CE F244

Highway Engineering

Dr. Nishant Bhargava

Assistant Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus
Module 1
Road Development
in India
Contents
• Economic and Social Effects of Transportation
• Characteristics of Road Transport
• Development of Road Construction
• Highway Planning
• Planning Surveys and Interpretation
• Highway Alignment
• Engineering Surveys for Highway Alignment
• Overview of DPR

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References

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What is Highway Engineering ??
Branch of transportation engineering that deals with the planning,
design, construction and maintenance of roadway facilities

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Why is Transportation Required ??
Seeds Storage

Consumer
Farm Retailers
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Economic Activity and Transport

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Social Effects of Transportation
• Reduce sectionalism within country
• Avoid congestion within urban areas
• Ensure safety, law and order
• Defense needs – Strategic movement

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Modes of Transportation
• Land
• Air
• Water

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Characteristics of Road Transport
• Used by multiple category of road vehicles
• Lower initial capital investment and
maintenance cost
• Flexibility of changes in location, direction,
speed and timings of travel
• Door-to-door
• Prone to high rate of accidents
• Offers the facilities to whole section of society

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Development of Road Construction
• Historical Development
 Roman roads – 312 B.C.
o Built straight regardless of gradient
o Excavation and removal of soft soil till hard stratum
o Construction = 0.75 to 1.2 m
 Tresaguet method – France, 1764 A.D.
 Metcalf method – England, around 1764 A.D.
 Telford method – London, 1803

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Development of Road Construction
Macadam method

 John McAdam – 1827 A.D.

 First method based on scientific thinking
 Lower layers – Wheel load stresses reduces
Large foundation stones NOT required

John L. McAdam
(1756 – 1836)
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Development of Road Construction
Macadam method
• Construction steps
 Compact subgrade – Cross-slope = 1 in 36
 First layer of broken stone – 50 mm down,
thickness = 100 mm
 Second layer of broken stones – 37.5 mm
down, thickness = 100 mm
 Top layer of broken stones – 20 mm down,
thickness = 50 mm, cross slope = 1 in 36

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Highway Development in India
• Road development in India during 20th century
 Jayakar committee
 Nagpur Road Plan – First 20 year road development plan (1943 – 63)
 Second 20 year road development plan (1961 – 81)
 Third 20 year road development plan (1981 – 2001)
• Road development in India during 21st century
 National Highways Development Projects
 Road development plan: Vision 2021
 PMGSY, Rural road development plan: Vision 2025

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Jayakar Committee
Recommendations – 1928 Report
• Road development – Beyond financial and technical capacity
of local government. Consider it as a national interest
• Funding – Extra tax on petrol from road user
Central Road Fund – 1929
• Technical guidance – Form semi-official technical body
Indian Roads Congress – 1934
• R&D work and consultation – Create research organization
Central Road Research Institute – 1950
M. R. Jayakar
(1873 – 1959)
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Central Road Fund
1929 – CRF formed
• Charges to consumer – 2.64 paisa/litre of petrol

20% – Central reserve

Annual Road fund administration, research and special importance projects
revenue
distribution 80% – Allotted to states
Basis of allocation – Levy collected on sale of petrol

2000 – Central Road Fund Act

• Rate of duty on petrol and high speed diesel = Rs. 1/- per litre
• Present rate = Rs. 2/- per litre
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Indian Roads Congress (IRC)
Objectives
• Promote and encourage science and practice of road building and
maintenance
• Promote use of standard specification and practices
• Hold periodic meetings for technical discussions
• Suggest improved methods of administration, planning, design,
construction, operation, use and maintenance of roads
• Advise regarding R&D activities

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Central Road Research Institute (CRRI)
One of the national laboratories of Council
of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)
• Performs basic and applied research
• Offers technical advice and consultancy
services to government & industries
• Conduct training courses
• Provide library and documentation services

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National Highways Development Projects
Phase 1 Golden Quadrilateral, NS-EW Corridor, Port Connectivity & Others

Phase 2 4/6 laning NS-EW corridor, Others

Phase 3 Upgradation, 4/6 laning

Phase 4 2-Laning with Paved Shoulders

Phase 5 6-Laning of GQ and High Density Corridor

Phase 6 Expressways

Phase 7 Ring roads, bypasses and flyovers and other structures

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Road Development Plan: Vision 2021
• Expansion of road network Achievement Targets for
• Basic access to villages till 2000 (km) 2021 (km)
• Adequate number of lanes for 1. Expressways -- 15,766
NH, SH and MDR 2. NH 57,700 80,000
• Maintenance of existing assets 3. SH 124,300 160,000
4. MDR 320,000
• R&D activities, upgradation of 29,94,000
5. ODR & VR --
construction technology
• Focus on road safety and Villages with population > 1000 Year 2003
environmental concerns Villages with population 500 – 1000 Year 2007
• Greater recourse to PPP Villages with population 250 – 500 Year 2010

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 21
Source: https://blog.mygov.in/editorial/bharatmala-connecting-india-like-never-before/
Rural Roads: Vision 2025
• Master plans for rural roads
 Core network – Accessibility to each village
• All weather roads for habitations with population > 100

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Highway Planning
Objects
• Efficient and safe traffic operation at minimum cost
• Lengths of different category – Maximum utility with available resources
• Divide overall plan into phases and decide priorities
• Plan for future requirements
• Work out suitable financing system

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Classification of Roads
Based on usability in Based on type of Based on type of
different weather carriageway pavement surfacing

All-weather roads Paved roads Surfaced roads

Fair-weather roads Unpaved roads Un-surfaced roads

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Classification of Roads
Traffic Volume NOT used
Heavy, Medium and Low Volume Roads commonly
Limits arbitrarily
Methods of
Load Transported or Tonnage fixed by different
Classification Class I, II etc. or Class A, B etc. agencies
of Roads
Location and Function
Rural highways and Urban roads

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Classification of Roads
Based on Location and Function
Nagpur Road Plan – First 20 Year Road Development Plan

• National Highway (NH)

• State Highway (SH)
• Major District Road (MDR)
• Other District Road (ODR)
• Village Road (VR)

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Classification of Roads
Based on Location and Function
Lucknow Road Plan – Third 20 Year Road Development Plan

• Expressways
Primary system
• National Highway (NH)
• State Highway (SH)
Secondary system
• Major District Road (MDR)
• Other District Road (ODR)
Tertiary system
• Village Road (VR)

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Classification of Roads
Based on Location and Function
Lucknow Road Plan – Third 20 Year Road Development Plan

Urban Roads
• Arterial roads
• Sub-arterial roads
• Collector streets
• Local streets

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Road Patterns
• Many road patterns Rectangular or Block Pattern
available
Built
• Choice of patterns Up
Main
 Locality Area
Road
 Layout of different
towns, villages, Central
production or Business Area

business centers Cross Roads

 Choice of engineer

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Road Patterns
Hexagonal Pattern Radial or star and block pattern

Central
Radial Roads
Business
Area

Rectangular Pattern

Built Up Area

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Road Patterns
Radial or star and circular pattern Radial or star and grid pattern

Central Business Focal Point

Area or Focal Point
Built Up
Area
Ring Road Radial Roads

Radial Road

Grid

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Planning Surveys and Interpretation
• Planning Surveys
• Preparation of Plans
• Interpretation of Results
• Preparation of Master Plan
• Phasing of Road Programme

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Planning Surveys
Economic studies : Estimation and justification of cost proposed

Planning Financial studies : Financial aspect like income source, revenue

Surveys
Traffic studies : Existing traffic and future prediction

Engineering studies : Technical details of location and material

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Economic Studies
Details to be collected
• Total population, classified distribution (details with area of settlement)
• Population growth
• Agricultural and industrial products
• Existing facilities
• Per capita income

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Financial Studies
Details to be collected
• Sources of income and estimated revenue
• Standard of living
• Resources at local level
• Anticipated developments in the area
• Future trends

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Traffic Studies
Details to be collected
• Classified traffic volume
• O/D studies
• Traffic flow pattern
• Mass transportation facility
• Accidents
• Future trends and growth
• Trends in choices of modes

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Engineering Studies
Details to be collected
• Topographic surveys
• Soil surveys
• Location and classification of existing roads
• Likely developments after highway development
• Road life studies
• Issue related to drainage, construction and maintenance

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 Preparation of Plans
Plan – I : General area plan with existing details
• Topographic details on contour plan
• Existing road network and C/D structures
Details from • Towns and villages with population
planning • Agricultural, commercial and industrial activities
surveys
Plan – II : Distribution of population groups
plotted on
map Plan – III : Location + quantities of productivity

Plan – IV : Existing road network with traffic flows

Proposals

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Interpretation of Results
• Decide optimum road network with maximum utility
• Fix priority
• Assess actual road use – Traffic flow patterns
• Design of new structures – Based on traffic and existing pavement
• Comparison of areas
• Prediction of future trends

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Preparation of Master Plan
Optimum road length for an area
• Saturation system
 Concept – Maximum utility per unit length of road
 Factors
o Population
o Productivity
 Agricultural
 Industrial

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Preparation of Master Plan
Optimum road length for an area
• Saturation system
 Population – Use Plan – II
o Divide into groups (<500, 501 – 1000, 1001 – 2000, 2001 – 5000 & so on)
o No. of towns and villages served for each population range by road system
o Assign utility units to each group
 Productivity units – Use Plan – III
o Total agricultural and industrial productivity
o Assign utility units per unit weight

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Preparation of Master Plan
Optimum road length for an area
• Saturation system
 Utility per unit length of road
o Population = No. of towns and villages served × Utility unit (all groups)
o Productivity = Agriculture × Utility unit + Industrial × Utility unit
o Sum / Total road length

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Preparation of Master Plan
Optimum road length for an area

Total Number of town and villages served with Total agricultural

road population range and industrial
length, product served,
km 1001 – 2000 2001 – 5000 5001 – 10,000 thousand
Proposal A 155 160 80 30 200
Utility Unit 0.25 0.5 1 1

0.25 × 160 + 80 × 0.5 + 30 × 1 + 200 × 1

Utility per unit length of road = =2
155

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Phasing of Road Programme
• Fix up the priorities
• Construct based on flow of funds

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Highway Planning in India
• First 20 year road development plan – Nagpur Road Plan
• Second 20 year road development plan – Bombay Road Plan
• Third 20 year road development plan – Lucknow Road Plan

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Nagpur Road Plan
• 1943 - 1963
• Assumes Star and Grid pattern
• Target = Road density of 16 km / 100 km2 area
• Road length = 2 plan formulae
 Category – I : NH, SH & MDR – Surfaced
 Category – II : ODR & VR – Unsurfaced

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Nagpur Road Plan
Total length of first category roads (NH, SH, MDR) in km
𝐴 𝐵
𝑁𝐻 + 𝑆𝐻 + 𝑀𝐷𝑅 = + + 1.6𝑁 + 8𝑇 + 𝐷 − 𝑅
8 32
A Agricultural area , km2
:
B Non – agricultural area, km2
:
N :
Number of towns and villages with population range 2001 – 5000
T :
Number of towns and villages with population over 5000 (i.e, > 5000)
D :
Development allowance of 15% of road length calculated to provided for agricultural and
industrial development during the next 20 years
R : Existing railway track, km

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Nagpur Road Plan
Total length of second category roads (ODR, VR) in km
𝑂𝐷𝑅 + 𝑉𝑅 = 0.32𝑉 + 0.8𝑄 + 1.6𝑃 + 3.2𝑆 + 𝐷
V : Number of towns and villages with population 500 or less (≤ 500)
Q : Number of towns and villages with population range 501 – 1000
P : Number of villages with population range 1001 – 2000
S : Number of villages with population range 2001 – 5000
D : Development allowance of 15% of road length calculated to be provided for agricultural
and industrial development during the next 20 years

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Bombay Road Plan
• Second twenty year road development plan
• 1961 – 1981
• Target : 10,57,330 km with road density of 32 km/100 km2 area
• Achieved : 15,02,697 km
• Road length = 5 different formulae for lengths for NH, SH, MDR, ODR and VR

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Bombay Road Plan
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
𝑁𝐻 = + + + 32𝐾 + 8𝑀 + 𝐷
64 80 96

𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
𝑁𝐻 + 𝑆𝐻 = + + + 48𝐾 + 24𝑀 + 11.2𝑁 + 1.6𝑃 + 𝐷
20 24 32

𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
𝑁𝐻 + 𝑆𝐻 + 𝑀𝐷𝑅 = + + + 48𝐾 + 24𝑀 + 11.2𝑁 + 9.6𝑃 + 6.4𝑄 + 2.4𝑅 + 𝐷
8 16 24

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Bombay Road Plan
𝑁𝐻 + 𝑆𝐻 + 𝑀𝐷𝑅 + 𝑂𝐷𝑅
3𝐴 3𝐵 𝐶
= + + + 48𝐾 + 24𝑀 + 11.2𝑁 + 9.6𝑃 + 12.8𝑄 + 4𝑅 + 0.8𝑆 + 0.32𝑇 + 𝐷
16 32 16

𝑁𝐻 + 𝑆𝐻 + 𝑀𝐷𝑅 + 𝑂𝐷𝑅 + 𝑉𝑅
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
= + + + 48𝐾 + 24𝑀 + 11.2𝑁 + 9.6𝑃 + 12.8𝑄 + 5.9𝑅 + 1.6𝑆 + 0.64𝑇 + 0.2𝑉 + 𝐷
4 8 12

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Bombay Road Plan
A : Developed and agricultural area, km2
B : Semi – developed area, km2
C : Undeveloped area, km2
K : No. of towns with population > 1,00,000
M : No. of towns with population range 1,00,000 – 50,000
N : No. of towns with population range 50,000 – 20,000
P : No. of towns with population range 20,000 – 10,000
Q : No. of towns with population range 10,000 – 5,000
R : No. of towns with population range 5,000 – 2,000
S : No. of towns with population range 2,000 – 1,000
T : No. of towns with population range 1,000 - 500
V : No. of towns with population range < 500
D : Development allowance of 5% of road length calculated for further development

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Lucknow Road Plan
• Third Twenty Year Road Development Plan
• 1981 – 2001
• Concentration given for rural road networks, expressways
• Target: 82 km per 100 km2 area
• Road length = Based on primary, secondary and tertiary system

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Lucknow Road Plan
Primary system
Expressways : Total length of 2000 km to be developed
National Highways

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑘𝑚2

𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝐻 =
50

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Lucknow Road Plan
Secondary System (SH & MDR)
State Highways

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑘𝑚2

By total area, 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝐻 =
25

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑘𝑚2

By no. of towns & area , 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝐻 = 62.5 × 𝑛 −
50

𝑛 = No. of towns in the area under consideration

Select the highest value among both
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Lucknow Road Plan
Secondary System (SH & MDR)
Major District Roads

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑘𝑚2

By total area, 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑀𝐷𝑅 =
12.5
By no. of towns & area , 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑀𝐷𝑅 = 90 × 𝑛

𝑛 = No. of towns in the area under consideration

Select the highest value among both

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Lucknow Road Plan
Tertiary System (ODR & VR)
Rural roads
• Use the required road density (82 km/100 km2) to find total length of road, or
Use Table in next slide
• Subtract NH, SH and MDR from total length
• Distribution of ODR and VR
To be decided by each state depending on the requirement

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Lucknow Road Plan
Estimated total road lengths in states (by year 2001, km)
State Total road length State Total road length
(NH, SH, MDR, (NH, SH, MDR,
ODR, VR), km ODR, VR), km
Andhra Pradesh 1,74,856 Madhya Pradesh 3,41,268
Assam 85,282 Maharashtra 2,20,877
Bihar 2,12,032 Orissa 1,65,507
Gujarat 1,14,886 Punjab 50,132
Himachal Pradesh 34,738 Rajasthan 2,09,392
Haryana 61,262 Tamil Nadu 1,38,115
Jammu & Kashmir 53,840 Uttar Pradesh 3,55,160
Karnataka 1,44,654 West Bengal 1,15,792
Kerala 1,28,963
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Highway Alignment
Alignment
Position or layout of
the center line of the
highway on the
ground

Source: https://civilblog.org/2015/07/14/15-factors-controlling-selection-of-road-alignment/

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Requirements of Alignment
• Short
• Easy
• Safe Construction, Maintenance and Operation
• Economical

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Factors Controlling Alignment
• Obligatory points
• Traffic Refer Section 3.1.3 of the text book
• Geometric Design “Highway Engineering”
• Economics by Khanna, Justo and Veeraragavan

• Other considerations

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Engineering Surveys for Alignment
Map study

Stages of Reconnaissance survey

Engineering
Surveys Preliminary survey

Final location and detailed surveys

Refer Section 3.2 of the text book

“Highway Engineering” by Khanna, Justo and Veeraragavan
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Detailed Project Report

Report

Components
Estimate
of DPR

Drawing

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Detailed Project Report
• Executive summary • Environmental and social considerations
• Background • Materials and equipment
• General details of the project • Analysis and design
• Socio-economic profile • Rate analysis and cost estimate
• Demographic profile • Economic analysis
• Traffic survey • Financial analysis
• Engineering survey • Construction schedule
• Design specifications adopted • Traffic management
• Pavement engineering studies • Conclusions and recommendation
• Drainage studies and C/D structures
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Cost Estimate
• General abstract of costs
• Detailed cost estimate for the major heads

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Project Drawings
• Location plan cum-site map
• Land acquisition plan
• Quarry map
• Plan and longitudinal sections
• Typical cross sections
• Drawings for C/D structures
• Road junction drawings
• Drawings for road safety signs and markings and way-side amenities

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