Chapter 5 Notes Y5 New

Chapter 5: Forces and Magnetism
5.1 Gravity, Normal Forces and Applied forces
1. Gravity
● Gravity is the force which attracts or pulls all objects towards the Earth.
● Gravity is a pulling force
● Force can be measured using a force meter.
2. What is a normal force

● Normal force is a support force or a upward force
● It is made on an object that is in contact with another object
3. Force diagram
● Force diagram shows the direction of forces.
● When you draw a force diagram, make sure you draw the arrows, arrow heads
and label the forces.
● Remember that force is shown as an arrow. When the forces are equal, the
arrows are the same size (same length).
● Example of force diagram:
4. Applied force
● Any force that is applied to another object or person.
● Example: push and pull
5.2 Gravity and satellites
Gravity
● All objects exert (apply) gravity.
● When there are 2 objects, they exert gravity on each other.
● The amount of gravity an object has depends on two things:
(a) Size- The larger the object, the greater the force of gravity.
(b) Distance- The closer the objects are, the stronger the forces of gravity
between them.
Satellites
● A satellite is a body which orbits (goes around) a larger body in space

● There are two types of satellites:
a) Natural satellites
- Moon is a natural satellite.
- The Moon and Earth are attracted towards each other by gravity.
- Earth exerts greater force of gravity on the Moon because Earth is
bigger than the Moon.
- The Moon exerts a smaller force of gravity on the Earth because the
Moon is smaller than the Earth.
- Therefore, the arrow which shows the pull of the Earth is thicker than
the arrow which shows the pull of the Moon.
b) Artificial satellites
- Artificial satellites are satellites that are made by people.
- Examples: International Space Station, weather satellite,
communications satellite
- Functions of artificial satellites: take photographs to make weather
predictions, provide TV signals, provide GPS on ships, cars and
aeroplanes.
- Artificial satellites are launched into space by powerful rockets at high
speed to overcome the force of the Earth’s gravity.
- Artificial satellites can orbit around the Earth because it keeps moving at
the same speed to balance the pull of gravity towards the Earth.
5.3 Friction, air resistance, water resistance, and upthrust
Friction
● Friction is the force between two surfaces that are trying to slide past each other.
● Friction only acts on moving objects.
● Friction always works in the opposite direction to the direction the object is moving.
● Friction slows down object
Water resistance
● Water resistance is an example of friction.
● Water resistance is a force that slows things down that are moving through water.
● Any object that moves through water will be slowed down by the drag or water
resistance.
● Streamlined shape can reduce the disturbance of the water and reduce the drag.
● Fish have a streamlined shape. This reduces the drag so the fish can swim faster.
● People design tight fitting plastic caps for swimmers to reduce water resistance and
allow them to swim faster.
Air resistance
● Air resistance is an example of friction.
● Air resistance is a force that slows things down that are moving through air.
● It pushes against all moving objects on Earth and slows it down.
● The larger the surface area of the moving object, the more air resistance there is.
● Air resistance also pushes against falling objects and slows them down.
● Streamlined shape can overcome air resistance and helps an object move faster.
● Example: hot air balloon

- Air resistance keeps the balloon up but the people in the basket under the
balloon fill the balloon with some lighter gas. The gas is lighter than air and the
balloon floats
● Example: parachute
- Parachute is needed to help a person reach the Earth slowly and safely.
- Parachute is also very light in weight and has a very big surface area.
- Bigger surface area produces more air resistance because it catches lots of
air in it as it falls down slowly.
- Smaller surface area produces less air resistance, so the parachute will fall
faster
Force diagram of parachute:
Water resistance and Air resistance are called drag because they drag back the moving
object.
Upthrust force
● Upthrust force is a force in the water that pushes things up.
Example of force diagram:

5.4 Multiple Forces
● All objects are affected by several different forces or multiple forces at once.
● The strongest force will cause changes such as change of shape, position or speed.
Situation 1: Riding a bicycle
Ways to overcome friction

- Lightweight materials to make bicycles
- Tyres to cope with rough or smooth roads
- High tech gears
Ways to overcome air resistance

- They wear special helmets and clothes which make them more streamlined.
Situation 2: Rolling a ball on a rough surface

Situation 3: Aeroplanes
● Gravity and air resistance are natural forces
Ways to overcome these forces:

● To overcome air resistance and gravity, an aeroplane needs forces of thrust and lifting
up.
● Aeroplanes have a streamlined shape to help overcome air resistance.
● The wings are designed to produce lift when the aeroplane rises into the air to overcome
gravity
Situation 3: Swimmers
● Upthrust, water resistance and gravity are natural forces
Ways to overcome these forces:

- The swimmer uses their arms and legs to create thrust for moving through the water.
- The swimmer can make themselves more streamlined by wearing a wetsuit and a cap
which have smooth surfaces and avoid splashing
5.5 Magnets and magnetic materials
● Magnetic materials are materials that are attracted to a magnet

● Example of metal objects that are magnetic : Steel, iron, alloy containing iron
● Example of metals objects that are non-magnetic: Silver, Gold, Platinum, Aluminium,
Copper
● Mixture of metals are called alloy
● Examples :-
1) Steel
● steel made mainly from iron
● Stronger than iron
● Usage of steel: make machines, steel pipes and bridges
2) Stainless steel
● Chromium + Steel
● Does not rust
● Usage: make knives, sinks and medical instruments
3) Brass
● Copper + Zinc
● Usage: make door handles and ornaments
Differences between magnets and magnetic
Magnet
● Magnet is a material that has an area around it where
magnetic force is active
● In this area, magnet can attract or repel other magnets
● When two like poles come close to each other the
magnets repel each other.
● When two unlike poles come close to each other the
magnets attract each other.
● Magnets can attract a magnetic material.
Magnetic material
● A magnetic material does not have an area around it where magnetic force is active
● Magnetic material cannot attract another magnetic material.
● A magnetic material can only be attracted to a magnet.
5.6 Magnetic force

● If the unlike poles are facing one another,
the magnets are attracted to each other.
● This shows the magnetic force of attraction
between them.
● Force between the magnets can act over a
distance.
● Magnets can have different strengths
● The stronger the magnet, the bigger the region of magnetic force it has.

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Chapter 5: Forces and Magnetism

5.1 Gravity, Normal Forces and Applied forces

2. What is a normal force

5.2 Gravity and satellites

● A satellite is a body which orbits (goes around) a larger body in space

● Example: hot air balloon

Force diagram of parachute:

Example of force diagram:

Situation 1: Riding a bicycle

Ways to overcome friction

Ways to overcome air resistance

Situation 2: Rolling a ball on a rough surface

● Gravity and air resistance are natural forces

Ways to overcome these forces:

● Upthrust, water resistance and gravity are natural forces

Ways to overcome these forces:

5.5 Magnets and magnetic materials

● Magnetic materials are materials that are attracted to a magnet

Differences between magnets and magnetic

5.6 Magnetic force

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