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Network Layer Protocols

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ulnoor315
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13 views

Network Layer Protocols

Uploaded by

ulnoor315
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Network Layer Protocols

TCP/IP supports the following protocols:

ARP
o ARP stands for Address Resolution Protocol.
o It is used to associate an IP address with the MAC address.
o Each device on the network is recognized by the MAC address imprinted on the
NIC. Therefore, we can say that devices need the MAC address for
communication on a local area network. MAC address can be changed easily. For
example, if the NIC on a particular machine fails, the MAC address changes but IP
address does not change. ARP is used to find the MAC address of the node when
an internet address is known

How ARP works


If the host wants to know the physical address of another host on its network, then it
sends an ARP query packet that includes the IP address and broadcast it over the
network. Every host on the network receives and processes the ARP packet, but only the
intended recipient recognizes the IP address and sends back the physical address. The
host holding the datagram adds the physical address to the cache memory and to the
datagram header, then sends back to the sender.

There are two types of ARP entries:


o Dynamic entry: It is an entry which is created automatically when the sender broadcast
its message to the entire network. Dynamic entries are not permanent, and they are
removed periodically.
o Static entry: It is an entry where someone manually enters the IP to MAC address
association by using the ARP command utility.

RARP
o RARP stands for Reverse Address Resolution Protocol.
o If the host wants to know its IP address, then it broadcast the RARP query packet that
contains its physical address to the entire network. A RARP server on the network
recognizes the RARP packet and responds back with the host IP address.
o The protocol which is used to obtain the IP address from a server is known as Reverse
Address Resolution Protocol.
o The message format of the RARP protocol is similar to the ARP protocol.
o Like ARP frame, RARP frame is sent from one machine to another encapsulated in the
data portion of a frame.

ICMP
o ICMP stands for Internet Control Message Protocol.
o The ICMP is a network layer protocol used by hosts and routers to send the notifications
of IP datagram problems back to the sender.
o ICMP uses echo test/reply to check whether the destination is reachable and responding.
o ICMP handles both control and error messages, but its main function is to report the
error but not to correct them.
o An IP datagram contains the addresses of both source and destination, but it does not
know the address of the previous router through which it has been passed. Due to this
reason, ICMP can only send the messages to the source, but not to the immediate
routers.
o ICMP protocol communicates the error messages to the sender. ICMP messages cause
the errors to be returned back to the user processes.
o ICMP messages are transmitted within IP datagram.

Error Reporting
ICMP protocol reports the error messages to the sender.

Five types of errors are handled by the ICMP protocol:

o Destination unreachable
o Source Quench
o Time Exceeded
o Parameter problems
o Redirection

o Destination unreachable: The message of "Destination Unreachable" is sent from


receiver to the sender when destination cannot be reached, or packet is discarded when
the destination is not reachable.
o Source Quench: The purpose of the source quench message is congestion control. The
message sent from the congested router to the source host to reduce the transmission
rate. ICMP will take the IP of the discarded packet and then add the source quench
message to the IP datagram to inform the source host to reduce its transmission rate.
The source host will reduce the transmission rate so that the router will be free from
congestion.
o Time Exceeded: Time Exceeded is also known as "Time-To-Live". It is a parameter that
defines how long a packet should live before it would be discarded.

There are two ways when Time Exceeded message can be generated:

Sometimes packet discarded due to some bad routing implementation, and this causes
the looping issue and network congestion. Due to the looping issue, the value of TTL
keeps on decrementing, and when it reaches zero, the router discards the datagram.
However, when the datagram is discarded by the router, the time exceeded message will
be sent by the router to the source host.

When destination host does not receive all the fragments in a certain time limit, then the
received fragments are also discarded, and the destination host sends time Exceeded
message to the source host.

o Parameter problems: When a router or host discovers any missing value in the IP
datagram, the router discards the datagram, and the "parameter problem" message is
sent back to the source host.
o Redirection: Redirection message is generated when host consists of a small routing
table. When the host consists of a limited number of entries due to which it sends the
datagram to a wrong router. The router that receives a datagram will forward a datagram
to a correct router and also sends the "Redirection message" to the host to update its
routing table.
IGMP
o IGMP stands for Internet Group Message Protocol.
o The IP protocol supports two types of communication:
o Unicasting: It is a communication between one sender and one receiver.
Therefore, we can say that it is one-to-one communication.
o Multicasting: Sometimes the sender wants to send the same message to a large
number of receivers simultaneously. This process is known as multicasting which
has one-to-many communication.
o The IGMP protocol is used by the hosts and router to support multicasting.
o The IGMP protocol is used by the hosts and router to identify the hosts in a LAN that are
the members of a group.

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