Deformation

• Deformation of a body results in development of stresses inside the

body
• Stress is related to deformation (for solids) and deformation rate (for
fluids)
• Forces due to developed stress appear in equations of motion for the
body

Continuum Mechanics, APL701 1

Deformation
• Deformation gradient tensor
• Deformation measures
• Right and left Cauchy Green tensors
• Green-Lagrange and Cauchy-Euler strain tensors
• Deformation of line, surface and volume elements
• Classification
• Homogeneous and Non-homogeneous
• Plane strain
• Small/Infinitesimal deformation limit – Linear elasticity theory
• Principal values and directions, Polar decomposition theorem

Continuum Mechanics, APL701 2

Deformation gradient tensor
• Deformation field or mapping:𝒙 = 𝒙 𝑿, 𝑡 or 𝑿 = 𝑿 𝒙, 𝑡 (if invertible)
𝜕𝑥𝑖
• Deformation gradient tensor 𝐹𝑖𝑗 = describes local deformation of a
𝜕𝑋𝑗
material element d𝑿 in reference configuration or d𝒙 in the deformed
configuration

Continuum Mechanics, APL701 3

 Deformation of a material line element
Time instant t = 0
Time instant t
𝒆ො 3
Q’
Q

෡𝒕
𝛿𝐿𝑬 𝛿𝑙ො𝒆𝒕

𝒖
P’
𝑿 P
𝒙

O 𝒆ො 2

෡𝒕𝑇 𝐹𝑇 𝐹 𝑬
𝑪𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝟏 𝑥𝑖 = 𝑥𝑖 𝑋𝑗 , 𝑡 : 𝜆2 = 𝑬 ෡𝒕

𝒆ො 1
𝑪𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝟐 𝑋𝑗 = 𝑋𝑗 𝑥𝑖 , 𝑡 : 1/𝜆2 = 𝒆ො 𝒕 𝑇 [ Continuum
𝐹 −1 𝑇 𝐹Mechanics,
−1 ] 𝒆
ො 𝒕 APL701 4
 Deformation of a material line element
Time instant t = 0
Time instant t
𝒆ො 3
Q’
Q
𝛿𝑙
𝜆=
෡𝒕
𝛿𝐿𝑬 𝛿𝑙ො𝒆𝒕 𝛿𝐿
𝒖
P’ ෡ 𝒕 = 𝜆ො𝒆𝒕
𝐹𝑬
𝑿 P
𝒙
𝑇
෡𝒕
𝐹𝑬 ෡ 𝒕 ) = (𝜆ො𝒆𝒕 ) 𝑇 (𝜆ො𝒆𝒕 )
(𝐹 𝑬
O 𝒆ො 2
𝑇
෡ ෡𝒕
𝜆 = 𝑬𝒕 𝐹 𝑇 𝐹 𝑬
2

𝒆ො 1
Continuum Mechanics, APL701 5
Deformation gradient tensor
• Displacement of particle P is given by
𝒖=𝒙−𝑿
• Deformation gradient tensor
𝜕𝑥𝑖
𝐹𝑖𝑗 =
𝜕𝑋𝑗
• Displacement gradient tensor
𝜕𝑢𝑖
𝐷𝑖𝑗 = = 𝐹𝑖𝑗 − 𝛿𝑖𝑗 𝑜𝑟 𝐷 = 𝐹 − 𝐼
𝜕𝑋𝑗

Continuum Mechanics, APL701 6

Deformation measures
• Deformation gradient tensor 𝐹 is in general not symmetric
• Extension ratio of a material line element is expressed as,
𝑇
෡
𝜆 = 𝑬𝒕 𝐹 𝑇 𝐹 𝑬
2 ෡𝒕
• Right Cauchy Green tensor: 𝐶 = 𝐹 𝑇 𝐹 (symmetric, positive definite)
• Symmetric ⇒ eigen values are real and the eigen vectors are orthogonal
• Positive semi-definite ⇒ the eigen values are > 0
• Left Cauchy Green tensor: 𝐵 = 𝐹 𝐹 𝑇 (symmetric, positive definite)

Continuum Mechanics, APL701 7

Deformation measures
• Right Cauchy Green tensor: 𝐶 = 𝐹 𝑇 𝐹
• Left Cauchy Green tensor: 𝐵 = 𝐹 𝐹 𝑇
1
• Lagrange strain tensor: 𝛾 = (𝐶 − 𝐼)
2
1
• Eulerian strain tensor: η = (𝐼 − 𝐵 −1 )
2

Continuum Mechanics, APL701 8

Superposed rigid body motion
• If there is no deformation, a suitable measure of deformation should yield
a zero or constant value
• Consider a deformation field with superposed rigid body motion which is in
general given by
𝒙 = 𝑄𝑿 + 𝒄 ⇒ 𝐹 = 𝑄
where Q is an orthogonal matrix
• Right Cauchy Green tensor: 𝐶 = 𝐹 𝑇 𝐹 = 𝐼 for rigid body motion
• Left Cauchy Green tensor: 𝐵 = 𝐹 𝐹 𝑇 = 𝐼 for rigid body motion
1
• Lagrange strain tensor: 𝛾 = (𝐶 − 𝐼) = 0 for rigid body motion
2
1
• Eulerian strain tensor: 𝜂 = (𝐼 − 𝐵−1 ) = 0 for rigid body motion
2

Continuum Mechanics, APL701 9

Deformation example (uniform extension)
• Example:
• Uniform extension: 𝑥1 = 𝜆1 𝑋1 , 𝑥2 = 𝜆2 𝑋2
𝜆1 0 0
𝐹= 0 𝜆2 0
0 0 0
2
𝜆1 0 0
𝐶 = 𝐹 𝑇 𝐹 = 0 𝜆22 0
0 0 0
𝑒Ƹ2 𝑒Ƹ2

𝑒1Ƹ Mechanics, APL701

Continuum 𝑒1Ƹ 10
Deformation example (uniform shear)
• Example:
• Shear: 𝑥1 = 𝑋1 + 𝑋2 tan 𝛾 , 𝑥2 = 𝑋2
1 tan 𝛾 0
𝐹= 0 1 0
0 0 1
1 tan 𝛾 0
𝐶 = 𝐹 𝑇 𝐹 = tan 𝛾 1 + tan2 𝛾 0
0 0 1
𝑒Ƹ2 𝑒Ƹ2

Continuum
𝑒Ƹ Mechanics, APL701 𝑒1Ƹ 11
1
Deformation of a surface element
• Result in terms of determinant of matrix 𝐹
• 𝜖𝑝𝑞𝑟 det 𝐹 = 𝜖𝑖𝑗𝑘 𝐹𝑖𝑝 𝐹𝑗𝑞 𝐹𝑘𝑟
• In a given deformation field, 𝒙 = 𝒙 𝑿, 𝑡 , a material surface element
undergoes change in orientation and surface area
• Reference configuration: Suppose surface area is 𝛿𝑆 and surface unit
normal is 𝑵෡
• Deformed configuration: Suppose surface area is 𝛿𝑠 and surface unit
normal is 𝒏ෝ

Continuum Mechanics, APL701 12

Deformation of a surface element
• Reference configuration: Suppose surface area is 𝛿𝑆 and surface unit
෡
normal is 𝑵
• Consider two infinitesimal material line elements 𝛿𝑿(1) and 𝛿𝑿(2)
• The unit normal to surface (parallelogram) bounded by 𝛿𝑿(1) and
𝛿𝑿(2) is
𝛿𝑿 1 × 𝛿𝑿 2
෡=
𝑵
𝛿𝑿 1 × 𝛿𝑿 2
• Surface area is
𝛿𝑆 = 𝛿𝑿 1 × 𝛿𝑿 2

Continuum Mechanics, APL701 13

Deformation of a surface element
• Deformed configuration: Suppose surface area is 𝛿𝑠 and surface unit
ෝ
normal is 𝒏
• Material line element 𝛿𝑿(1) → 𝛿𝒙(1)
• Material line element 𝛿𝑿(2) → 𝛿𝒙(2)

Continuum Mechanics, APL701 14

Deformation of a surface element

Continuum Mechanics, APL701 15

Deformation of a surface element

Continuum Mechanics, APL701 16

Deformation of a volume element
• Result in terms of determinant of matrix 𝐹
• 𝜖𝑝𝑞𝑟 det 𝐹 = 𝜖𝑖𝑗𝑘 𝐹𝑖𝑝 𝐹𝑗𝑞 𝐹𝑘𝑟
• In a given deformation field, 𝒙 = 𝒙 𝑿, 𝑡 , a material (volumetric) element
undergoes change in volume
• Reference configuration: Consider volume of a parallelopiped 𝛿𝑉 bounded
by infinitesimal material line elements, 𝛿𝑿(1) , 𝛿𝑿(2) and 𝛿𝑿(3)
𝛿𝑉 = 𝛿𝑿(1) ∙ 𝛿𝑿(2) × 𝛿𝑿(3)

• Deformed configuration: Volume of parallelopiped after deformation is 𝛿𝑣

bounded by infinitesimal material line elements, 𝛿𝒙(1) , 𝛿𝒙(2) and 𝛿𝒙(3)
Continuum Mechanics, APL701 17
Deformation of a volume element
• Deformed configuration: Volume of parallelopiped after deformation
is 𝛿𝑣 bounded by infinitesimal material line elements, 𝛿𝒙(1) , 𝛿𝒙(2)
and 𝛿𝒙(3)

Continuum Mechanics, APL701 18

Deformation of a volume element

Continuum Mechanics, APL701 19

Homogeneous deformation
• Homogeneous deformation: 𝒙 = 𝒄 𝑡 + 𝐹 𝑡 𝑿
• General local deformation:
• Consider a general deformation field given by, 𝑥𝑖 = 𝑥𝑖 (𝑋𝑗 , 𝑡)
• Taylor series expansion about 𝑿 = 𝟎 gives for small 𝑿, 𝑥𝑖 = 𝑥𝑖 0, 𝑡 + 𝐹𝑖𝑗 𝑋𝑗
• Properties
• Planar material surfaces deform into planes; parallel planes remain parallel
• Material curves in the form of straight lines remain straight after deformation; parallel
lines remain parallel

Continuum Mechanics, APL701 20

Homogeneous deformation
• Examples:
• Uniform extension: 𝑥1 = 𝜆1 𝑋1 , 𝑥2 = 𝜆2 𝑋2
𝑒Ƹ2 𝑒Ƹ2

𝑒1Ƹ 𝑒1Ƹ
• Shear deformation: 𝑥1 = 𝑋1 + 𝑋2 tan 𝛾 , 𝑥2 = 𝑋2

𝑒Ƹ2 𝑒Ƹ2

𝑒1Ƹ Continuum Mechanics, APL701 𝑒1Ƹ 21

Plane strain
• Example:
• Plane strain: 𝑥1 = 𝑥1 (𝑋1 , 𝑋2 ), 𝑥2 = 𝑥2 (𝑋1 , 𝑋2 ), 𝑥3 = 𝑋3
• Particles remain in the same deformation plane; deformation independent of
𝑋3 coordinate

Continuum Mechanics, APL701 22

Small deformation
• Small changes in shape or small displacements
• Components of matrix 𝐷 = 𝐹 − 𝐼 very small, 𝐷𝑖𝑗 ≪ 1
𝜕𝑢𝑖 𝜕𝑢𝑖
• ≈
𝜕𝑥𝑗 𝜕𝑋𝑗
1 𝜕𝑢𝑖 𝜕𝑢𝑗
• Strain tensor (Symmetric) 𝐸𝑖𝑗 = ( + )
2 𝜕𝑋𝑗 𝜕𝑋𝑖
1 𝜕𝑢𝑖 𝜕𝑢𝑗
• Rotation tensor (Anti-symmetric) Ω𝑖𝑗 = ( − )
2 𝜕𝑋𝑗 𝜕𝑋𝑖
• Displacement gradient tensor 𝐷𝑖𝑗 = 𝐸𝑖𝑗 + Ω𝑖𝑗
• Components of 𝐸, Ω are much smaller than 1; typical values ~0.001
• Terms quadratic in 𝐸, Ω neglected compared to linear terms

Continuum Mechanics, APL701 23

Small deformation
• Small changes in shape when reasonable magnitude forces are
applied
• Valid for common structural materials
• Basis for development of linear theory of elasticity
𝜎𝑥 𝜎𝑥
𝐸11 =
𝐸
𝜎𝑥
𝐸22 = 𝐸33 = −𝜈
𝐸

𝐸 : Young’s modulus of elasticity

𝜈: Poisson’s ratio
𝜎𝑥
Continuum Mechanics, APL701 24
Small deformation
𝒆ො 2 𝒆ො 2
4’
3’

Δβ 2’
1’ Δα
3 4
Δ𝑿𝟐

1 Δ𝑿𝟏 2 𝒆ො 1 𝒆ො 1

Continuum Mechanics, APL701 25