the body.
 If food intake in human body is inadequate in carbohydrate, proteins, minerals or
vitamins, it causes deficiency diseases.
 A deficiency disease occurs when a person does not have enough amount of one
particular nutrient and suffers health problems as a result.
 Examples of deficiency diseases are Kwashiorkor, Marasmus, Anemia, Rickets and
Scurvy etc.
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Marasmus
 Marasmus is a deficiency disease caused by inadequate carbohydrate content in the human
body.
 Like kwashiorkor, the incidence of marasmus increases in children.
 The symptoms of marasmus are thin arm and leg, little muscle, old-looking face.
 Peoples with this disease are extremely thin with reduced fat and muscle tissue.
 Their skin is thin and hangs in folds.
 Treatment involves delivery of an energy rich, balanced diet.
Kwashiorkor
 Kwashiorkor is a deficiency disease caused by inadequate protein content in human body
especially in children.
 Some symptoms of kwashiorkor are dry or flaky skin, swelling of leg and abdomen, and
changes of the hair color, weakness and irritability.
 Protein deficiency can often be cured or prevented by an intake of protein
Cont…
• Diseases caused by deficiency of minerals and vitamins.
Anemia
 Anemia is a deficiency disease caused by the lack of iron.
 A human adult should take enough amount of iron, which is important for the normal functioning of
the body.
 A human body could not produce enough haemoglobin if the amount of iron in the blood is
insufficient.
 Less haemoglobin in the body results in less oxygen transportation.
 If the oxygen level of blood became less, it results in less respiration producing less energy.
 The symptom of anemia includes feeling weak, tired and irritable.
 It can treat or protect by using iron capsules and by consuming iron rich food.
Rickets
 Deficiency disease caused by the shortage of vitamin D is called Rickets.
 It results in deformed bones in the legs of children.
 Vitamin D is the only vitamin that the human body can make upon exposure of the skin to morning
and evening sunlight.
 In addition, oily fish, butter, milk, cheese and egg-yolk are some foods that provide vitamin D.
 Vitamin D help in the absorption of calcium and phosphorus through the gut wall, which is important
to build bone and teeth.
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Scurvy
 Scurvy is a deficiency disease caused by a lack of vitamin C (ascorbic acid).
 This deficiency disease occurs when fibres in the connective tissue of skin and blood vessels
do not form properly.
 This disease causes bleeding under the skin, particularly at the joints, bleeding gums and poor
healing of wounds.
 Vitamin C can‟t be stored in the body therefore, it is important to take it daily.
 The good sources of vitamin C are oranges, lemons, grapefruit, tomatoes, fresh green
vegetables.
5.6 Malnutrition
 Malnutrition is defined as the insufficient, excessive or imbalanced consumption of nutrients,
which leads to health problems.
 The causes of malnutrition can be poverty, famine due to drought or flood, soil erosion, wars,
too little land for too many people, ignorance of proper nutritional requirements.
 The dual burden of malnutrition consists of both under nutrition and overweight and obesity, as
well as diet-related non communicable diseases.
 Malnutrition causes tissue damage, growth retardation, disorderly differentiation, reduce
developing of children‟s brain including negative behavioural issues which can cause poor
intellectual capacity, class repetition, reduce productivity.
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Wasting (low weight-for-height) is defined as low weight-for-height.
 It often indicates recent and severe weight loss, although it can also persist for a long time.
 It usually occurs when a person has not had food of adequate quality and quantity and/or
they have had frequent or prolonged illnesses.
 Wasting in children is associated with a higher risk of death if not treated properly.
Stunting (low height-for-age), is defined as low height for age.
 It is the result of chronic or recurrent under nutrition, usually associated with poverty,
poor maternal health and nutrition, frequent illness and/or inappropriate feeding and care
in early life.
 Stunting prevents children from reaching their physical and cognitive potential.
Underweight (low weight-for-age) is defined as low weight-for-age.
Cont…
Micronutrient deficiencies are a lack of vitamins and minerals that are essential for body
functions such as producing enzymes, hormones and other substances needed for growth and
development.
 In contrast, when the diet contains too much fat it causes diseases like coronary heart
disease.
 If fatty substance builds up in the arteries, it reduces the diameter of these blood vessels
which results in blood clots and leads to heart attack.
Obesity: If you eat more food than you want, your body stores the extra food as fat.
 Then the stored fat results in obesity (overweight).
 People with overweight may use diet contains fattening foods, such as high fat foods and
foods with a lot of sugar.
In order to prevent malnutrition, it is better to
 Consume diverse and nutrient dense food,
 avoid junk foods and sugary foods,
 do regular physical exercise, etc.
Cont…
 Obesity is caused because of an imbalance between the energy store in human body
and the energy released.
 An increase in consumption of high-energy foods, without an equal increase in
physical activity leads to an unhealthy increase in weight.
 In other way, decreased levels of physical activity can also result in an energy
imbalance and lead to weight gain.
 People who are overweight and obese are at high risk to have health problems such as,
heart disease, high blood pressure, diabetes and arthritis (worn joints).
Obesity can be controlled by
 Eating less high energy foods (lower energy intake)
 Taking more exercise (increase energy output).
 Eating a balanced diet with a lower intake of energy
 5.7. Substance abuse
Drugs

 A drug is any substance taken into the body that change and affects chemical reactions in the
body.
 It can be taken legally to reduce a symptom such as a headache or to treat a different types of
infection, this is called medicinal drugs.
 There are also other drugs which could also be one taken illegally in order to provide stimulation
or induce sleep or create hallucinations (recreational drugs).
 Can drugs be found in our food? Drugs are present in many food products such as: tea, coffee,
energy drinks and alcoholic drinks.
 Though they have many useful medicinal properties their stimulant properties can produce
caffeine, a nasty condition that can readily addict.
What is substance abuse?
 Substance abuse is using legal or illegal drugs (substances) in the wrong way or in the excess
amount.
 Some of the drugs are medical drugs taken legally to reduce a symptom and pain of diseases
 These drugs designed to suppress pain, treat and cure diseases.
 In addition to medical substances, other legal substances are present in many products such as:
 tea, coffee and „energy drinks‟ (caffeine)
 tobacco(nicotine)
 alcoholic drinks (alcohol)
 Cont…
 Although these substances are legal, they can cause serious effects when taken excessively
or over long periods of time.
 Peoples are using drugs illegally to provide stimulation, induce sleep, or create
hallucinations (recreational drugs) example of such drugs are: alcohol, tobacco, Khat,
heroin etc.
 Peoples are also using alcohol, nicotine and caffeine for their pleasurable effects, to help
them relax or concentrate.
 Some of the commonly practiced drugs in our country include:
1. Cigarettes smoking
 Cigarette is made up of a plant called tobacco (Nicotiana tobacum) which originally
cultivated and used in Central America.
 People use cigarette in order to stimulate their body or because they are addicted to it.
 The chemical composition of cigarette leads to addiction and problem in human health.
 The main components of cigarette or tobacco are tar, carbon monoxide and Nicotine.
i. Tar
 Tar is the black sticky substance found in cigarette that collects in the lungs when the
smoke cools.
 The health effect of tar can be chronic bronchitis, lung cancer etc.
Cont…
Chronic bronchitis: When people smoke cigarette, the chemical substance called tar accumulates in the
bronchioles.
 Tar irritates the lining of the bronchioles and stimulates the production of excess mucus.
 The function of cilia in our lung is to remove dust, dirty and excess mucus from the lining of lungs.
 However, when cilia damaged by smoking, it will be difficult for cilia to remove the excess mucus and
dirt.
 This leads to the collection of dirt, bacteria and viruses that block the bronchioles.
 This stimulates smoker‟s to cough which is an effort to move the mucus, the bronchioles and bronchi
becomes thicker.
 This thickening of the bronchioles causes them to narrow and makes it difficult to breathe, this leads
to infections such as pneumonia.
 This damage and obstruction of the airways is chronic bronchitis.
 In addition, there are different chemical compounds in tar such as carcinogen (produce cancer)
compounds.
 Cancer starts because of the changes in the epithelial cells of the lungs that lead to the development of
a mass of cells, known as a tumor.
 It is this tumor which results in cancer.
.
Cont…
Emphysema
 Smokers usually have weakened alveoli wall because of the above action of tar that result in coughing.
 During coughing, some of the weakened alveoli burst.
 Then the amount of alveoli decrease as well as absorbing surface of the lungs is greatly reduced.
 Then the smoker cannot oxygenate his or her blood properly and the least exertion makes the person
breathless and exhausted.
 Bronchioles collapse during expiration, trapping air in the alveoli, which often burst.
 This condition is called emphysema.
ii. Carbon monoxide Carbon
 monoxide is a poisonous gas found in cigarette.
 During cigarette smoking, the carbon monoxide enters to lung.
 This carbon monoxide diffuses across the walls of the alveoli and diffuses into red blood cells where it
combines with haemoglobin to form the compound carboxy- haemoglobin.
 The carbon monoxide combines permanently with hemoglobin.
 Then no more oxygen is carried by hemoglobin that results in the reduction of the volume of oxygen in
blood.
 Therefore, less oxygen is supplied to the heart. In this case, the heart beat increases to get more oxygen.
 Carbon monoxide may also damage the lining of the blood vessels.
 In this case, smokers put the health of their cardiovascular system at risk.
 The damaging of the walls of arteries may lead to the build-up of fatty tissue and the reduction of blood
flow.
 This may result coronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke.
 These diseases are a major cause of death and disability in the world.
Cont…
i. Nicotine
 Nicotine is a compound found in cigarette.
 It is a stimulating and relaxing compound which has a molecular structure that allows it to
interact with our nervous system.
 In addition to its stimulating effect, nicotine is a compound which produce addiction.
 When people smoke cigarettes, nicotine from cigarette is absorbed through the alveoli to
enter the blood stream.
 Then it is able to go to the brain through blood circulation.
 In the brain, nicotine activates the release of dopamine.
 Dopamine is the natural neurotransmitter substance associated with our experience of
pleasure.
 Long-term exposure to nicotine eventually comes to have the reverse effect, actually
depressing the ability to experience pleasure.
 So more nicotine is needed to „satisfy‟, and cigarettes become addictive.
 Smokers find it increasingly hard to quit the habit.
 Nicotine also increases the heart rate and blood pressure.
 It narrows the arterioles, which increases blood pressure.
 It decreases the blood flow, particularly in the hands and feet, and it makes blood clotting
more likely.
 It also increases the stickiness of blood platelets that promote blood clotting.
Cont…
2. Drinking Alcohol
 Alcohol is a socially acceptable drug in many countries including Ethiopia.
 In Ethiopia, there are different types of alcohol drinks such as Tella, Arekie (Katicala),
Beer, Wine.
 When human body consumes alcohol, it is absorbed through the wall of the stomach and
small intestine and it is absorbed into the blood.
 Alcohol gets distributed through- out the body by the help of blood circulation.
 It is absorbed by liver cells and broken down by liver enzymes, There- fore its
concentration in the blood decreases gradually.
 To decreases the risk of alcohol-related harms, the World health organization identifies a
standard drink as having 10 grams of pure ethanol.
 It recommended no more than two drinks per day on average for both men and women.
 Alcohol is a depressant.
 It affects the brain by slowing down the transmission of nerve impulses.
 Consuming larger quantities of alcohol leads to:
 Loss of coordination,
 Loss of self-control.
 Loss of judgment and control of movements
 Slower reaction times(the interval between receiving a stimulus and making a
response)loss of judgment and slower reaction times.
Cont…
Alcohol drink and addiction
 Some people become dependent upon alcohol and they are referred to as alcoholics.
 They feel tense and irritable.
 It is hard to cope with everyday problems without drinking they develop a tolerance as
more enzymes that metabolize alcohol are made in the liver.
 They therefore need to take greater quantities of alcohol to get the same effect. Alcoholics
can cause their families pain and unhappiness.
 They can become aggressive after drinking and spend a lot of money on drink.
 There are also other social problems such as crime, family disputes, marital breakdown,
child neglect and abuse, absenteeism from work, vandalism, assault and violent crime
including murder.
 Long-term effects of alcohol drinking large quantities of alcohol over a number of years
can lead to stomach ulcers, heart disease and brain dam- age.
 In addition, large amount of alcohol damage the liver tissue and replaced by scar tissue
known as cirrhosis.
 This condition may leads to death unless the person stops drinking.
 Cont…
3. Heroin
 Heroin is a powerful depressant that slows down the nervous system.
 It has a chemical structure that is similar to endorphins, a group of chemicals
that are found in the brain.
 Endorphins are made naturally in the brain and provide relief when the body
experiences pain or stress.
 Endorphins work on the synapses in the brain and preventing neurons from
transmitting impulses from pain receptors, so they producing pain relief.
 When a person takes heroin, the heroin molecules bind to the endorphin receptor
sites, blocking nerve transmission.
 This mimics the function of natural endorphins.
 Therefore, by using heroin, the feeling of pain disappears and addiction
produced.
 People practice to take heroin to reduce the pain.
 This is how the body develops a tolerance to the drug, and it has to be taken in
ever-greater quantities in order to feel euphoria or just to reduce the pain.
Cont…
4. Cannabis
 Cannabis is the most commonly used illegal drug in the world. It is drug from Cannabis plant.
 Mostly it is the flower of cannabis plant, harvested, dried, and used as drug.
 Some people named this drugas weed, some call it pot, and others call it marijuana.
 This cannabis plant has been used as a drug for both recreational and traditional medicines for a
long period.
 This drug contains a stimulant or psychoactive component called Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC).
 Peoples used this cannabis by smoking, vaporizing, together to food and as extract.
 Cannabis causes: enjoyment, different states of mind and sense of time, difficulty concentrating,
reduced short-term memory and body action relaxation and it results in an increase in appetite.
 The effect of cannabis in human body last for two to six hours, based on the quantity of the drug
used.
 When cannabis is taken at high amount, it causes mental effects like: nervousness, panic, false
beliefs, hallucinations, suspicion, and psychosis.
5. Chewing khat
 Khat (Catha edulis) is bushy plant whose leaves are chewed for its stimulant effect.
 This plant is grown in southern Arabia and Eastern Africa including Ethiopia, Somalia, and
Kenya.
 Khat is usually supplied as a bundle of leaves and fresh shoots wrapped in false banana leaves.
Cont..
 Khat contains a chemical compound known as cathinone, which affects central nervous
system (CNS).
 This cathinone can be found only in fresh Khat leaves.
 Chewing khat releases Cathinone into the saliva that can be absorbed to the body easily.
 Only fresh leaves are chewed, because cathinone soon degrades into old in dry plant
material.
 Although khat can be ingested as an infusion or smoked, the most common route of
administration is to chew the fresh plant.
 The juice of the masticated material is swallowed, while the residues are spat out.
 In some places, teas from dried leaves are also consumed.
 Ethiopia is one of the country where large number of people with the habit of chewing chat.
 In the previous years, it was mainly cultivated in eastern part of the country.
 However, currently, it is grown and consumed in all parts of the country.
 This current increment in khat consumption brings socio-economic, psychological and
physical health consequence on the individuals involved.
 Chewing khat induce a state of joy and feelings of increased alertness and stimulation.
 At the end its consequence results in a depressed mood, irritability, loss of appetite, gastritis
and peptic ulcer, disease and difficulty sleeping.
 In addition, the habit of chewing khat leads to some social problems like family fragment,
multiple sexual practices and the spread of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) due to
unprotected sex.
 Early initiation of sexual activity was also reported among Khat chewers.
Cont…

6. Doping
 The term “doping” refers to the use of prohibited medications, drugs, or treatments in
competitive sports.
 It is practiced in athletes with the intention of improving athletic performance.
 Performance enhancing drugs (PEDs) is another term used to for drugs used by athletes to
improve their athletic performance.
 The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) uses a battery of blood and urine tests to
determine if athletes are cheating.
 A key tool is the biological passport program, which tests all athletes for doping and
performance enhancing drugs.
 Why is doping such a big deal? The most important reason doping is a big deal is the fact
that many of these substances can have harmful and long-lasting side effects which may
include :
Cardiovascular: irregular heart rhythm, elevated blood pressure, heart attack, sudden
death. Central Nervous System: insomnia, anxiousness, depression, aggressive behavior,
suicide, headache, addiction with withdrawal, psychosis, tremor, dizziness, stroke
Respiratory: nose bleeds, sinusitis
Cont…
Hormonal: infertility, gynecomastia (enlarged breasts), decreased testicular size, low sex drive,
acromegaly (coarse bones in face, hands, and feet), cancer.
 The second issue is more of a moral dilemma.
 These banned substances are used to gain an unfair advantage which significantly diminishes the
spirit of competition.
 The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), has a program which has a purpose, to protect the athletes‟
fundamental right to participate in doping-free sport and thus promote health, fairness and equality
for athletes worldwide.
 What substances are banned from use? Some drugs are banned both in and out of competition due to
their performance enhancing properties, while others are only banned during competition.
 Another reason for banning a drug is due to their ability to mask the presence of a different banned
drug during testing.
 In general, the following classes of drugs are banned: Street drugs, stimulants, anabolic steroids,
peptide hormones (i.e. human growth hormone [hGH]), alcohol and beta blockers (for archery and
rifle shooting only), diuretics, beta-2 agonists, anti-estrogens, blood doping, and gene manipulation.
Prohibited list: some drugs are listed on Prohibited list which is the document identifying the
substances and methods that are prohibited in competition, out of competition, and in particular sports.
The criteria for adding a substance to the prohibited list are:-
Must meet any 2 of the following 3 criteria:
 It has the potential to enhance or enhances sport performance;
 It represents an actual or potential health risk to the athlete;
 It violates the Spirit of Sport.
Cont…
 Substances & methods prohibited at all times: all prohibited substances in this class are
non-specified substances anabolic agents are prohibited, ptide hormones, growth factors,
related substances, and mimetics, growth factors and growth factor modulators, beta-2
agonists, hormone and metabolic modulators, diuretics And gene doping, masking
agents, blood doping, Substances & methods prohibited in competition: Stimulants,
narcotics, cannabinoids, glucocorticoids.
Prohibited in particular sports:- Beta-blockers For athletes who need a banned drug for
legitimate medical reasons, the anti-doping programs offer a way to request a therapeutic
use of exemption (TUE) so the athlete can use the drug.
 The athlete must have a physician complete a TUE form that states the athlete needs the
drug to treat their medical condition and that an alternative nonbanned drug is not
available or insufficiently treats their condition.
 The TUE is reviewed by a medical committee, which either allows the athlete to take the
drug or denies the athlete‟s request.
Cont…

Doping Consequences

1. Physical and Mental Health: - Physical health: depending on the substance, the dosage, and the
consumption frequency, doping products may have particularly negative side effects on health.
 Some damages to the body are irreversible and may lead the athlete‟s life to be in great danger.
 The following section will outline the possible health consequences and sports benefits to using
certain groups of doping substances.
Steroids: General side effects:
 Increased risk of liver disease
 Increased risk of cardiovascular disease
 High blood pressure
 Acne •
 Baldness

In Males: Shrinking testicles, sexual side effects (reduced sperm production, impotence, libido
disorders) Breast growth

In Females: Deepening of voice Excessive hair growth on face & body abnormal menstrual cycles
Enlarged clitoris
Cont…
Erythropoietin (EPO) Increased blood viscosity (thickness/stickiness)

 Pulmonary embolism
 Increased risk of heart attack and stroke
 General weakness
 High blood pressure

Human Growth Hormone

 Severe headaches
 Loss of vision
 High blood pressure and heart failure
 Diabetes and tumors
 Crippling arthritis
 Irreversible acromegaly
 Enlargement of the hands & feet
 Protruding forehead, brow, skull & jaw
 Heart enlargement
 Water retention
 Liver and thyroid damage
2. Psychological health
 Some doping substances may not be detrimental to the body but exercise an impact on mental health.
Cont…
 It has been scientifically evidenced that anxiety, obsessive disorders, or psychosis are direct
consequences of doping.
 Psychological dependence •
 Increased aggression
 Mood swings
3. Social consequences
 The existence of an athlete who was held guilty of doping may be completely disrupted.
 Indeed, doping may represent a danger to health, but it may also be prejudicial to fame,
respect, and creditworthiness.
 Even in the future negative findings are regularly questioned by the media and the
entourage.
 The poor image will remain in the collective unconscious and the athlete could remain
isolated.
4. Financial consequences:-
 As regards high-performance sports, an infringement of anti-doping rules often leads to a
loss of income, the reimbursement of prize money, and of sponsorship money.
 An athlete suspended for several years, or even life-banned, cannot earn his/her living as
usual and can be forced countries loss foreign treasures from athletes even banned
countries from any sport competition in the world.
5. Sporting consequences:- A doping violation may mean loss of results, rankings, medals,
and qualification places at events. It could also have an impact on members of a team causing
medals to be lost a day-to-day basis.
Cont…
6. Legal consequences:- Doping may have major legal consequences.
 A doped athlete may be suspended, i.e., he/she may not take part in a sports competition on or in organized
training sessions.
 Problems of using drugs Peoples start using substances because of different reasons.
 Some people taking substances for stimulation, some for recreational value, and others use it because of the
pressure from other people.
 Whatever the reason, the effect is almost similar among all the users.
 When substance users first start taking a substance, users may think they can control how much they use.
 However, when time passes, they may want more of the drug to get the same feeling or effect.
 Over time some people can reaches beyond abuse to addiction.
 Addiction can produce health, social, economic and cultural problems.
 Some of the problems that drug users faced are:
• » Eat more or less than normal
• » Change their friends a lot
• » Stop taking care of themselves
• » Sleep at unusual hours
• » Lack concern in things they used to love
• » Have problems at work or with family
• » Spend more time alone than they used to
• » Switch quickly from feeling good to bad
• » Financial problems – stealing, loss of job
• » Strong desire to use the substance
• » difficulty to keep a job,
Cont…
• family breakdown and homelessness, tendency to avoid friends and families,
• »Preferring the company of other addicts, and so they become isolated from the society How people
recover from drug addiction?
• Addictions are treatable.
• With the right plan and resources, recovery is possible.
• The following are important steps in recovering.
• Anyone who is addicted for any drug should admit to his friends, and to himself, that he has a
problem.
 Find support from others.
 Rewrite daily routine.
 Enjoy the small successes.
 Recognize and avoid relapse.
 Reach freedom, and stay there
 .
5.8 Infectious and noninfectious diseases
 Disease is a condition in which the body does not function normally, and which produces
symptoms such as: headache, increased body temperature, pain, distress or feeling weak.
 There are two types of diseases are called infectious and non-infectious diseases.
1. Infectious diseases
 Infectious diseases are diseases that are caused by disease causing organisms.
 These types of diseases can be transmitted from person to person such as HIV-AIDS,
tuberculosis, malaria etc.
 Disease causing organisms are organisms, which cause diseases. Examples of disease causing
organisms are bacteria, virus, protozoa, and fungi.
 There are different types of infectious diseases that caused by different disease causing
organisms.
 Their difference is based on:
 the type of host that they infect, some infect human, some infect only plant etc.
 their mode of transmission, some are transmit by insects, some by contaminated water/food
etc.
 type of disease causing organisms, some are caused by viruses, some by bacteria etc.
 the severity of the disease, such as the common cold, measles and influenza, only affect us for
a short period of time.
 Others, such as tuberculosis (TB), human immune deficiency virus (HIV) infection may last a
much longer time.
Cont…
Transmission of infectious diseases
 An understanding of the biology of the pathogen and its mode of transmission is essential to control
and prevent the disease.
 Different infectious diseases have different mode of transmission.
 Some infectious diseases are transmitted from one per- son to another by direct contact with a patient.
 Other infectious diseases are transmit by drinking contaminated water or by eating contaminated
food, (food or water contains disease-causing organisms like bacteria and virus).
 This is because the infectious organisms can survive in water, human food, faeces
 Some infectious diseases are transmitted by insect bite.
 Some infectious diseases are transmitted by sexual inter-course etc.
Preventing infections and control methods of infectious diseases
 Control is an attempt to break transmission cycles by removing the conditions that favour the spread
of the disease causing organisms.
1. Vaccination: is a major control measure for many infectious diseases; it works by making the body
to defend against disease causing organisms.
2. Personal hygiene; people of all ages should wash their hands after using the toilet and before
handling or eating food; this protects the entrance of disease causing organisms into our body.
3. Hygienic food preparation: food should be covered to keep flies away, kitchen surfaces should be
cleaned to kill bacteria, and food should be cooked exhaustively to make sure any bacteria are killed.
 Cont…
4. Boiling cooking and/or drinking water to kill the pathogen
5. Proper waste disposal: household waste should be put into covered bins and collected at regular intervals.
6. Sewage treatment: toilet waste is a serious health threat if it is not disposed properly.
 Water pipe should be arranged far from toilet drainage.
 For example, the disease causing organism that cause giardia and cholera are transmitted through contamination of
drinking water by faeces and sewage.
Human immune deficiency virus infection/ acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV- AIDS)
 Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
 HIV infection rates are especially high sub-Saharan Africa including Ethiopia.
 Peoples who have HIV in their body are called HIV-positive or HIV carriers.
 Usually, these HIV positive people do not show any symptom of the disease for several years after infection.
 Infection of HIV starts when the virus infects and enters to T-lymphocytes. These are cells that defend our body
from diseases.
 HIV replicates and survives in human T-lymphocyte cells.
 During its replication HIV, destroys these T-lymphocytes cells. As a result the number of T-lymphocytes gradually
decrease which leads to declining of disease resistant mechanism of the body.
 When the body reduced in its dis- ease resistant mechanism, it causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
(AIDS).
 AIDS is the result of opportunistic diseases like pneumonia, TB, cancers; weight loss, diarrhoea etc.
Transmission of HIV- AIDS HIV
 can be passed from one person to another by direct exchange of body fluids such as:
 Fluid transfer from one person to another during sexual intercourse
 Blood transfusion from one person to another, during blood donation
 Sharing needles in intravenous drug users
Cont…
 Mother to fetus across placenta, more often, through the mixing of blood during birth
 Mother to infant in breast milk
Prevention and control of HIV-AIDS
 There are no cure drug for HIV-AIDS and no vaccine for HIV, therefore it is very important to prevent this
disease by the following methods.
 All blood should be tested before transfusions in activity of blood donation
 Needles used by intravenous should be sterile and used only once.
 People should avoid multiple sexual activity •
 Using condoms, If condom is properly used, it can pre-vent the virus transmission from carrier to healthy
per-son •
 HIV-positive mother should be treated with appropriate retroviral drugs.
 These retro-viral drugs can also significantly increase the length of time between a person be-coming
infected with HIV and developing symptoms of AIDS and can significantly prolong life.

Tuberculosis (TB)

 Tuberculosis is another example of infectious disease caused by the bacterium called Mycobacterium
tuberculosis and rarely by Mycobacterium bovis.
 These bacteria live inside human cells, mainly in the lungs.
 TB has many symptoms like cough, chest pain, shortness of breath, fever, sweating, weight loss etc.
 After infection, some people develop TB quite quickly, while in others the bacteria remain inactive for
many years.
 This difference is because of the difference in disease resistance ability between peoples.
Cont…
TB transmission

TB bacteria can enter the lungs in airborne droplets.

 It spread when infected people with the active form of the illness cough or sneeze.
 The bacteria are carried in the air in tiny droplets of liquid.
 Transmission occurs when people who are uninfected inhale (breath in) the droplets.
 These happen rapidly in places where many people are living in crowded conditions such as very
crowded public transportation.
 The other transmission way is by consuming undercooked meat and unpasteurized milk.
 This type of transmission mainly occurs for the TB transmits from infected animals.
Prevention and control of TB
There are drugs and vaccines that are important to treat and prevent this disease
Treatment of TB:
 A person, who shows symptoms relating to TB, should his/her sputum sample tested for the presence
of TB bacteria.
 If a person is positive for TB, then patients should be isolated while they are in the most infectious
stage (which is at two to four weeks).
 The treatment involves using several drugs to ensure that all the bacteria are killed.
 The treatment also need about six to nine months.
 If the bacteria not killed by treatment, it may be because of drug resistance TB.
Cont…
Vaccine:
 The only vaccine available for TB is the BCG vaccine, which is derived from animal TB bacteria and
protects up to 70–80%of people who receive it.
 This vaccine is given during early child or infant stage.
 The effectiveness of the vaccine decreases with in old age.
 TB is relating to reduced immunity of the body, increasing standards of people who are living with
HIV and treating HIV infected people help to reduce the incidence of TB.
Avoid overcrowding:
 TB is a disease transmitted by inhales the bacteria when infected person cough and sneeze.
 Therefore, covering the mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing reduces the spread of TB bacteria,
and good ventilation is important to prevent this disease.
Avoid eating undercooked meat and avoid drinking unpasteurized or not boiled milk.
This is important to prevent TB transmission from animal to human.
Malaria
 Malaria is caused by protozoa known as plasmodium Protozoa.
 Malaria is found in many parts of the world where Anopheles mosquito species that can act as vectors
are found.
 It is very common in tropical and subtropical regions where humidity is high, a comfortable
environment for mosquito breeding.
 Female Anopheles mosquitoes feed on human blood to obtain the protein they need to develop their
eggs.
Cont…
 If the person they bite is infected with Plasmodium, they will take up some of the plasmodium together the blood
meal.
 When the mosquito feeds again another healthy person, she injects the plasmodium with her saliva.
 Then the parasites enter the red blood cells, where they multiply.
 The life cycle of Plasmodium.
 Plasmodium has two hosts which are human and mosquito.
 The reproduction of plasmodium taken place in both hosts, sexual reproduction in mosquito and asexual
preproduction in human .
Prevention and control of malaria
 There are three main ways to control malaria:
 Reducing the population of mosquitoes.
 This can be done by removing sources of water in which they can breed.
 Sometimes, it is possible to use Biological controls like fish which feeds on the larva of the mosquito.
 In addition using insecticide to kill mosquito is another way to reduce the number of mosquito.
 Avoiding mosquitoes bite:
 This can be done by sleeping under a mosquito net, or using insect repellant.
 Using anti-malarial drugs such as Artemisinin combination therapy ( ACT) or Quartem and chloroquine to treat
infected people.
 However, in many parts of the world Plasmodium has evolved resistance to some of these drugs.
 Chloroquine resistance for plasmodium falciparum is widespread in parts of South America, Africa; newer drugs
such as mefloquine are used in these areas.
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)
 Corona virus large family of viruses belongs to family coronaviridae which cause diseases in mammals and birds.
 This virus has extracellular covering structure called lipid envelop.
 The virus also has club shaped spikes proteins on the outer surface of the virus.
Cont…
 The viral envelope is made up of a lipid bilayer membrane (M), envelope (E) and spike
proteins(S).
 The E and M protein are the structural proteins that combined with the lipid bilayer to
shape the viral envelope and maintain its size.
 S proteins are needed for interaction with the host While SARS had occurred in 2003 in
China, MERS occurred in Middle East countries in 2012.
 COVID-19 virus (previously called novel coronavirus) is a new strain of a coronavirus that
first emerged in China in December1, 2019.
 The first case of pneumonia outbreak was reported in Wuhan, China.
 On 31 December 2019, the outbreak was traced to a novel strain of coronavirus that was
given the name SARS-COV-2 by the international committee on Taxonomy of Viruses.
 SARS-CoV-2 may have originated in an animal and changed (mutated) so it could cause
illness in humans.
 In March 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared COVID-19 as a
pandemic.
 The disease caused by SARS-COV-2 known as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
 Most people infected with the COVID-19 experience mild to moderate respiratory illness
and recover without requiring special treatment.
 Older people and those with underlying medical problems like cardiovascular disease,
diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, and cancer are more likely to develop serious illness.
Cont…
How does the coronavirus spread?

 The COVID-19 virus spreads primarily through the droplets and virus particles released into the air when an
infected person breathes, talks, laughs, sings coughs or sneezes.
 When many people are gathered and if there is poor ventilation, these droplets can be inhaled or land in the
mouth, nose or eyes of a person close.

 It can also spread, if a person touches a surface with the virus on it and then touches his or her mouth,
nose or eyes.

What are the symptoms of COVID-19

 COVID-19 symptoms can be very mild to severe.

 Even some people have no symptoms.
 The most common symptoms are fever, cough, and tiredness, shortness of breath, muscle aches,
chills, sore throat, headache, chest pain, and loss of taste or smell.
 This list is not all inclusive.
 These symptoms may appear two to fourteen days after exposure.
How is COVID-19 diagnosed?
 COVID-19 is diagnosed or tested by taking fluid sample from nose or mouth and testing it through a
laboratory test.
 Laboratory testing is important because some people with the coronavirus do not have symptoms at
all.
Cont…
Prevention and control of COVID-19
 There are many steps you can take to prevent yourselves from getting the COVID-19 virus and
spreading it to others.
 Follow important precautions or instructions:
 Keep at least 6 feet (2 meters) of distance between
 Yourself and people outside your household.
 Avoid crowds and indoor places that have poor ventilation.
 Wash your hands often with soap and water for at least 20 seconds, or use an alcohol based hand
sanitizer that contains at least 60% alcohol.
 Wear a mask in public places, especially when social distancing is difficult.
 Cover your mouth and nose with your elbow or a tissue when you cough or sneeze.
 Throw away the used tissue. Wash your hands right away.
 Avoid touching your eyes, nose and mouth
 Clean and disinfect surfaces you often touch on a daily basis.
Vaccine:
 Currently there are different type‟s vaccines produced by different countries.
 Examples of these vaccines are Astra Zeneca‟s AZD1222 BioNTech‟s BNT162 etc.
 Currently, large number of people in different country including Ethiopia receives these vaccines.
If you are suspect COVID-19 or if you are ill withCOVID-19 take the following precautions to avoid
spreading the COVID-19 virus:
Cont…
 stay home from school and public areas, except to get medical care.
 avoid public transportation, taxis and ride-sharing if possible.
 wear a face mask around other people.
 isolate yourself as much as possible from others in your home.
 use a separate bedroom and bathroom if possible.
 avoid sharing dishes, glasses, bedding and other household items.
5.8. 2 Non-infectious diseases
 These are disease caused by malnutrition, chemical effect, inherited or genetic factor etc.
 These diseases are not caused by disease causing organisms. Some of the non-infectious diseases that
you have learnt previously in this chapter are:
 diseases caused by malnutrition like Kwashiorkor, Scurvy, night blindness marasmus etc.,
 disease caused by cigarette smoke like lung cancer , Chronic bronchitis etc.
 In addition there are other examples of sickle cell anemia, cancer, allergies, diabetes, podoconiosis,
etc.
 Tobacco use, physical inactivity, the harmful use of alcohol and unhealthy diets are all increase the
risk of dying from noninfectious diseases.
 Unhealthy diets and a lack of physical activity may show up in people as raised blood pressure,
increased blood glucose, elevated blood lipids and obesity.
 These can lead to cardiovascular disease, the leading non infectious disease in terms of premature
deaths.
 Detection, screening and treatment of non-infectious diseases , as well as palliative care, are key
components of the response to noninfectious diseases.
 5.9 Renowned Nutritionists in Ethiopia

Nutritionists are researchers or scientists who study nutrition.

Activity 5.24: Home work /Individual assignment Using Internet and books as a
source of information write a paragraph on known nutritionists In Ethiopia.

THE END!!!!!