CE 401

Project Planning and Construc�on Management

Term Ques�on Solve

Part of Dr. Provat K. Saha

Solved by
Rahat Ibn Nabi (1804042)
 Topics Covered:

• Construc�on Project Phases, Ac�vi�es & Par�cipants

• Construc�on Project Contract Method
• Contract Documents
• Cost Es�ma�ng and Tendering
• Project Scheduling
• Construc�on Site Management
• Construc�on Equipment and Safety
• Project Inspec�on and Quality Control
 2020-21 (17 Batch)

5(a):
Major phases of the above-men�oned Ahsanullah Hall project are:
In a project like the construction of a new dormitory building on the grounds of Ahsanullah Hall
at BUET, various stakeholders can be involved in different phases of the project. Here's a list of
important stakeholders:

1. BUET Administration: BUET's administration will play a central role in initiating and
overseeing the entire project, including decision-making, approvals, and coordination.
2. Bangladesh Government: The government will provide the funding for the project from
its development budget. Government officials and agencies responsible for budget
allocation and approval will be involved.
3. Ahsanullah Hall Residents: The current residents of Ahsanullah Hall will be directly
affected by the project, as they will need to be relocated during the demolition and
construction phases. Their needs and concerns will be considered.
4. Architects and Designers: Architects and designers will be responsible for creating the
plans and designs for the new dormitory building. They will work closely with BUET to
ensure the new building meets the required standards and accommodates the specified
number of students.
5. Construction Contractors: Construction companies or contractors will be responsible
for executing the building project, including demolition, construction, and site
management.
6. BUET Faculty and Staff: BUET faculty and staff members may be involved in various
capacities, such as providing input on the building's design to ensure it meets the
educational needs of the students.
7. Local Residents and Communities: The local community may be affected by
construction activities and increased traffic. Their concerns, such as noise pollution and
traffic management, need to be addressed.
8. Environmental Agencies: Environmental agencies may be involved to ensure that the
construction project complies with environmental regulations and does not harm the local
ecosystem.
9. Student Organizations: Student organizations at BUET may represent the interests and
concerns of the student body throughout the project, especially with regard to the design
and facilities of the new dormitory.
10. Government Regulatory Bodies: Various government agencies and regulatory bodies
may need to provide approvals and permits for the construction project, ensuring it
adheres to safety and building codes.
11. Legal Advisors: Legal experts may be consulted to ensure that all legal aspects,
including contracts and agreements, are in order.
12. Alumni Association: BUET's alumni association may have an interest in the project and
may provide support or input.

These stakeholders play various roles throughout the project, from its conception and planning to
construction and operation, and their involvement is essential for its successful execution.
Effective communication and collaboration among these stakeholders are critical to ensure that
the project meets its objectives and is completed smoothly.
5(b):

The choice between the Design-Bid-Build (DBB) and Design-Build (DB) project delivery
methods depends on various factors, including project complexity, time constraints, budget
considerations, and the level of control the project owner (BUET, in this case) wishes to have
over the project. Let's evaluate both options for the Ahsanullah Hall Project:

1. Design-Bid-Build (DBB):
o Sequential Process: DBB is a traditional and sequential project delivery method.
It involves three distinct phases: design, bidding, and construction.
o Control and Oversight: In a DBB approach, BUET would have more direct
control and oversight over the design phase. They can meticulously review and
approve the design before it goes out for bids.
o Competitive Bidding: The project would be put out to competitive bidding,
allowing multiple contractors to submit proposals. This can potentially result in
lower construction costs due to competitive pricing.
o Risk Allocation: With DBB, the design and construction responsibilities are
separate. BUET would have clear accountability for design-related decisions.
o Detailed Design: BUET can ensure a highly detailed and specified design,
reducing potential changes during construction.
o Documentation: Thorough documentation is generated at each phase, providing a
clear record of decisions and changes.
o Suitability: DBB is often suitable for straightforward projects where BUET
wants strict control over design details and where there's ample time for design
review and competitive bidding.
Justification for DBB:

For the Ahsanullah Hall Project, a Design-Bid-Build approach may be suitable if BUET
prioritizes having full control over the design phase, ensuring a detailed and well-specified
design, and allowing for competitive bidding to potentially reduce construction costs. This
approach can work well if there are no pressing time constraints and BUET wants to maintain a
clear separation of responsibilities between design and construction.

2. Design-Build (DB):
o Integrated Approach: DB is a more integrated and collaborative approach where
a single entity (design-build contractor) is responsible for both the design and
construction phases.
o Faster Delivery: DB projects often have shorter delivery timelines because
design and construction can overlap. This can be advantageous if BUET wants the
dormitory ready for occupancy sooner.
o Single Point of Responsibility: The design-build contractor takes on more
responsibility for design and construction quality, which can simplify the project
management process for BUET.
o Potential Cost Certainty: DB can provide more cost certainty as the contractor is
involved in the design and can offer input on cost-effective solutions throughout
the process.
o Flexibility: DB allows for more flexibility in adapting to changes or unexpected
challenges during construction.
o Reduced Administrative Burden: There's less administrative burden on BUET
as they deal with a single entity rather than multiple contractors and designers.
o Less Design Control: BUET may have less direct control over design details and
may need to rely more on the expertise of the design-build contractor.

Justification for DB:

If BUET wants a faster project delivery, a more streamlined management process, and is willing
to cede some design control in exchange for these benefits, a Design-Build approach might be
preferable for the Ahsanullah Hall Project. It can also be beneficial if BUET prefers a single
point of contact and responsibility throughout the project.

Ultimately, the choice between DBB and DB will depend on BUET's priorities, project goals,
timeline, budget, and its willingness to manage the design and construction process. Both
approaches have their advantages, and BUET should carefully consider these factors when
making its decision.
5(c): Essen�al bid documents for open tender method are:

Open tendering, also known as competitive bidding, is a widely used procurement method in
various industries. It has its own set of advantages and disadvantages:

Advantages of Open Tender:

1. Competitive Pricing: Open tendering encourages competition among contractors,

suppliers, or service providers, leading to potentially lower prices for the project owner.
Bidders strive to offer the most competitive rates to win the contract.
2. Transparency: Open tendering is transparent, as it allows all interested parties to
participate, ensuring fairness and reducing the likelihood of favoritism or bias.
3. Equal Opportunity: It provides an equal opportunity for both large and small businesses
to bid on contracts, promoting a level playing field in the procurement process.
4. Wide Pool of Bidders: Open tendering attracts a broad range of bidders, including
experienced and reputable contractors as well as new entrants, increasing the chances of
finding the right match for the project.
5. Innovation: It encourages innovation and creativity, as bidders may propose different
solutions or technologies to meet project requirements.
6. Market Feedback: The bidding process provides valuable market feedback to project
owners, helping them understand market trends, costs, and available options.

Disadvantages of Open Tender:

 1. Time-Consuming: Open tendering can be time-consuming, as it involves extensive
paperwork, evaluation processes, and delays due to competitive bidding. This may not be
suitable for urgent projects.
2. High Administrative Burden: It places a significant administrative burden on the
project owner, requiring meticulous documentation, evaluation, and communication with
bidders.
3. Costly: The process of preparing and submitting bids can be costly for contractors and
suppliers, especially if they invest resources in preparing detailed proposals and do not
win the contract.
4. Potential for Unqualified Bidders: Open tendering can attract bidders who are not
qualified or experienced enough to execute the project successfully, leading to potential
project risks.
5. Lack of Relationship Building: Unlike other procurement methods like negotiated or
selective tendering, open tendering may not foster strong working relationships between
the project owner and the selected contractor, as the selection is purely based on price.
6. Risk of Underbidding: In the pursuit of winning the contract, some bidders may submit
unrealistically low bids, which can result in project delays, disputes, or inferior quality
work if they cannot fulfill their obligations.
7. Lack of Flexibility: The rigid nature of open tendering may not be suitable for complex
or innovative projects that require flexibility in selecting the contractor based on factors
beyond price.

In summary, open tendering offers transparency, competition, and potential cost savings, but it
can be time-consuming and administratively demanding. Project owners should carefully
consider their project's specific requirements and objectives when choosing this procurement
method and ensure that it aligns with their goals and constraints.
6(a):
WBS: “A deliverable-oriented hierarchical decomposi�on of the work to be
executed by the project team to accomplish the project objec�ves and create the
required deliverables”

WBS for Ahsanullah Hall Project:

6(b):
A site layout plan, also known as a site plan or site design plan, is a detailed architectural or
engineering drawing that provides an overview of how a particular piece of land or site will be
developed, organized, and utilized for a specific project. Site layout plans are commonly used in
construction, urban planning, landscaping, and various development projects.

Essential elements required to consider in a site layout plan:

1. Safety: Fire prevention, Medical services
2. Site Accessibility
3. Information Signs: Traffic regulatory signs, Emergency routes, safety signs
4. Security: Entrance. Fencing, Lighting
5. Accommodation
6. Offices
7. Water Supply and Sanitation
8. Material Handling
9. Storage and site cleaning
10. Craft Change-Houses
11. Batch plant and Fabrication Shops

Site Layout Plan for Ahsanullah Hall construction project:

6(c):

Here is a list of major construction equipment for the Ahsanullah Hall Project:

1. Excavators
2. Backhoe Loaders
3. Bulldozers
4. Wheel Loaders
5. Skid-Steer Loaders
6. Cranes
7. Concrete Mixers and Batching Plants
8. Dump Trucks
9. Concrete Pumps
10. Pavers
11. Compactors
12. Trenchers
13. Loaders and Haulers
14. Drilling Equipment
15. Demolition Equipment
16. Concrete Finishers
17. Scaffolding
18. Generators
19. Earthmoving Equipment
20. Surveying and Measurement Equipment
21. Safety Equipment
22. Temporary Site Facilities

A comprehensive safety plan for the Ahsanullah Hall Project should encompass various phases
of construction, including demolition, excavation, and the construction of sub- and super-
structures. Here's a brief safety plan outlining key safety aspects and measures for each phase:

Demolition Phase:

1. Equipment Inspection: Ensure that all demolition equipment, such as excavators and
hydraulic breakers, is regularly inspected for mechanical integrity and proper functioning.
2. Operator Training: Only qualified and trained operators should be allowed to operate
demolition equipment. Verify their certifications and provide ongoing safety training.
3. Site Evacuation: Establish designated evacuation routes and assembly areas for workers
in case of emergencies, such as building collapses or unexpected hazards.
4. Debris Management: Implement a clear plan for the removal and disposal of demolition
debris to prevent tripping hazards and ensure safe access to the site.

Excavation Phase:
 1. Utility Locating: Before excavation begins, conduct a thorough utility locating survey to
identify and mark the locations of underground utilities to prevent accidental damage.
2. Shoring and Trenching: If excavations involve trenches, implement proper shoring and
trenching methods to prevent cave-ins and protect workers inside the excavation.
3. Access Control: Restrict access to excavation areas and ensure that only authorized
personnel are allowed within the vicinity.
4. Slope Stability: Monitor and maintain slope stability to prevent landslides or collapses
during excavation work.

Construction of Sub- and Super-Structures:

1. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Enforce the use of appropriate PPE, including
hard hats, high-visibility vests, safety glasses, gloves, and steel-toed boots, for all
personnel on the construction site.
2. Fall Protection: Implement fall protection measures, such as guardrails, safety nets, and
personal fall arrest systems, for workers on elevated surfaces.
3. Equipment Safety: Regularly inspect and maintain construction equipment to ensure
safe operation. Conduct daily equipment checks before use.
4. Crane Safety: If cranes are used for lifting operations, ensure proper rigging, load
capacity compliance, and qualified crane operators. Establish safety zones around crane
operations.
5. Material Handling: Implement safe material handling practices, including proper
storage and stacking of construction materials to prevent accidents.
6. Fire Safety: Maintain fire extinguishers, hydrants, and emergency response plans.
Educate workers on fire safety protocols.
7. Emergency Response: Develop an emergency response plan, including first-aid stations
and procedures for reporting accidents and injuries. Ensure workers are trained in first aid
and CPR.
8. Safety Signage: Install clear and visible safety signs indicating hazards, safety
procedures, and emergency contact information.
9. Site Security: Control site access to prevent unauthorized entry and ensure that only
trained and authorized personnel are allowed on-site.
10. Regular Safety Meetings: Conduct regular safety meetings to review safety procedures,
address concerns, and reinforce safety awareness among all workers and contractors.
11. Environmental Compliance: Ensure compliance with environmental regulations,
including proper waste disposal and protection of nearby natural resources.
12. Documentation: Maintain detailed records of safety inspections, incident reports, and
safety training documentation.
13. Continuous Monitoring: Assign a safety officer or supervisor responsible for
continuous safety monitoring and enforcement throughout the project.

This safety plan is a starting point and should be customized based on the specific hazards and
requirements of the Ahsanullah Hall Project. Regular safety audits and reviews should be
conducted to ensure that safety measures are effective and consistently implemented. Safety
should always be a top priority on any construction site to protect the well-being of workers and
minimize accidents and incidents.
 January 2021 (Batch 16)

3(a):
3(b):
There are many factors to consider when selecting construction equipment,
including:

• The type of work to be done: The type of construction equipment needed

will vary depending on the type of work to be done. For example, a road
roller would be needed to compact soil, while an asphalt paver would be
needed to lay asphalt.
• The size and complexity of the project: The size and complexity of the
project will also affect the type of construction equipment needed. A large
project will likely require more specialized equipment than a small project.
• The budget available: The budget available will also be a factor in the
selection of construction equipment. More expensive equipment may be
more efficient, but it may not be necessary for all projects.
• The environmental conditions: The environmental conditions at the
construction site will also need to be considered. For example, if the project
is being done in a cold climate, the equipment will need to be able to
operate in cold weather.
• The availability of skilled operators: The availability of skilled operators is
another important factor. Some types of construction equipment require
specialized training to operate.
• The need for future use: The need for future use is also a factor to
consider. If the equipment is likely to be used for future projects, it may be
worth investing in more expensive equipment.

Here is a table that compares and contrasts the use of road rollers and asphalt
pavers:

Feature Road Roller Asphalt Paver

Purpose Compacts soil and other materials Lays asphalt
Size Typically small to medium-sized Typically large
Weight Typically light to medium-weight Typically heavy
Power Diesel or gasoline Diesel or electric
source
Attachments None or a variety of attachments, such as a A screed or a
screed or a vibrator spreader
Operation Manual or hydraulic Hydraulic
Use Used in a variety of construction Used primarily in
applications, such as road construction, road construction
foundation work, and landscaping

Road rollers are typically used to compact soil and other materials, such as gravel
and sand. They are also used to level surfaces. Asphalt pavers are used to lay
asphalt. They are typically used in road construction, but they can also be used for
other purposes, such as laying asphalt driveways.

The best type of construction equipment for a particular project will depend on
the specific requirements of the job.
4(a)
4(b):
As a project manager, the major tasks to be undertaken in a lake development project include:

• Define the project goals and objectives: This will involve understanding the needs of
the stakeholders and determining what the lake development project is intended to
achieve.
• Develop a project plan: This will involve creating a timeline, budget, and scope of work
for the project.
• Manage the project team: This will involve appointing team members, assigning tasks,
and providing regular feedback.
• Oversee the project budget: This will involve tracking expenses and ensuring that the
project stays on budget.
• Communicate with stakeholders: This will involve keeping stakeholders informed of
the project's progress and any changes to the plan.
• Resolve problems and issues: This will involve identifying and addressing any
challenges that arise during the project.
• Complete the project on time and within budget: This will involve ensuring that all
tasks are completed and that the project meets the agreed-upon goals and objectives.

Work Breakdown Structure for the lake development project:

6(b):
The statement "Quality control ensures that the work proceeds in accordance with the
specifications, and inspection is the tool through which quality control is exercised" underscores
the importance of quality control in construction and manufacturing processes. Quality control
involves systematic measures to monitor, evaluate, and ensure that work or products meet
predefined specifications and standards. Inspection plays a crucial role in quality control by
serving as the primary tool for assessing whether the work or product conforms to these
specifications.

Here's an explanation of personal protective equipment (PPE) for different parts of the body:

1. Eye Protection:
o PPE: Safety Glasses or Goggles
o Purpose: Protects the eyes from dust, debris, flying objects, chemicals, and other
potential eye hazards in the work environment.
2. Head Protection:
o PPE: Hard Hat (Helmet)
 o Purpose: Guards the head against falling objects, impact from above, or head
injuries caused by bumps, collisions, or overhead hazards.
3. Face Protection:
o PPE: Face Shield
o Purpose: Shields the face from splashes, chemical exposures, and flying debris.
Often used in conjunction with safety glasses or goggles.
4. Hand Protection:
o PPE: Safety Gloves (e.g., leather, latex, nitrile, cut-resistant)
o Purpose: Protects the hands from cuts, abrasions, chemical exposure, burns, and
other hand-related hazards.
5. Foot Protection:
o PPE: Steel-Toed Safety Boots or Shoes
o Purpose: Provides impact and compression protection for the feet, guards against
punctures, and offers traction and slip resistance.
6. Body Protection:
o PPE: Depending on the specific work environment and hazards, body protection
may include coveralls, aprons, lab coats, or full-body suits.
o Purpose: Shields the body from chemical splashes, exposure to harmful
substances, contaminants, or abrasive materials.
7. Hearing Protection:
o PPE: Earplugs or Earmuffs
o Purpose: Reduces the risk of hearing damage caused by exposure to loud noises,
machinery, or other sources of high decibel levels.

In a workplace, the selection and use of appropriate PPE for different parts of the body depend
on the nature of the job, specific hazards present, and relevant safety regulations. Employers are
responsible for assessing workplace hazards, providing suitable PPE, and ensuring that
employees are trained in its proper use and maintenance. The goal is to safeguard workers from
injuries or health risks associated with their work tasks while maintaining compliance with safety
standards.
 2018-19 (Batch 15)

3(a):
Project Plan has 5 key characteristics:
1. Scope
2. Resources
3. Time
4. Quality
5. Risk
Example of a good project plan:

Example of a bad project plan:

Salvage a bad project plan is a difficult task, but it is possible. Here are some tips on how to do
it:

1. Identify the problems with the plan. The first step is to identify the problems with the
plan. This includes things like unrealistic timelines, insufficient budgets, and unclear
goals.
2. Talk to the stakeholders. Once you have identified the problems, you need to talk to the
stakeholders. This includes the project manager, team members, customers, and
suppliers. The goal of these conversations is to get everyone on the same page and to
agree on a way to move forward.
3. Redefine the scope of the project. If the project is too ambitious, you may need to
redefine the scope. This means narrowing down the scope of the project and focusing on
the most important tasks.
4. Renegotiate the timeline and budget. If the timeline or budget is unrealistic, you may
need to renegotiate with the stakeholders. This means agreeing on a new timeline and
budget that is more realistic.
5. Reassign tasks. If there are not enough resources to complete the project, you may need
to reassign tasks to different people. This means making sure that everyone is working on
the tasks that they are best suited for.
6. Get help from experts. If you are struggling to salvage the project, you may need to get
help from experts. This could include project managers, consultants, or lawyers.
7. Be flexible and willing to adapt. The most important thing is to be flexible and willing
to adapt. Things don't always go according to plan, so you need to be prepared to make
changes as needed.
3(b):
3(c):
 2017-18 (Batch 14)

3(a):
3(b):
3(c):

Excavators and cranes are both heavy machinery used in construction and other industries, but
they have different strengths and weaknesses.

• Excavators are typically used for digging and moving earth. They have a long arm with
a bucket or other attachment that can be used to scoop up dirt, sand, or other materials.
Excavators can also be used to lift and move objects, but they are not as good at this as
cranes.
• Cranes are typically used for lifting and moving heavy objects. They have a long boom
that can be extended to reach high places. Cranes can also be used to move objects
horizontally, but they are not as good at digging as excavators.

Here is a table that summarizes the key differences between excavators and cranes:

Feature Excavator Crane

Primary use Digging and moving earth Lifting and moving heavy objects

Strengths Good at digging, can move objects Good at lifting heavy objects, can
reach high places

Weaknesses Not as good at lifting heavy objects, Not as good at digging

cannot reach high places

In general, excavators are better suited for tasks that involve digging, while cranes are better
suited for tasks that involve lifting heavy objects. However, there are some cases where either
machine can be used. For example, an excavator can be used to lift a heavy object if it is close
to the ground, and a crane can be used to dig if it has a special attachment.
Here are some specific examples of how excavators and cranes are used:

• Excavators are used to dig foundations for buildings, excavate trenches for utilities, and
move dirt and rocks.
• Cranes are used to lift and move heavy machinery, such as excavators and bulldozers,
and to construct tall buildings.
• Excavators are also used in forestry to clear trees and in mining to extract ore.
• Cranes are used in ports to load and unload ships, and in construction to lift materials to
high places.

The best machine for a particular task will depend on the specific requirements of the job.
4(a):
4(b):
4(c):
 2016-17 (Batch 13)

7(a):
7(b):
7(c):

7(d):

Problems encountered in Construc�on Industry:

7(e):
i) Use of Excavator:
•Digging of trenches, holes, foundations
•Material handling
•Brush cutting with hydraulic attachments
•Forestry work
•Demolition
•General grading/landscaping
•Heavy lift, e.g. lifting and placing of pipes
•Mining, especially, but not only open-pit mining
•River dredging
•Driving piles, in conjunction with a pile driver

ii) Use of Crane:

• A crane is a type of machine that can be used both to lift and lower materials and
to move them horizontally
• It is mainly used for lifting heavy things and transporting them to other places
• It uses one or more simple machines to create mechanical advantage and thus
move loads beyond the normal capability of a man
• Cranes are commonly employed in the transportindustry for the loading and
unloading of freight, in theconstruction industry for the movement of materials
andin the manufacturing industry for the assembling of heavyequipment.

iii) Use of Concrete Mixer Truck

• Special concrete transport trucks (in transit mixers) are made to transport and
mix concrete up to the construction site
• They can be charged with dry materials and water, with the mixing occurring
during transport With this process, the material has already been mixing
• The concrete mixing transport truck maintains the material's liquid state through
agitation, or turning of the drum, until delivery

iv) Use of Road Roller

A road roller (some�mes called a roller compactor, or just roller) is a compactor
type engineering vehicle used to compact soil, gravel, concrete, or asphalt in the
construc�on of roads and founda�ons. Road rollers use the weight of the vehicle
to compress the surface being rolled (sta�c) or use mechanical advantage
(vibra�ng).
8(a): 10 Construction Safety Rules:
1. Always wear PPE
All workers and visitors in the construc�on site should wear the required PPE to reduce
exposure to various hazards on the worksite. Common PPEs include goggles, helmets, gloves,
ear muffs or plugs, boots, and high visibility vests and suits.
2. Be mindful and follow signs
Safety signs allow management to warn and raise health and safety awareness for employees
and visitors. Appropriately place them around the site where necessary. Workers should be
familiar with the construc�on site safety �ps and different signs: prohibi�on signs, mandatory
signs, warning signs, safe condi�on signs, and fire figh�ng equipment signs.
3. Provide clear instructions
A site induc�on or contractor induc�on should be present on site. This will enable new workers
to be familiar with site opera�ons. Toolbox talks are also an effec�ve way of relaying health and
safety instruc�ons to the workforce. It is conducted before commencing work on either a daily
or more frequent basis.
4. Keep site tidy
Ensure that debris, dust, loose nails, and stagnant water are not just lying around the site. The
construc�on site must be cleaned daily and remain cluter-free to prevent slips and trips.
5. Organize and store tools properly
Ensure that no tools are lying around, and leave lights and power tools unplugged. Following
construc�on site rules will help prevent tools from ge�ng damaged or even causing injury to
workers. Organizing them in their righ�ul place will also allow for easy naviga�on.
6. Use the right equipment for the right task
O�en, accidents occur due to the misuse of a tool or equipment. Avoid using makeshi� tools.
Instead, use the correct tool to get the job done quicker and safer.
7. Have an emergency response plan
An emergency response plan directs the workforce on what to do when emergencies like
natural disasters, fire, hazardous material spills, or other types of incidents occur. Have a
dedicated team responsible for managing emergency crises, answering ques�ons, and
repor�ng poten�al hazards, quality issues, or near misses.
8. Set up safeguards
One of the ways to ensure safety on site is placing engineering controls such as barriers, fences,
and safeguards. These will help isolate people from hazardous areas with high-voltage
electricity or chemicals with toxic fumes.
9. Do pre-checks on tools and equipment
Before commencing work, ensure that tools and equipment to be used are free of defect or
damage.
10. Report issues immediately
Train workers to report defects and near misses on site as soon as they no�ce them. Problems
can only be solved when they are made aware to management. The sooner issues get reported,
the fewer chances of them worsening and causing accidents or further damage.

8(b):
8(c):

8(d):
8(e):