D4378 sttb4153

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles
for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D4378 − 20
Standard Practice for

In-Service Monitoring of Mineral Turbine Oils for Steam,
Gas, and Combined Cycle Turbines1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4378; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
The in-service monitoring of turbine oils has long been recognized by the power-generation
industry as being necessary to ensure long, trouble-free operation of turbines.
The two main types of stationary turbines used for power generation are steam and gas turbines; the
turbines can be used as individual turbines, or can be configured as combine cycle turbines. Combined
cycle turbines are of two types; the first type connects a gas turbine with a steam turbine, with separate
lubricant circuits, and the second type mounts a steam and a gas turbine on the same shaft and has a
common lubricant circuit. The lubrication requirements are quite similar but there are important
differences in that gas turbine oils are subjected to significantly higher localized “hot spot”
temperatures and water contamination is less likely. Steam turbine oils are normally expected to last
for many years. In some turbines up to 20 years of service life has been obtained. Gas turbine oils, by
comparison, have a shorter service life from 2 to 5 years depending on severity of the operating
conditions. One of the benefits of the gas turbine is the ability to respond quickly to electrical power
generation dispatching requirements. Consequently, a growing percentage of modern gas turbines are
being used for peaking or cyclic duty (frequent unit stops and starts) that subjects the lubricant to
variable conditions (very high down to ambient temperatures), which put additional stresses on the
lubricant.
This practice is designed to assist the user to validate the condition of the lubricant through its life
cycle by carrying out a meaningful program of sampling and testing of oils in service. This practice
is performed in order to collect data and monitor trends which suggest any signs of lubricant
deterioration and to ensure a safe, reliable, and cost-effective operation of the monitored plant
equipment.
1. Scope* 1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
1.1 This practice covers the requirements for the effective
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
monitoring of mineral turbine oils in service in steam and gas
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
turbines, as individual or combined cycle turbines, used for mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
power generation. This practice includes sampling and testing 1.3 This international standard was developed in accor-
schedules to validate the condition of the lubricant through its dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
life cycle and by ensuring required improvements to bring the ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
present condition of the lubricant within the acceptable targets. Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
This practice is not intended for condition monitoring of mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
lubricants for auxiliary equipment; it is recommended that the Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
appropriate practice be consulted (see Practice D6224).
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:2
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum
Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcom-
2
mittee D02.C0.01 on Turbine Oil Monitoring, Problems and Systems. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved May 1, 2020. Published June 2020. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1984. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as D4378 – 13. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/D4378-20. the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard

Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Thu Mar 25 04:43:53 EDT 2021
1
Downloaded/printed by
Dody Dody (PT PLN UPHK Medan) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.
D4378 − 20
D92 Test Method for Flash and Fire Points by Cleveland D7155 Practice for Evaluating Compatibility of Mixtures of
Open Cup Tester Turbine Lubricating Oils
D130 Test Method for Corrosiveness to Copper from Petro- D7464 Practice for Manual Sampling of Liquid Fuels, As-
leum Products by Copper Strip Test sociated Materials and Fuel System Components for
D445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent Microbiological Testing
and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscos- D7647 Test Method for Automatic Particle Counting of
ity) Lubricating and Hydraulic Fluids Using Dilution Tech-
D664 Test Method for Acid Number of Petroleum Products niques to Eliminate the Contribution of Water and Inter-
by Potentiometric Titration fering Soft Particles by Light Extinction
D665 Test Method for Rust-Preventing Characteristics of D7669 Guide for Practical Lubricant Condition Data Trend
Inhibited Mineral Oil in the Presence of Water Analysis
D892 Test Method for Foaming Characteristics of Lubricat- D7687 Test Method for Measurement of Cellular Adenosine
ing Oils Triphosphate in Fuel and Fuel-associated Water With
D943 Test Method for Oxidation Characteristics of Inhibited Sample Concentration by Filtration
Mineral Oils D7720 Guide for Statistically Evaluating Measurand Alarm
D974 Test Method for Acid and Base Number by Color- Limits when Using Oil Analysis to Monitor Equipment
Indicator Titration and Oil for Fitness and Contamination
D1401 Test Method for Water Separability of Petroleum Oils D7843 Test Method for Measurement of Lubricant Gener-
and Synthetic Fluids ated Insoluble Color Bodies in In-Service Turbine Oils
D1500 Test Method for ASTM Color of Petroleum Products using Membrane Patch Colorimetry
(ASTM Color Scale) D7978 Test Method for Determination of the Viable Aerobic
D2272 Test Method for Oxidation Stability of Steam Tur- Microbial Content of Fuels and Associated Water—
bine Oils by Rotating Pressure Vessel Thixotropic Gel Culture Method
D2273 Test Method for Trace Sediment in Lubricating Oils D8072 Classification for Reporting Solids and Insoluble
D2422 Classification of Industrial Fluid Lubricants by Vis- Water Contamination of Hydrocarbon-Based Petroleum
cosity System Products When Analyzed by Imaging Instrumentation
D2668 Test Method for 2,6-di-tert-Butyl- p-Cresol and 2,6- D8112 Guide for Obtaining In-Service Samples of Turbine
di-tert-Butyl Phenol in Electrical Insulating Oil by Infra- Operation Related Lubricating Fluid
red Absorp F311 Practice for Processing Aerospace Liquid Samples for
D3427 Test Method for Air Release Properties of Hydrocar- Particulate Contamination Analysis Using Membrane Fil-
bon Based Oils ters
D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and F312 Test Methods for Microscopical Sizing and Counting
Petroleum Products Particles from Aerospace Fluids on Membrane Filters
D4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products, Liquid 2.2 International Organization for Standardization Stan-
Fuels, and Lubricants dards:3
D4898 Test Method for Insoluble Contamination of Hydrau- ISO 4406 Hydraulic fluid power—Fluids—Method for Cod-
lic Fluids by Gravimetric Analysis ing the Level of Contamination by Solid Particles, Second
D5185 Test Method for Multielement Determination of Edition, 1999
Used and Unused Lubricating Oils and Base Oils by ISO 4407 Hydraulic Fluid Power—Fluid Contamination—
Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrom- Determination of Particulate Contamination by Counting
etry (ICP-AES) Method Using an Optical Microscope, Second Edition,
D6224 Practice for In-Service Monitoring of Lubricating Oil 2002
for Auxiliary Power Plant Equipment ISO 11500 Hydraulic Fluid Power—Determination of the
D6304 Test Method for Determination of Water in Petro- Particulate Contamination Level of a Liquid Sample by
leum Products, Lubricating Oils, and Additives by Cou- Automatic Particle Counting Using the Light Extinction,
lometric Karl Fischer Titration Second Edition, 2008
D6439 Guide for Cleaning, Flushing, and Purification of ISO 11171 Hydraulic Fluid Power—Calibration of Auto-
Steam, Gas, and Hydroelectric Turbine Lubrication Sys- matic Particle Counters for Liquids
tems
D6810 Test Method for Measurement of Hindered Phenolic 3. Terminology
Antioxidant Content in Non-Zinc Turbine Oils by Linear
3.1 For definitions of terms used in this practice, refer to
Sweep Voltammetry
Terminology D4175.
D6971 Test Method for Measurement of Hindered Phenolic
and Aromatic Amine Antioxidant Content in Non-zinc 3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
Turbine Oils by Linear Sweep Voltammetry
D7042 Test Method for Dynamic Viscosity and Density of
Liquids by Stabinger Viscometer (and the Calculation of 3
Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
Kinematic Viscosity) 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
2
D4378 − 20
3.2.1 bulk oil tote, n—any container for lubrication or method is completed by using system pressure to force
control fluid with working volume approximately 1000 L to lubricating fluid into a sampling container through a sampling
1300 L designed for fluid storage at atmospheric pressure. valve.
3.2.2 continuous sampling loop, n—a limited flow of fluid 3.2.13 vacuum generating device, n—a pump used to create
from a point in a pressurized system to a point of lower a low pressure in a sample container to cause fluid to move
pressure used to decrease required purge fluid and sample time from a non-pressurized reservoir to the container through
during the sampling process. disposable tubing.
3.2.3 disposable sample tubing, n—any single-use flexible 3.2.14 weighted drop tube device, n—a mass attached to a
plastic tubing used to transfer fluid during the sampling piece of steel or stainless steel tubing with a method to attach
process. disposable sampling tubing to the steel or stainless steel tubing.
3.2.14.1 Discussion—This device is used during drop tube
3.2.4 drain sampling, n—a method of sampling used fluid
sampling.
for non-pressurized reservoirs or lines occurring when the
lubricating fluid is being drained from the reservoir during a
4. Significance and Use
fluid change.
3.2.4.1 Discussion—As part of a fluid change, the drain plug 4.1 This practice is intended to assist the user, in particular
is removed to allow the fluid to drain into an appropriate the power-plant operator, to maintain effective lubrication of
container under gravity. Mid way through the draining, a all parts of the turbine and guard against the onset of problems
sample bottle is filled by placing it in the fluid stream and once associated with oil degradation and contamination. The values
filled immediately capped. of the various test parameters mentioned in this practice are
purely indicative. In fact, for proper interpretation of the
3.2.5 drop tube sampling, n—a method of sampling used
results, many factors, such as type of equipment, operation
fluid for non-pressurized reservoirs when sampling is com-
workload, design of the lubricating oil circuit, and top-up level,
pleted by dropping an appropriate length of sampling tubing
should be taken into account.
into the reservoir and using a vacuum generating device to
extract the sample. 5. Properties of Turbine Oils
3.2.6 permanent sample tube, n—any tubing installed in a
5.1 Most turbine oils consist of a highly refined paraffinic
reservoir or pipe used to extract a sample from a specific
mineral oil compounded with oxidation and rust inhibitors.
location within the system.
Depending upon the performance level desired, small amounts
3.2.7 purge, v—to remove the existing non-representative of other additives such as metal deactivators, pour depressants,
fluid and contaminants from the sample valve and tubing extreme pressure additives, and foam suppressants can also be
during the sampling process. present. The turbine oil’s primary function is to provide
3.2.8 remote access hose, n—any permanently installed lubrication and cooling of bearings and gears. In some equip-
metallic or elastomeric tube or hose used to transfer fluid from ment designs, they also can function as a governor hydraulic
the system to a point outside the system to facilitate sampling. fluid.
3.2.9 reservoir, n—any equipment-based container that 5.2 New turbine oils should exhibit good resistance to
holds a volume of fluid, usually under atmospheric condition, oxidation, inhibit sludge and varnish deposit formation, and
for use in the lubrication, sealing or control process. provide adequate antirust, water separability, and non-foaming
properties. However, these oils cannot be expected to remain
3.2.10 sample container, n—a clean, fresh plastic bottle
unchanged during their use in the lubrication systems of
used for system fluid analysis (see Section 7).
turbines, as lubricating oils experience thermal and oxidative
3.2.11 sample valve, n—a system consisting of a male and stresses which degrade the chemical composition of the oil’s
female component used specifically for the extraction of a fluid basestock and gradually deplete the oil’s additive package.
sample either by internal system pressure or by an externally Some deterioration can be tolerated without harming the safety
generated vacuum. or efficiency of the system. Good monitoring procedures are
3.2.11.1 Discussion—The male component, referred to as a necessary to determine when the oil properties have changed
probe, may be for one time use or permanently attached to the sufficiently to justify scheduling corrective actions which can
female component, referred to as a sample valve, is used by be performed with little or no detriment to production sched-
either threading the probe onto the valve or pushing the probe ules.
into the valve for the purpose of opening the valve and
allowing fluid to flow out. 6. Operational Factors Affecting Service Life
3.2.12 sample valve sampling, v—to obtain a sample from 6.1 The factors that affect the service life of turbine lubri-
either pressurized or non pressurized lines or reservoirs. cating oils are as follows: (1) type and design of system, (2)
3.2.12.1 Discussion—When sampling non-pressurized res- condition of system on startup, (3) original oil quality, (4)
ervoirs this sampling method usually applies a vacuum gener- system operating conditions, (5) contamination, (6) oil makeup
ating device and sampling tubing to extract a sample into a rate, and (7) handling and storage.
sampling container from a strategically located sampling valve. 6.1.1 Type and Design of System—Most modern turbine
When sampling pressurized reservoirs or lines, this sampling lubricating systems are similar in design, especially for the
3
D4378 − 20
larger units. For lubrication, the usual practice is to pressure- 6.1.4 System Operating Conditions:
feed oil directly from the main oil pump. The rest of the system 6.1.4.1 The most important factors affecting the anticipated
consists of a reservoir, oil cooler, strainer, piping and additional service life of a given lubricating oil in a given turbine system
purification or filtration equipment, or a combination thereof. are the operating conditions within the system. Air (oxygen),
Miscellaneous control and indicating equipment completes the elevated operating temperatures, metals, and water (moisture)
system. are always present to some extent in these oil systems. These
6.1.2 Condition of System on Start-up: elements promote oil degradation and must consequently be
6.1.2.1 The individual components of a lubrication system recorded.
are usually delivered on-site before the system is installed. The 6.1.4.2 Most turbine oil systems are provided with oil
length of on-site storage and means taken to preserve the coolers to control temperature. In many cases, bulk oil tem-
integrity of the intended oil wetted surfaces will determine the peratures are maintained so low, below 60 °C (140 °F), that
total amount of contamination introduced during this period, moisture condensation can occur. Even with low bulk oil
the magnitude of the task of cleaning and flushing prior to use, temperatures, however, there can be localized hot spots such as
and the detrimental effects of the contaminants. Guidance on in bearings, at gas seals, and in throttle control mechanisms
cleaning, flushing, and purification of steam, gas, and hydro- that can cause oil degradation and eventually cause system oil
electric turbine lubrication systems is provided in Guide D6439 to show signs of deterioration.
or may be sought from the equipment/lubricant supplier or
other industry experts. 6.1.4.3 Under the higher temperature conditions which are
present in gas and steam turbines, oxidation of the oil can be
6.1.2.2 Turbine oil system contamination prior to startup
accelerated by thermal-oxidative cracking leading to the pro-
usually consists of preservatives, paint, rust particles, and the
duction of viscous resins and deposits particularly at the point
various solids encountered during construction, which can
of initiation.
range from dust and dirt to rags, bottles, and cans. Their effect
on turbine oil systems is obvious. 6.1.5 Contamination:
6.1.2.3 Ongoing purification may be required to maintain 6.1.5.1 Contamination of turbine oils is often the most
the in-service oils at an acceptable particle cleanliness level significant factor affecting oil service life. Contamination
and water content level in the case of steam turbines for occurs both from outside the system and from within due to oil
reliable lubrication and control systems operation. In opera- degradation and moisture condensation or leaks. Development
tional systems, the emphasis is on the removal of contaminants of a clean turbine oil system on start-up or following mainte-
that may be generated due to normal oil degradation or nance is essential (following the steps in Guide D6439) prior to
ingressed during operation and by malfunctions that occur filling with the new oil. Once attained, the danger of external
during operation or contaminants that are introduced during contamination is less but should be guarded against. The oil
overhaul, or both. can be contaminated by the introduction of different type oils,
6.1.3 Original Oil Quality: which are of the wrong type or are incompatible with the
6.1.3.1 Use of a high-quality oil is the best assurance of system oil. The oil supplier or the turbine manufacturer, or
potentially long service life. Oils meeting recognized standards both, should be consulted before additions are made (see
are generally available, and one that at least meets the Practice D7155).
requirements of the turbine manufacturer shall be used. Careful 6.1.5.2 External contamination can enter the system through
oil storage, including labeling and rotation of lubricant bearing seals and vents. Internal contaminants are always being
containers, is vital to ensure proper use and prevent degrada- generated. These include water, dirt, fly ash, wear particles,
tion of the physical, chemical, and cleanliness requirements of insoluble particulate oil degradation products and microbial
the lubricant throughout storage and dispensing. growth. From whatever source, contamination must be dealt
6.1.3.2 It is advisable to obtain typical test data from the oil with by monitoring oil condition and the use of purification
supplier. Upon receipt of the first oil charge, a sample of the oil devices such as filters, centrifuges, coalescers, and vacuum
should be taken after charging the new oil and circulating dehydrators on a regular basis. Contamination of the system oil
(24 h) to confirm the typical test data and to use as a baseline. is a valid reason to change oil or flush a unit, or both, to restore
This baseline should act as a starting point for the physical and system cleanliness.
chemical properties of the lubricant, and for future compari- 6.1.6 Oil Makeup Rate—The amount and frequency of
sons with used oil information. This is most important! makeup oil added to the system plays a very significant part in
Recommended tests for new oil are given in the schedules of determining the life of a system oil charge. Makeup varies from
this practice (see Tables 1 and 2). below 5 % per year to as much as 30 % in extreme cases. In
6.1.3.3 When new turbine oil is to be mixed with a charge turbines where makeup is relatively high compared to the oil
of a different composition prior checks should be made to degradation rate, the degree of degradation is compensated for
ensure no loss of expected properties due to incompatibility and long oil life can be expected. In turbines where the makeup
(see lubricant suppliers’ specifications). These should include is very low (below 5 %), a truer picture of oil degradation is
functional tests and checks for formation of insoluble materi- obtained. However, such a system should be carefully watched
als. Guidance for such compatibility testing can be referenced since the oil life is dependent almost exclusively on its original
in Practice D7155 for evaluating compatibility of mixtures of quality. In the United States, the average makeup is typically
turbine lubricating oils. around 7 % to 10 % per year.
4
D4378 − 20
TABLE 1 Minimum Sampling and Inspection Testing Schedule for New Oils
Schedule 1 New Oil-All Turbine Types
Samples:
(a) From transport or drums
(b) From storage tank
Tests Method Recommended Minimum Requirements for Acceptance of
New Oil as Received
Viscosity D445, D7042 Should meet Classification D2422 consistent with user
purchase specifications or manufacturer’s requirements.
Acid Number D974 or D664 Acceptance limits should be consistent with user purchase
specifications, new oil reference or manufacturer’s require-
ments or a combination thereof.
Appearance visual clear and bright
Water Content visual no free water
Color D1500 Acceptance limits should be consistent with user purchase

specifications, new oil reference or manufacturer’s require-
ments or a combination thereof.
Rust Test D665 Required for Steam and Single Shaft combined cycle tur-
bines. Should pass D665A for land-based turbines and
D665B for marine turbines.
Oxidation Stability or Inhibition D2272, D6810, Most suitable methods and acceptance limits should be
(RPVOT/Voltammetry/FTIR) D6971 consistent with user purchase specifications, new oil refer-
ence or manufacturer’s requirements or a combination
thereof.
Elemental Analysis (Suggested) D5185 Comparison with new oil reference on delivery may indi-
cate the presence of contaminants or mislabeled oil ship-
ment. (Other spectrochemical method may be substituted
for the ICP method.)
Air Release (Suggested) D3427 Comparison with new oil reference on delivery may indi-
ment.
Water Separation (Suggested) D1401 Steam Turbine and Combined Cycle Systems only.
Foam (Suggested) D892 Comparison with new oil reference on delivery may indi-
cate the presence of contaminants or mislabeled oil
shipment.
6.1.7 Handling and Oil Storage—Handling and dispensing tion(s) to monitor the properties of the lubricant. Correct and
methods must ensure that the quality and the cleanliness of the consistent sampling techniques are vital to achieve this. The
lubricant meet the specifications required by the equipment. recommended guidelines for proper sampling technique and
Oils must be properly labeled to ensure proper selection and sample handling techniques are part of Guide D8112. The user
use. Proper stock rotation and storage methods must be should have written standard operating procedures to ensure
considered to prevent the possible degradation of the physical that samples are taken consistently according to good mainte-
and chemical properties of the lubricant during storage and nance practices. In addition to the Guide D8112 method the
dispensing. following recommendations are to be considered:
6.2 The combination of all of the preceding operational 7.1.1 Microbiological Testing—When sampling in order to
factors for a given turbine determines its severity level. Each perform microbiological testing, refer to Practice D7464 for
unit is different and the equilibrium operating conditions for guidance on sample collection and handling.
each system must be determined in order to fix its severity
level; OEM operating and maintenance specifications can also NOTE 1—For samples intended for microbiological testing, see Practice
D7464. Although the guidance provided in Practice D7464 is nominally
be used in setting the severity levels. The more severe a turbine for fuel sample collection, the procedures provided are equally applicable
system, the shorter the service life for a given oil. A useful to turbine oils.
approach to determine the severity of a turbine is given in
Appendix X1. 7.2 Sample Labeling—A sample bottle should be properly
labeled in order to track the history of a particular piece of
7. Sampling equipment. The equipment must be identified uniquely. Labels
7.1 General—When taking oil samples from storage tanks should include the following information as appropriate:
or equipment in service, it is important that the extracted 7.2.1 Customer name (if appropriate),
sample is representative and is taken from a specified loca- 7.2.2 Site (or plant name),
5
D4378 − 20
TABLE 2 Minimum Sampling and Inspection Testing Schedule for New Oil ChargeA
Schedule 2 Installation of a New Oil Charge
Samples:
After 24 h circulation in Turbine
Retain approximately 4 L (1 gal)
Tests Method Recommended minimum requirements for assessment of
new oil charge
Viscosity D445, D7042 Should meet Classification D2422 consistent with user pur-
chase specifications or manufacturer’s requirements.
Acid Number D974 or D664 Should be consistent with user purchase specifications
and new oil reference.
Appearance visual clear and bright
Water Content visual no free water
Color D1500 Should be consistent with user purchase specifications

and new oil reference.
Particle Count--Cleanliness (after fil- F311 or F312 or user Definition of suitable cleanliness levels determined by par-
tration into equipment) defined ticle count distribution depends on turbine builder and user
requirements Filtration or centrifugation, or both of oil into
turbine and during in-service is recommended.
Oxidation Stability or Inhibition D2272, D6810, D6971 Should be consistent with user purchase specifications
(RPVOT/Voltammetry/FTIR)B and new oil reference.
Elemental Analysis (Suggested) D5185 Comparison with new oil reference on delivery may indi-
ment. (Other spectrochemical method may be substituted
for the ICP method.)
Air Release (Suggested) D3427 Comparison with new oil reference on delivery may indi-
ment.
Water Separation (Suggested) D1401 Steam Turbine and Combined Cycle Systems only.
Foam (Suggested) D892 Comparison with new oil reference on delivery may indi-
cate the presence of contaminants or mislabeled oil
shipment.
A
Follow recommended flushing procedures prior to installing initial fill or replacement oil charge. For general guidance, see Guide D6439.
B
Important as a baseline to determine turbine system severity. It is recommended that all tests which are performed on in-service oils for trending purposes should also
be performed on a new oil charge for baseline information.
7.2.3 Location (unit number, tank number, compartment 7.3.3 For bulk consignments, sample each tanker compart-
number, and so forth), ment. If these are clear of debris and water, then the samples
7.2.4 Turbine serial number (or other ID), can be combined for subsequent laboratory analysis of the
7.2.5 Turbine service hours, consignment.
7.2.6 Oil service hours, 7.3.4 In cases where the product is suspected of being
7.2.7 Date sample taken, nonuniform, sample a larger number of drums. Where contami-
7.2.8 System operating temperature and temperature of oil nation is suspected there is no alternative to sampling every
at sampling point, drum.
7.2.9 Type of oil sampled (lubricant ID), 7.3.5 From tanker deliveries, in addition to sampling indi-
7.2.10 Sampling point/port ID, vidual tanker compartments, further sample(s) should be taken
7.2.11 Type of purification system (filters/centrifuge, and so preferably from the outlet of the flexible pipework or at least
forth), and from the tanker bottom valve manifold. This further sampling
7.2.12 Makeup (volume) since last sample was taken. is necessary because the tanker contents can become contami-
7.3 Sampling of New Oil Deliveries: nated by residual material left in the bottom valve manifold.
7.3.1 A sample of the new lubricant is required to provide a This can occur particularly when different products are being
baseline for the physical and chemical properties of the carried in separate compartments or previous deliveries of a
lubricant. Also samples taken should be representative of the different product have been made to other locations without
oil being examined but obtained from the point(s) most subsequent adequate cleaning and flushing.
indicative of gross contamination by debris and water, that is, 7.3.6 Bottom samples must be collected by either a tube or
just above the bottom of the drum or tanker compartment thief sampler (for example, Bacon bomb). These samplers
bottom. permit collection of settlings on the bottom of the container
7.3.2 When consignments of oil are in drums, sample them without introducing false contamination by scraping the con-
in accordance with Practice D4057. tainer lining or wall.
6
D4378 − 20
7.3.7 Take the sample(s) from the outlet of the flexible lubricating oils will experience thermal and oxidative stresses,
pipework or the tanker bottom valve manifold while maintain- loss of foam control, poor oil demulsibility and loss of wear
ing a good flow after flushing the line. protection, which degrade the chemical composition of the oil.
7.4 Preservation of Sample and Analysis of Oil Samples—It In order to avoid these degradation problems, lubricating oils
is generally advised to ship the oil samples immediately to the are developed with a strong ability to control oxidation
oil analysis laboratory, as ideally, oil should be analyzed as processes, degradation by wear, and other degradation
soon as reasonably achievable after being sampled. If oil mechanisms, by using a combination of good quality base oil
samples are stored for an extended period of time, this may together with a mixture of additives. For turbine oils it is very
result in a non-representative sample. common for high quality products to have long periods of
7.4.1 If the samples are to be retained for extended periods successful field operation, so that for many years the oil may
of time, special arrangements should be made in agreement perform like new. Lubricant deterioration occurs by one or
with the oil analysis laboratory to ensure that the integrity of more of the following processes:
the sample is not compromised. The special arrangement may 9.1.1 Oxidative Degradation—This occurs as the result of
include storing in dark amber glass bottles in an ambient chemical changes brought about by oxygen in the atmosphere
temperature area as the longer an oil sample is stored in the and proceeds by a chain reaction.
container/bottle, the more oxidation products will be generated. 9.1.2 Thermal/Oxidative Degradation—This degradation
7.4.2 Store the sample(s) away from strong light and as can occur when the oil encounters hot spots or experiences
close to room temperature as possible. electrostatic discharges, or microdieseling in turbines. During
thermal degradation at elevated temperatures, hydrocarbons
8. Examination of New Oil on Delivery may form unstable and insoluble compounds. These unstable
8.1 Experience has shown the need for standardizing pro- compounds are easily oxidized and also tend to polymerize to
cedures to be undertaken for the sampling, examination, and form resins and sludge.
acceptance of incoming supplies of turbine oil. It is essential 9.1.3 Water Accumulation in the System—Accumulated wa-
that personnel responsible for sampling and testing shall have ter promotes oil degradation as well as additive depletion,
the necessary experience and skills, and that scrupulous atten- corrosion, reduced lubricating film thickness and microbial
tion to detail be applied at all times to avoid erroneous results. growth. It is advised to operate without the presence of free or
8.2 It is equally essential that all incoming supplies of oil be emulsified water.
adequately monitored to guard against incorrect or contami- 9.1.4 Loss of Additives—This can result in more rapid
nated material being delivered. Cleanliness of the delivery oxidation and premature rusting.
container should be noted; if the container is dirty on the 9.1.5 Influx of Contaminants—Contaminants arising within
outside, there may be particulate contamination on the inside. the system (corrosion and wear products) or from without (fly
Particulate contamination can also be a problem when the ash, dirt, and fluids) cause lubrication and wear problems.
lubricant comes in contact with dirty or poorly maintained 9.2 Properties of Oils That Must Be Retained—In determin-
equipment. ing the condition of the system oil for continued service, the
8.3 Sampling of incoming supplies should be in accordance most important properties of the in-service oil are: (1)
with proper sampling procedures (see Section 7). viscosity, (2) oxidation stability reserve, (3) freedom from
8.4 All samples should be immediately examined for ap- sludge/varnish, (4) freedom from abrasive contaminants, (5)
pearance. anticorrosion protection, (6) demulsibility, (7) air release, and
(8) freedom from water contamination. (See Table 3.)
8.5 A testing schedule for new oil is included in this practice 9.2.1 Viscosity—Viscosity is the most important character-
(see Table 1 and Table 2). With drums, tests should be istic of a turbine oil, as the oil film thickness under hydrody-
completed on the bulk sample before the oil is used in service. namic lubrication conditions is critically dependent on the oil’s
Individual samples should be retained until the bulk sample is viscosity characteristics. The viscosity of most commercial
passed as satisfactory. turbine oils are classified according to ISO (International
8.6 With tanker deliveries the additional tests to be com- Standards Organization) viscosity classification system. Oils
pleted before the tanker is discharged can only be judged from fall into ISOVG32, VG46, VG68, and VG100 viscosity grades
the risk involved by the acceptance of nonspecification corresponding to 32 cSt, 46 cSt, 68 cSt, and 100 cSt at 40 °C
product, that is, can the charge be readily recovered and and to approximately 165 SUS, 240 SUS, 350 SUS, and
corrected before passing into service if the subsequent tests 515 SUS at 100 °F (Classification D2422). The main purpose
indicate this to be necessary. for checking the viscosity of used turbine oil is to determine if
8.7 Handling and dispensing methods contribute to the the correct oil is being used and to detect contamination. Used
required health and cleanliness specifications of the lubricant. turbine oils rarely show significant viscosity changes due to
All sources and opportunities of contamination must be degradation. Occasionally, viscosity increases due to an emul-
avoided. sion with water contamination. The method normally used for
viscosity determinations is Test Method D445 or D7042.
9. Deterioration of Turbine Oils in Service 9.2.2 Oxidation Inhibitor—The monitoring of antioxidant
9.1 How Turbine Oils Degrade—Irrespective of initial concentration is important for controlling the oxidation of
quality, during their use in lubrication systems of turbines, industrial lubricants and their remaining useful life. Some
7
D4378 − 20
TABLE 3 Visual Inspection of In-service Oil SamplesA
NOTE 1—For consistency, the following are suggested: (1) visual inspections be performed after a 5 min settling time, (2) use of clear sample
containers, and (3) use of focused lighting to enhance visual observations.
Appearance of Oil Appearance of Oil Possible Cause Action Steps
just after Sampling after 1 h SettlingB
Clear Clear ... ...
Foam collapsed Air entry likely of mechanical origin or Investigate cause
from sampling process
Foam at the Surface
Stable persistent foam High foaming tendency- Possibly con- Investigate cause and conduct labora-
tamination or antifoam depletion. tory control test for foam
Clear Aeration if bubbles persist for more Investigate cause
Sample contains small air bubbles at than 5 min.
sampling then becomes clear from the
bottom Persistent entrained small air bubbles High air entrainment- Possibly Investigate cause and conduct labora-
contamination, oil degradation tory control test for air release
Clear or slightly opaque, decanted Unstable water emulsion Determine source of water ingress
free water
Sample cloudy and becoming clear Hazy Presence of soft contaminants and Determine possible presence of var-
from the top insolubles nish contaminants
Milky Stable water emulsion Investigate cause and conduct labora-
tory control test for water separation
Dirty Presence of decanted solid particles Contamination, possible filtration prob- Investigate cause and re-filter
lem
Strange color, rapid and unusual dark- ... Contamination or excessive degrada- Investigate cause and conduct labora-
ening tion tory control test for oxidation
Acrid Oil cracking due to overheating Investigate cause. Check Viscosity,
Acid No, Flash point
Putrid or rancid Growth of bacteria or fungi Check for presence of water. With-
Unusual odor
Rotten eggs Growth of anaerobic Sulfate draw the separated water. Test for mi-
Reducing Bacteria crobial contamination and consult with
oil supplier regarding biocide treat
A
These visual screening tests can be performed on site by the turbine unit operator.
B
A complete reference to visual inspection definitions can be found in D7155.
practices for measuring the concentration of phenolic (or amines, and ZDDP can be measured. A product type baseline
amine) antioxidants include infrared spectrometry (including must be available for use as a comparison to report a change.
Fourier Transform Infrared) and voltammetry. When setting up 9.2.3 Oxidation Stability Reserve:
one of these techniques, it is advisable to consult with the 9.2.3.1 One of the important properties of new turbine oil is
lubricant supplier who has a working knowledge of the its oxidation stability. Traditionally, this has been measured by
antioxidants used in the turbine oil formulation. Test Method D943 with Test Method D2272 being used as an
9.2.2.1 FTIR—The Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) prac- ancillary (rapid) method for following changes of oil condition
tice is a refined infrared spectroscopy method, which can be in service. Oxidation stability will gradually decrease in
used to monitor change in the availability of the original service, deterioration being promoted by the catalytic effects of
antioxidants blended into the oil. It can also be used to monitor metals in the system (iron and copper) as well as by the
the change in oxidation products as the oil degrades. Each oil depletion of the antioxidant. The latter occurs as a result of the
will produce a unique spectrum and a baseline must be normal function of the additive (chemically it acts as a
established to obtain benefit from this technique. Each antioxi- chain-stopper in controlling oxidation), or by volatilization. As
dant is a specific chemical substance and will absorb infrared the oxidation stability reserve decreases, acidic compounds are
light at a particular wavelengths and absorptivities; some produced which in turn undergo further reactions to form more
antioxidants may not be detectable by infrared spectroscopy. complex compounds. The end products of these processes are
(Test Method D2668 may be used for antioxidants if the insoluble sludge and lacquering. Although only a minute
wavelengths and absorptivities are known and in the case the fraction of the oil is converted in this way, sufficient sludge and
lubricant contains no antioxidant other than 2,6-di-t-butyl-p- lacquering can form to settle in critical areas of the system,
cresol or 2,6-di-t-butylphenol.) leading to filter blockage, interference with proper lubrication
9.2.2.2 Voltammetry—Voltammetry is an electrochemical and cooling of bearings and moving parts.
test technique, which can be used for measuring primary 9.2.3.2 The test method to detect severe oxidative degrada-
antioxidant additives. The technique applies a voltage ramp tion is the acid number (Test Methods D664 and D974). Most
through a three electrode sensing system and measures the rust inhibitors used in turbine oils are acidic and contribute to
current flow that occurs when the applied voltage equals the the acid number of the new oil. An increase in acid number
oxidation potential of the antioxidant. The potential of the above the value for new oil indicates the presence of acidic
produced voltammetric peak aids in the identification of the oxidation products, microbial growth in the system or, less
antioxidant and the height of the produced peak is proportional likely, contamination with acidic substances. An accurate
to the concentration of the antioxidant. Antioxidants such as determination of the acid number is very important. However,
phenols (in accordance with Test Method D6810 and D6971), this test does not measure oxidation stability reserve, which is
8
D4378 − 20
better determined by Test Method D2272. This latter test is specified by the manufacturer, cleanliness in the range from
included in the recommended testing schedules (see Table 1 ISO – 16 ⁄14 ⁄11 to – 18 ⁄16 ⁄13 (ISO 4406:1999) is usually
and Table 2). considered satisfactory.
9.2.4 Freedom from Sludge/Varnish: 9.2.6 Rust Protection:
9.2.4.1 Due to the nature of the highly refined lubricant 9.2.6.1 Rust protection provided by the lubricant is of
basestocks used in the manufacture of turbine oils, they are significant importance for turbine systems. Protection is re-
very poor solvents for sludge/varnish. This is the main reason quired in areas of fluid flow, for surfaces covered by static
why the oxidation stability reserve of the oil must be carefully drops of water and for areas which are only occasionally
monitored. Only a relatively small degree of oxidation can be splashed by the lubricant. New oil usually contains a rust
permitted, otherwise there is considerable risk of sludge/ inhibitor additive and must meet test requirements such as Test
varnish deposition in bearing housings, seals, gears, and Method D665. In service, this additive can become depleted by
pistons. (1) performing its proper function, (2) by removal with water,
9.2.4.2 Measurement of the amounts of sludge/varnish as (3) by adsorption on wear particles and other solid debris, or
insoluble, soft contaminants (coloured bodies) in turbine oils (4) by chemical reaction with contaminants. In exceptional
(Test Method D7843) is possible. Sludge/varnish already laid circumstances where alkaline or polluted water enters the
down within the system would not be included in such a system, additive removal will be much more rapid. Test
determination. Other tests, however, can signal deteriorating Method D665 Procedure A (distilled water rust test) is adequate
quality in the oil even before any significant formation of for determining a satisfactory level of antirust inhibitor for
sludge/varnish occurs. land-based turbines. For marine usage, Test Method D665
9.2.4.3 Filtration and centrifugation assist in removing Procedure B (seawater rust test) is recommended.
sludge/varnish from the oil as it is formed but cannot protect 9.2.6.2 Although rusting is the most important corrosive
the system if the oil is allowed to deteriorate too far before an tendency to guard against, the possibility exists of other types
oil change. of corrosion brought about by active sulfur or strong acids.
9.2.5 Particle Counting: Generally, these factors are of little significance for turbines
since new oils must meet very strict requirements in this regard
9.2.5.1 The most deleterious solid contaminants found in
and used oils are normally discarded before any corrosive
turbine oil systems are those left behind when the system is
breakdown products are formed. Contamination is the most
constructed and installed or when it is opened for maintenance
likely factor if the used oil does not continue to meet new oil
and repair. The need for proper cleaning and flushing of new or
standards for copper strip corrosion (see Test Method D130).
repaired turbine systems is emphasized. Beyond these types of
9.2.7 Water Separability:
contaminants, there are few opportunities for solids to enter the
lube oil system, although in very dusty areas where units may 9.2.7.1 Water can get into turbine systems due to oil cooler
be out-of-doors, some solids can enter through improperly leaks, normal breathing, and gland seal steam. Water adversely
installed or operating vents. affects turbine oils by acting with metals to catalyze oxidation.
It also depletes water-sensitive oil additives such as some types
9.2.5.2 During operation, the equipment begins to accumu-
of turbine oil rust inhibitors, and can cause rusting and
late significant amounts of particulates. Some may enter the
corrosion and can promote microbial growth. In gas turbines,
system through the makeup oil when it is added. Fly ash may
minor amounts of water are driven off during normal opera-
be drawn in with the air at bearing shaft seals. Other contami-
tions. In steam turbines, normally if the oil is in good
nants may be abrasive degradation and corrosion products
condition, water will settle to the bottom of the storage tank,
developed in the system. Whatever the source, the presence of
where it should be drained off as a routine operating procedure.
abrasive solids in the oil cannot be tolerated since they will
Purification systems will also assist in removing the water.
promote scoring and damage to bearings and journals as well
Unfortunately if the steam turbine oil has developed poor water
as causing malfunction and sticking of control mechanisms.
separability properties (as measured by Test Method D1401)
These must be removed by the use of filters or centrifuge, or
significant amounts of water will stay in the system and create
both. When the amount of makeup is low and the various filters
problems. In addition to chemical effects on the oil and
and purifiers are operating satisfactorily, abrasive solids are
additives, the lubricating properties of the oil can be adversely
generally removed before any damage is done. In a properly
affected; adequate lubrication cannot be maintained by an oil
maintained system the particulate level presents no problem.
which contains a significant quantity of water. Therefore,
Cleanliness of the system oil can be determined by gravimetric
lubricant flow to bearings should not contain significant
means (Practice F311 or Methods F312) or by particle counting
amounts of free or dispersed water. There are considerable
(Test Method D7647), the latter normally by means of elec-
differences of opinion as to what level of water is harmful, but
tronic particle counters. Cleanliness levels can be represented
0.1 % is generally considered significant.
by classification systems such as ISO 4406:1999. ISO
4406:1999 uses a numeric code to reference the number of 9.2.7.2 If an oil is clear and bright, the amount of dissolved
particles larger than 4 µm, 6 µm, and 14 µm/mL of oil. ISO water present is of little significance. Most turbine oils will
4406:1999 assigns integer values to denote a range of particles remain clear with up to 100 ppm of water at room temperature.
whose upper limit doubles with each successive number. 9.3 Other Properties of Used Oils—There are various other
Desired cleanliness levels are sometimes designated by the properties of used turbine oil which can be measured but are
equipment manufacturer or user. If a cleanliness level is not considered of less significance. These are discussed as follows:
9
D4378 − 20
9.3.1 Color—New turbine oils are normally light in color. smaller than about 8 µm (see Practice D5185). The elements
Some turbine oils darken on exposure to sunlight or U/V light. found derive from wear debris, additives, and contamination.
This is not abnormal. Darkening will occur in service but the 9.3.4.1 Some wear on metal parts can be considered to be
change is usually slow over years of service. Frequent checks normal (although not desirable). Large amounts of metal
for color are therefore useful as a quick on-the-spot test. A contaminants usually indicate a serious machine problem.
significant color change would be indicative that unusual and Since different machine parts are made from different metals,
rapid darkening can be a direct result from contamination or the presence of particular metals indicate which components
excessive degradation. A more detailed examination would be are wearing. When a machine has been sampled several times
necessary to find the cause. Test Method D1500 is the standard (or when multiple machines of the same type have been tested),
method for defining the color of lubricants. Color darkening an evaluation is made to determine whether the metal concen-
alone is not itself a cause for alarm (unless supported by trations are outside of the normal range. Samples from a piece
additional tests). of equipment that have metal concentrations increasing at an
9.3.2 Flash Point—Turbine oils, like most lubricants, must unusually high rate or outside of the normal range indicate that
have flash points well above the minimum applicable safety the equipment may have a problem. When no historical data is
requirements. However, flash point is of little significance for available, there is a chance that not enough significance will be
determining the degree of degradation of used oils, since given to a particular wear metal and its concentration.
normal degradation has little effect on the flash point. It is 9.3.4.2 Certain elements which are found as lubricant oil
useful for detecting contamination with low-boiling solvents. additives can also be analyzed to ensure that the appropriate
The method in common use is Test Method D92 (Cleveland additives are present and that there are no other inorganic
Open Cup). additives which indicate that cross-contamination has oc-
curred. An analysis should be performed on unused oil in order
9.3.3 Foaming Characteristics—Foaming characteristics
to establish a baseline for future comparisons.
are measured by Test Method D892 which indicates both the
9.3.4.3 Contaminants (such as dirt and water) in the oil can
tendency of the oil to foam and the stability of the foam after
be carried throughout the machine and cause severe wear or
it is generated. This test may be useful in troubleshooting oil
corrosion. The presence of dirt can be detected by the presence
foaming problems in equipment. Some increase in foaming
of silicon (or aluminum). Inorganic constituents of fresh and
tendency over time will occur due to changes in the oil’s
treated water may be detected using elemental analysis. Ex-
surface tension resulting from normal oil degradation, trace
amples of these may be: calcium from untreated water, sodium
contamination and this increase in foaming tendency is often
and magnesium from sea water, and potassium, sodium or
observed and may not be of a concern (see Table 3). System
boron from cooling water. (See Table 4.)
foaming problems have three possible origins.
9.3.3.1 Mechanical—The system design can have a major 9.4 Microbiological Contamination—If contamination with
impact on the foaming tendency of a lubricant. water occurs, microbial growth can occur in oils in service and
in storage. The microbes can grow in water accumulated at
9.3.3.2 Antifoam Additive Depletion—Antifoam agents may
system low points and in water droplets suspended in the oil.
be removed mechanically (due to fine filtration, centrifuging,
They feed on and degrade the base oils and additives, accel-
mechanical shearing, or adsorption) because they are dispersed
erating oxidative and hydrolytic processes. The slime (bio-
and not dissolved in the oil. Caution must be practiced not to
mass) formed by the microbes can block filters, oil lines and
overdose with additional defoamant as this may have a
system orifices. Microbially generated acids cause increase in
detrimental impact on air release properties of the oil.
AN and can lead to severe system corrosion. The oil formula-
9.3.3.3 Contamination—An attempt should be made to tion may provide all of the necessary nutrients for microbial
identify and remove the contaminants. In cases where this growth although sometimes nutrients are supplemented by the
cannot be done adequately, this may be corrected with an contaminating water. Microbial growth will generally only
addition of defoamant. occur when and where temperature is below 50 °C and, thus, it
9.3.3.4 Air Release Properties—Agitation of lubricating oil is primarily a risk in medium and low temperature systems or
with air in equipment such as bearings, couplings, gears, during prolonged system outage or oil storage.
pumps, and oil return lines may produce a dispersion of finely 9.4.1 Depending on the method employed, particle counts
divided air bubbles in the oil. If the residence time in the and tests for acid number may highlight the possibility of
reservoir is too short to allow the air bubbles to rise to the oil microbial contamination in the oil system. Further investiga-
surface, a mixture of air and oil will circulate through the tion by microbiological testing may be warranted. Where
lubricating oil system. This may result in an inability to temperatures are conducive to microbial growth and where
maintain oil pressure (particularly with centrifugal pumps), there is a known issue of water accumulation, routine microbial
incomplete oil films in bearings and gears, and poor hydraulic testing is recommended.
system performance or failure. The time required for air 9.4.2 There are currently no designated standard methods
entrained in the oil (in Test Method D3427) to reduce in for microbiological testing of oils. The microbiological method
volume to 0.2 % is recorded as the air bubble separation time. employed should be appropriate for testing viscous, non-
9.3.4 Elemental Analysis—Emission spectroscopy can be aqueous samples. Two methods which have been demonstrated
used to analyze for elements found in used lubricating oil. This to be suitable for testing oils in the field or the laboratory are
analysis is generally limited to dissolved materials or particles Test Methods D7687 and D7978; both these methods are
10
D4378 − 20
TABLE 4 Sources of Potential Inorganic Elemental Contaminants in Oil
Element/Symbol Wear Additive Contaminant Primary Sources Secondary Sources
Metal
Aluminum/Al X X pistons, journal bearings, blowers, turbo dirt, alloy with copper, in rolling element bearings
charge vans, torque converters, pump cages, housings and cases
vanes
Antimony/Sb X X X journal bearings grease, anti-scuff additive
Barium/Ba X additiveA grease
Boron/B X X additiveA , treated coolant water few
Cadmium/Cd X journal bearings plating
Calcium/Ca X X additiveA water, grease
Chromium/Cr X compression rings, chrome cylinders alloyed with iron found in rolling element bearings,
shafts found in hard steels
Copper/Cu X X bearings, cages, bushings, thrusts, valve automotive lubricant additives
guides, oil coolers, bearing cages, pumps
Iron/Fe X X cylinders, shafts, gears, rolling elements rust, fretting corrosion
bearings, housings, cases. for EHC fluid,
some acid scavenging filters may contribute
this wear metal to the fluid
Lead/Pb X X journal bearings, main bearings, platings, paint, solder, seals
pumps
Magnesium/Mg X additiveA sea water
Manganese/Mn X shafts, valves, blowers few
Molybdenum/Mo X X additiveA , for EHC fluid, some acid compression rings
scavenging filters may contribute this wear
metal to the fluid
Nickel/Ni X alloyed with iron for hard steel shafts, rolling few
element bearings
Phosphorus/P X X additiveA , for EHC fluids, this is the primary surface finish for gears
component
Potassium/K X coolant additive few
Silicon/Si X X X sand, dirt, dust, antifoam additive for EHC alloyed with iron (cast iron)
fluid, some acid scavenging filters may
contribute this wear metal to the fluid
Silver/Ag X wrist pins (EMD), flashing solder
Sodium/Na X X found in some new oils, cooling additive sea water, grease
Tin/Sn X journal bearings, alloyed with copper in solder
rolling element bearing cages, flashing
Titanium/Ti X turbine blades paint, esterification catalyst in ester-based oils
Vanadium/V X turbine blades valves
Zinc/Zn X X additiveA galvanized steel, platings, grease
A
The elements whose primary source is shown as “additive” are used as possible additives in oils, but are not supposed to be in the turbine oil. P can be found if the turbine
oil is of the EP type and, for this element, if it was found in the new shipment of the oil or the initial in-service oil sample taken in 6.1.3.2, or both, and the amount is
comparable to either of these, this can be reported as normal.
designated for testing fuels and associated contaminating water intervals; (2) logging, trending, and interpretation of test data;
and although they can be utilized to test oils, this is outside (3) action steps; and (4) insurance of maintenance follow-up.
their respective scopes. 10.1.1 The application of the ASTM standards for trending
9.4.2.1 Test Method D7687 measures the concentration of (Guide D7669) and for evaluating limits (Guide D7720) is an
cellular- Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) present in the sample. advisable approach for long term fluid condition monitoring.
ATP is a constituent of all living cells, including bacteria and
fungi. Consequently, the presence of cellular-ATP is an indi- 10.2 Sampling and Testing of Oil Samples—Schedules for
cator of total metabolically active microbial contamination. routine monitoring should be tailored to the individual facility
Test Method D7687 can be used for oils using the procedure depending on the criticality and severity of usage of the
described for fuels. turbines. The schedules included in Table 1 (for steam turbines)
9.4.2.2 Test Method D7978 measures culturable, viable and Table 2 (for gas turbines) are typical and should only be
aerobic microbial content present in the form of bacteria, fungi, used as a guide. Refer to the OEM (original equipment
or their spores, or combinations thereof. Test Method D7978 manufacturer) instructions or other regulatory guidelines for
can be used for oils using the procedure described for testing lubricant testing requirements. In addition to the tests in Tables
heavy and residual fuels. 1 and 2, any deposits found in the oil or removed from the
9.4.2.3 In some cases additional tests for specific types of system should be examined and identified (if possible).
microbes may be warranted, for example for sulfate reducing 10.3 Logging, Trending, and Interpretation of Test Data—It
bacteria (SRB) which generate sulfide and can cause rapid and is important to keep accurate records of test results and
severe corrosion. makeup. Graphical representations are highly recommended
for key parameters such as acid number, oxidation inhibitor,
10. Monitoring Program wear particle concentration, wear metals, and RPVOT. In this
10.1 A sound monitoring program is based on four factors: way, unusual trends become apparent and better estimates
(1) obtaining representative samples and testing at appropriate made of remaining service life. Interpretation of test data
11
D4378 − 20
should take into account such factors as oil addition (make-up help to decide the nature and source of the debris. If necessary,
or replacement oil), possible intermixing of oils, newly in- the deposit can be sent to a well-equipped laboratory for full
stalled parts, and recent system inspections. Guidelines for identification. If significant amounts of sludge or varnish,
warning levels are provided for various lubricant types in arising from oil oxidation, are found in the system, action
Tables 5-7. Oil supplier guidelines or original equipment should be taken to clean out the system and replace the oil
manufacturer (OEM) guidelines, or both, supersede Tables 5-7. charge. If the deposit consists essentially of contaminant
These warning levels should also be considered with trending material such as fly ash or other debris, appropriate action is
information. necessary to remedy the cause.
10.4 Action Steps—The main purpose of a monitoring 12. Test Schedules
program is to ensure long trouble-free operation of the equip-
ment. This can only be achieved by prompt and proper action 12.1 Steam (Table 5) and Gas (Table 6) and Single Shaft
steps when necessary. Such action steps must be based on a Combined Cycle (Table 7) Turbines—Mineral Oils:
correct interpretation of test results (see Tables 5-7), usually 12.1.1 The following test schedules are based mainly on
gathered over a period of time. Corrective action should tests that can be run by most power station laboratories. An
generally never be taken on the basis of one test result since it important exception is probably the RPVOT to determine
may be incorrect due to poor sampling or faulty testing. remaining service life where the assistance of an outside
Resampling and retesting is recommended before proceeding. laboratory or the oil supplier may be necessary.
Actions recommended by the oil supplier or the original 12.1.2 New oil should be sampled and tested for agreement
equipment manufacturer, or both, supersede those in Tables with quality requirements as it is received. Upon the installa-
5-7. tion of a new oil charge, either as an initial fill or as
replacement charge, an approximately 4 L (1 gal) sample
10.5 Maintenance Follow-Up—When maintenance is per- should be taken after 24 h circulation. This is a most important
formed on equipment included in the oil monitoring program, sample since it is used as the baseline for comparison with later
the records of work performed and problems found should be test data. The sample should be retained for at least 12 months.
documented and made available to those responsible for Significant differences in quality between the new oil (as
interpreting the oil test data. In this way, the test data received) and the 24 h sample should be investigated. A check
interpreter can (1) ensure that recommended maintenance was sample is sometimes necessary. Contaminants in the system
performed, (2) make better recommendations, and (3) learn and residues from degraded oil can adversely affect the
better how test data correlate with equipment problems. potential service life of the new oil charge. The purpose of the
initial schedules, 12 months for steam turbines and 4 months to
11. Sludge and Deposits 6 months for gas turbines, is to determine the severity of
11.1 The accumulation of sludge or deposits in any part of service. For this, fairly frequent sampling and testing is
a turbine system is cause for concern. During outages, inspec- required. The amount of degradation occurring during this
tion should be made of all accessible parts of the system, in initial period serves as a guide to establish future sampling
particular the reservoir, turning gear, regulating valves and so frequency.
forth. Varnishing usually results when soft contaminants that 12.1.3 The normal test schedules are for systems which
have been formed by oil oxidation and degradation deposit on normally expect a long service life. The history of the present
various surfaces. When these deposits form on critical charge or the results of the first 6 months to 12 months testing
components, damage can occur up to, and including equipment of a replacement charge is usually sufficient to determine if the
failure. Samples of the deposits should be taken for analysis. normal schedule will apply. Eventually, as test results indicate
During operation, any unusual amount of solids removed that the oil is becoming degraded and may be approaching the
during centrifugation or filtration should be noted. An initial end of its service life, the sampling frequency should be
examination of any deposit can be made very simply. For this, increased.
a small amount of the deposit is washed free of oil with a
petroleum solvent from a squeeze bottle. After drying, a small 13. Keywords
magnet can be used to separate iron-derived matter. Examina- 13.1 gas turbines; in-service monitoring; mineral; mineral
tion with a simple 10-power pocket magnifying glass will often turbine oil; monitoring program; steam turbines; turbine oil
12
TABLE 5 Steam Turbine Test Schedule, Interpretation and Recommended Action Steps
NOTE 1—Frequency (New Turbine Installation First 12 Months)—Suggested sample frequency is every 1 month to 3 months or as agreed upon with lubricant or condition monitoring provider.
Normal Operation is every 4 months to 6 months or as agreed with lubricant or condition monitoring provider. The sample frequency should be used as a guide. Increased frequency (half the
suggested time intervals) is recommended for a severe turbine or for oils approaching the end of their service life. Most turbines should be covered by this schedule. Sample frequency is based
on continuous operation or total accumulated service time.
NOTE 2—For combined cycle systems where the gas turbine (see Table 6) and steam turbines (see Table 5) have separate lubricating circuits follow the test schedules for the individual turbine
type.
Test Method Warning LimitsA Interpretation Action Steps
Viscosity D445, D7042 ± 5 % of new oil, max (1) Oil is contaminated, (2) oil is severely degraded, or Determine cause. If viscosity is low determine flash point.
(3) high or low viscosity fluid added Change oil, if necessary.
Up to 20 000 h: This represents abnormal deterioration. Possible causes Investigate cause, Increase frequency of testing—Compare
∆ > (0.10 mg KOH ⁄g) ⁄ year are: (1) system conditions are severe and promote ab- with RPVOT, MPC, Voltammetry, or FTIR data, or combina-
normal oil deterioration, (2) primary antioxidant tions thereof. Consult with Oil Supplier for possible remedy.
depleted, (3) wrong makeup oil used, (4) contamination
Acid Number D974 or D664 More than 20 000 h: This represents severe deterioration. The oil is at or Look for signs of increased sediment on filters and centri-
∆ > (0.15 mg KOH ⁄g) ⁄ year near the end of service life. Possible causes are: (1) fuge. Check RPVOT, MPC, Voltammetry, or FTIR data, or
system conditions (temperature etc.) are severe and combinations thereof. If RPVOT or antioxidant level is less
promote severe oil deterioration, (2) primary antioxidant than 25 % of original, review status with oil supplier and con-
depleted, (3) or (4) above may apply sider oil change. Increase test frequency if left in system.
Appearance Visual hazy Oil contains water, entrained air or solids or a combina- Investigate cause (see Table 3) and remedy, check water
tion thereof. See also Table 3. content or air release. Filter or centrifuge oil, or both. Check
for other potential source of contamination, if needed.
Water Content D6304 exceeds 0.02 % or 200 mg ⁄kg Oil contaminated. Potential water or steam leak. Investigate and remedy cause. Remove water by
13
centrifugation, coalescence or vacuum dehydration as ap-
propriate. If still unsatisfactory, consider oil change or con-
sult oil supplier.
Color D1500 unusual or rapid darkening This may indicate (1) contaminations, or (2) excessive Determine cause and rectify, Consider oil change
D4378 − 20
degradation
Particle Count—Cleanliness F311 and F312 or 18/16/13 or OEM recom- Source of particulates may be: (1) makeup oil, (2) dust Locate and eliminate source of particulates. Check oil for
D7647 or User defined mended limits or ash entering system, (3) wear condition in system, insolubles and wear metals. Clean system oil by filtration or
(4) preservatives from turbine replacement part (5) soft centrifuging, or both.
contaminants due to oil degradation
Wear Metals D5185 greater than 10 ppm to 20 ppm Indicates the presence of wear conditions or contamina- Perform wear debris analysis
tion. (See Table 4.)
Additive Elements D5185 ± 25 % of the new oil Additive depletion, wrong oil added, oil dilution, or addi- Consult with oil supplier regarding situation. Check for dilu-
tive precipitation/dropout tion with another oil or fluid. Check other quality parameters.
Consider oil change
MPC—varnish test D7843 20 dE–increased amount of Source of insoluble color bodies may be soft contami- Locate and eliminate source of contaminants. Clean system
varnish may need attention nants due to oil degradation oil by adequate filtration techniques
30-dE–cautionary limit requir-
ing corrective actions
Up to 20 000 h: less than (1) Above normal degradation, (2) Higher than new oil Investigate cause. Check turbine system for possible signs
50 % or greater than 25 % of RPVOT may result from addition of new oil or test inter- of sludge or deposit formation. Check Insolubles. Compare
original value ferences from antioxidant intermediates with other data indicating of oxidation degradation. Increase
RPVOTB D2272 frequency of testing. (If results are erratic, consider alternate
test for monitoring oxidation inhibition.)
More than 20 000 h: less than Together with high acid number, indicates oil at or ap- Resample and retest. If same, consider oil change
25 % of original value proaching end of service life
TABLE 5 Continued
Up to 20 000 h: less than (1) Above normal degradation, Note: If Voltammetry re- Investigate cause. Check turbine system for possible signs
50 % total RUL sults exceeds new oil value, check for peak shifting, of sludge or deposit formation. Check Insolubles. Compare
new peak formation or test probe contamination with other data indicating of oxidation degradation. Increase
frequency of testing. (If results are erratic, consider alternate
Voltammetry/FTIRB test for monitoring oxidation inhibition.)
(Antioxidant D6810 , D6971 More than 20 000 h: less than Together with high acid number, indicates oil at or ap- Resample and retest. If same, consider oil change
Trending) 25 % total RUL compared to proaching end of service life
original value
For multiple antioxidants, less
than 25 % of the final remain-
ing primary antioxidant peak
Up to 20 000 h: Light fail (1) The system is wet or dirty or both Investigate cause and make necessary maintenance and
(2) The system is not maintained properly (for example, operating changes. Recheck Rust Test, consult with oil sup-
Rust Test,
D665 water drainage neglected, water removal equipment plier regarding possible remedy if test result unchanged
Procedure A
malfunctioning)
More than 20 000 h: Light fail Normal additive depletion in wet system Consult oil supplier regarding rejuvenation by bleed and feed
Insolubles D2273 greater than 0.1 wt % Indicates (1) contamination of oil by equipment wear or Investigate cause. Filter or Centrifuge oil, or both. Consider
other debris, or (2) oil or additive degradation oil change
Water Separability at 54CC D1401 greater than 3 mL stable emul- Possibly pollution, contamination, degradation Compare with other test data indicating degree of degrada-
sion or less than 36 mL water tion. Locate and eliminate source of contaminants. Clean
at 60 min, or both system by adequate filtration techniques. Consider oil
14
change if water separability can not be restored.
Foaming Test, Sequence IC D892 exceeds following limits: ten- Possibly contamination or antifoam depletion. In new High tendency data should be confirmed by reservoir visual
dency 450 mL and stability turbines, residual rust preventives absorbed by oil may inspection. Rectify cause. Check with oil supplier regarding
10 mL cause problem filtration and oil rejuvenation by bleed and feed
Air ReleaseC D3427 exceeds following limits: Possibly contamination or excess antifoam re-addition. Watch the system as required. Rectify cause. Compare with
D4378 − 20
double the time compared to In new turbines, residual rust preventives absorbed by other results Consider rejuvenating with bleed and feed
new oil oil may cause problem
Flash PointC D92 Drop 15 °C or more compared Probably contamination Determine cause. Check other quality parameters. Consider
to new oil oil change
D
Microbial contamination D7978 or D7687 10 fold increase above estab- Microbial growth is occurring with potential for filter Identify source of water and make necessary maintenance
lished norms plugging, system fouling, oil degradation and corrosion. or operational changes. Use filters or centrifuges, or both, to
Water ingress or accumulation is occurring. remove microbial contamination and water. In severe cases
flushing or biocide treatment, or both, may be needed
A
Warning limits apply at any time unless otherwise stated.
B
Consult with oil supplier regarding most appropriate methods, which may be RPVOT, Voltammetry, or FTIR or a combination thereof.
C
If contamination is suspected, additional tests such as Flash Point, Foam, Water Separability, Rust and Air Release, may be useful to determine degree and effect of contaminants present. An outside supplier or oil
supplier can also assist in a more in-depth analysis.
D
Microbes are ubiquitous in many environments and there are no universally accepted limits for microbial contamination in oils. The levels of contamination which can be tolerated will depend on the system and the
type of microbial contamination. Microbes will generally be far more numerous in low point samples and samples containing water. For routine microbiological monitoring, baseline contamination levels should be
established for designated sample points, which should include a system low point and a representative sample of circulating oil (before any filters or centrifuges). A ten-fold increase in microbial counts should highlight
that microbial growth may be occurring. Typically, microbial counts of over 1 000 microbes ⁄mL of oil in low point samples or over 100 microbes/mL in representative samples of circulating oil indicate contamination levels
are above normal background level. Counts ten times these levels could indicate a potential for microbially related operational problems.
TABLE 6 Gas Turbine Test Schedule, Interpretation and Recommended Action Steps
type.
Up to 20 000 h: This represents abnormal deterioration. Possible causes Investigate cause, Increase frequency of testing—Compare
∆ > (0.10 mg KOH/g) / year are: (1) system conditions (temperature etc.) are severe with RPVOT, MPC,Voltammetry, or FTIR data, or combina-
and promote abnormal oil deterioration, (2) primary anti- tions thereof. Consult with Oil Supplier for possible remedy.
oxidant depleted, (3) wrong makeup oil used, (4) con-
tamination
Acid Number D974 or D664
More than 20 000 h: This represents severe deterioration. The oil is at or near Look for signs of increased sediment on filters and centrifuge.
∆ > (0.15 mg KOH/g) / year the end of its service life. Possible causes are: (1) sys- Check RPVOT, MPC, Voltammetry, or FTIR data, or combina-
tem conditions (temperature etc.), are severe and pro- tions thereof. If RPVOT or antioxidant level is less than 25 %
mote severe oil deterioration, (2) primary antioxidant de- of original, review status with oil supplier and consider oil
pleted (3) or (4) above may apply change. Increase test frequency if left in system.
Appearance Visual hazy Oil contains water, entrained air or solids or a combina- Investigate cause (see Table 3) and remedy, check water con-
tion thereof. See also Table 3. tent or air release. Filter or centrifuge oil, or both. Check for
other potential source of contamination, if needed.
degradation
Particle Count—Cleanliness F311 and F312 or 18/16/13 or OEM recom- Source of particulates may be: (1) makeup oil, (2) dust Locate and eliminate source of particulates. Check oil for in-
D7647 or User defined mended limits or ash entering system, (3) wear condition in system, (4) solubles and wear metals. Clean system oil by filtration or
15
preservatives from turbine replacement part (5) soft con- centrifuging, or both.
taminants due to oil degradation
Wear Metals D5185 greater than 10 ppm to 20 ppm Indicates the presence of wear conditions or contamina- Perform wear debris analysis
tion. See Table 4.
D4378 − 20
Additive Elements D5185 ± 25 % of the new oil Additive depletion, wrong oil added, oil dilution, or addi- Consult with oil supplier regarding situation. Check for dilution
tive precipitation/dropout with another oil or fluid. Check other quality parameters. Con-
sider oil change
30-dE–cautionary limit requiring
corrective actions
Up to 20 000 h: less than 50 % (1) Above normal degradation, (2) Higher than new oil Investigate cause. Check turbine system for possible signs of
or greater than 25 % of original RPVOT may result from addition of new oil or test inter- sludge or deposit formation. Check Insolubles. Compare with
value ferences from antioxidant intermediates other data indicating of oxidation degradation. Increase fre-
RPVOTB D2272 quency of testing. (If results are erratic, consider alternate test
for monitoring oxidation inhibition.)
Up to 20 000 h: less than 50 % (1) Above normal degradation, Note: If Voltammetry re- Investigate cause. Check turbine system for possible signs of
total RUL sults exceeds new oil value, check for peak shifting, new sludge or deposit formation. Check Insolubles. Compare with
peak formation or test probe contamination other data indicating of oxidation degradation. Increase fre-
quency of testing. (If results are erratic, consider alternate test
for monitoring oxidation inhibition.)
Voltammetry/FTIRB D6810, D6971
(Antioxidant Trending) More than 20 000 h: less than Together with high acid number, indicates oil at or ap- Resample and retest. If same, consider oil change
25 % total RUL compared to proaching end of service life
original value.
For multiple antioxidants, less
than 25 % of the final remaining
primary antioxidant peak
TABLE 6 Continued
Insolubles D2273 greater than 0.1 wt % Indicates (1) contamination of oil by equipment wear or Investigate cause. Filter or Centrifuge oil, or both. Consider oil
other debris, or (2) oil or additive degradation change. For turbines with combined turbine and hydraulic
reservoirs, consider varnish prediction methods.
Air ReleaseC D3427 exceeds following limits: double Possibly contamination or excess antifoam re-addition. In Watch the system as required. Rectify cause. Compare with
16
the time compared to new oil new turbines, residual rust preventives absorbed by oil other results. Consider rejuvenating with bleed and feed
may cause problem
D4378 − 20
A
B
C
TABLE 7 Single Shaft Combine Cycle Turbine Test Schedule, Interpretation and Recommended Action Steps
type.
Up to 20 000 h: This represents abnormal deterioration. Possible Investigate cause, Increase frequency of testing—Compare
∆ > (0.10 mg KOH/g) / year causes are: (1) system conditions (temperature etc.) with RPVOT, MPC, Voltammetry, or FTIR data, or combina-
are severe and promote abnormal oil deterioration, (2) tions thereof. Consult with Oil Supplier for possible remedy.
antioxidant depleted, (3) wrong makeup oil used, (4)
contamination
Acid Number D974 or D664
More than 20 000 h: This represents severe deterioration. The oil is at or Look for signs of increased sediment on filters and centri-
∆ > (0.15 mg KOH/g) / year near the end of its service life. Possible causes are: (1) fuge. Check RPVOT, MPC, Voltammetry, or FTIR data, or
system conditions (temperature etc.) are severe and combinations thereof. If RPVOT or antioxidant level is less
promote severe oil deterioration, (2) primary antioxidant than 25 % of original, review status with oil supplier and con-
depleted, (3) or (4) above may apply sider oil change. Increase test frequency if left in system.
Appearance Visual hazy Oil contains water, entrained air or solids or a combina- Investigate cause (see Table 3) and remedy, check water
tion thereof. See also Table 3. content or air release. Filter or centrifuge oil, or both. Check
for other potential source of contamination, if needed.
17
Water Content D6304 exceeds 0.02 % or 200 mg/kg Oil contaminated. Potential water or steam leak. Investigate and remedy cause. Remove water by
centrifugation, coalescence or vacuum dehydration as ap-
propriate. If still unsatisfactory, consider oil change or con-
sult oil supplier.
D4378 − 20
degradation
Particle Count—Cleanliness F311 and F312 or 18/16/13 or OEM recom- Source of particulates may be: (1) makeup oil, (2) dust Locate and eliminate source of particulates. Check oil for
D7647 or User defined mended limits or ash entering system, (3) wear condition in system, insolubles and wear metals. Clean system oil by filtration or
(4) preservatives from turbine replacement part, (5) soft centrifuging, or both.
contaminants due to oil degradation
Wear Metals D5185 greater than 10 ppm to Indicates the presence of wear conditions or contami- Perform wear debris analysis
20 ppm nation. See Table 4.
Additive Elements D5185 ± 25 % of the new oil Additive depletion, wrong oil added, oil dilution, or addi- Consult with oil supplier regarding situation. Check for dilu-
tive precipitation/dropout tion with another oil or fluid. Check other quality parameters.
Consider oil change
30-dE–cautionary limit requir-
ing corrective actions
Up to 20 000 h: less than (1) Above normal degradation, (2) Higher than new oil Investigate cause. Check turbine system for possible signs
50 % or greater than 25 % of RPVOT may result from addition of new oil or test inter- of sludge or deposit formation. Check Insolubles. Compare
original value ferences from antioxidant intermediates with other data indicating of oxidation degradation. Increase
RPVOTB D2272 frequency of testing. (If results are erratic, consider alternate
TABLE 7 Continued
Up to 20 000 h: less than (1) Above normal degradation, Note: If Voltammetry re- Investigate cause. Check turbine system for possible signs
50 % total RUL sults exceeds new oil value, check for peak shifting, of sludge or deposit formation. Check Insolubles. Compare
new peak formation or test probe contamination with other data indicating of oxidation degradation. Increase
frequency of testing. (If results are erratic, consider alternate
Voltammetry/FTIRB D6810, D6971
(Antioxidant Trending) More than 20 000 h: Less Together with high acid number, indicates oil at or ap- Resample and retest. If same, consider oil change
than 25 % total RUL com- proaching end of service life
pared to original value. For
multiple antioxidants, less
than 25 % of the final remain-
ing primary antioxidant peak
Up to 20 000 h: Light fail (1) The system is wet or dirty or both Investigate cause and make necessary maintenance and
(2) The system is not maintained properly (for example, operating changes. Recheck Rust Test, consult with oil sup-
Rust Test, Procedure A D665 water drainage neglected, water removal equipment plier regarding possible remedy if test result unchanged
malfunctioning)
More than 20 000 h: Light fail Normal additive depletion in wet system Consult oil supplier regarding rejuvenation by bleed and feed
Insolubles D2273 greater than 0.1 wt % Indicates (1) contamination of oil by equipment wear or Investigate cause. Filter or Centrifuge oil, or both. Consider
other debris, or (2) oil or additive degradation oil change. For turbines with combined turbine and hydraulic
reservoirs, consider varnish prediction methods.
Water Separability at 54CC D1401 greater than 3 mL stable Possibly pollution, contamination, degradation Compare with other test data indicating degree of degrada-
emulsion or less than 36 mL tion. Locate and eliminate source of contaminants. Clean
18
water at 60 min, or both system by adequate filtration techniques. Consider oil
change if water separability can not be restored
D4378 − 20
Air ReleaseC D3427 exceeds following limits: Possibly contamination or excess antifoam re-addition. Watch the system as required. Rectify cause. Compare with
double the time compared to In new turbines, residual rust preventives absorbed by other results. Consider rejuvenating with bleed and feed
new oil oil may cause problem
D
Microbial contamination D7978 or D7687 10 fold increase above estab- Microbial growth is occurring with potential for filter Identify source of water and make necessary maintenance
lished norms plugging, system fouling, oil degradation and corrosion. or operational changes. Use filters or centrifuges, or both, to
Water ingress or accumulation is occurring. remove microbial contamination and water. In severe cases
flushing or biocide treatment, or both, may be needed
A
B
C
D
Microbes are ubiquitous in many environments and there are no universally accepted limits for microbial contamination in oils. The levels of contamination which can be tolerated will depend on the system and the
type of microbial contamination. Microbes will generally be far more numerous in low point samples and samples containing water. For routine microbiological monitoring, baseline contamination levels should be
established for designated sample points, which should include a system low point and a representative sample of circulating oil (before any filters or centrifuges). A ten-fold increase in microbial counts should highlight
that microbial growth may be occurring. Typically, microbial counts of over 1 000 microbes ⁄mL of oil in low point samples or over 100 microbes/mL in representative samples of circulating oil indicate contamination levels
are above normal background level. Counts ten times these levels could indicate a potential for microbially related operational problems.
D4378 − 20
APPENDIX
(Nonmandatory Information)
X1. SEVERITY FACTOR CALCULATIONS
X1.1 In a previous section of this practice, mention was t = years of oil use, and
made of the severity of a turbine and lube oil system together X = used oil oxidation resistance in the Test Method D2272
with the factors that determine the severity. In a paper on rotary pressure vessel test expressed as % of fresh oil.
turbine oil degradation4 the turbine severity has been defined as
the “percent of fresh oil oxidation resistance lost per year due X1.2 To be able to use this equation to obtain the severity
to oil reactions in the turbine oil system.” An equation was factor for a particular system, it is apparent that both the oil
developed for turbine severity, B, as follows: makeup rate and results of the RPVOT must be known over a
significant period of turbine operation. The latter requires
B5M 12 S X
100 D Mt
/ ~ 1 2 e 2 100 ! (X1.1) periodic testing at 3 month to 6 month intervals for 1 year to
2 years, while the former is obtained through accurate record-
where: keeping. In some large, multiple-unit installations having
B = turbine severity, common piping and oil storage facilities, special efforts are
M = fresh oil makeup expressed as the percent of total needed to keep track of oil makeup rates for each unit.
charge per year,
X1.3 For greater detail on the significance of turbine oil
4
system severity and its use in controlling oil degradation, it is
Denherder, M. J., and Vienna, P. C., “Control of Turbine Oil Degradation
During Use,” Lubrication Engineering, Vol 37(2), 1981, pp. 67–71. recommended that the original paper be consulted.
SUMMARY OF CHANGES
Subcommittee D02.C0 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue
(D4378 – 13) that may impact the use of this standard. (Approved May 1, 2020.)
(1) Added D4175, D7042, D7464, D7843, D7978, D8072, (4) Revised Tables 1-7.
D8112 to Section 2. (5) Added subsection 9.4.
(2) Added Section 3, Terminology. (6) Revised Section 7, Sampling.
(3) Revised subsections 6.1.3.2, 6.1.3.2, 6.1.5.1, 6.1.5.2, 9.1.2,
9.2.1, 9.2.2.1, 9.2.2.2, 9.2.3.2, 9.2.4.2, 9.2.6.1, 9.2.7.1, and
11.1.
ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentioned
in this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the risk
of infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.
This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years and
if not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standards
and should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the
responsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you should
make your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.
This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,
United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the above
address or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or service@astm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website
(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the Copyright Clearance Center, 222
Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: (978) 646-2600; http://www.copyright.com/
19

D4378 sttb4153

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

D4378 sttb4153

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

D4378 sttb4153

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles

Standard Practice for

*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard

Appearance visual clear and bright

Water Content visual no free water

Color D1500 Acceptance limits should be consistent with user purchase

Appearance visual clear and bright

Water Content visual no free water

Color D1500 Should be consistent with user purchase specifications

X1. SEVERITY FACTOR CALCULATIONS

You might also like