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Differentiation Formulas Integration Formulas

Z
d
k=0 (1) dx = x + C (1)
dx
d Z
[f (x) ± g(x)] = f ′ (x) ± g ′ (x) (2) xn+1
dx xn dx = +C (2)
n+1
d
[k · f (x)] = k · f ′ (x) (3) Z
dx
dx = ln |x| + C (3)
d x
[f (x)g(x)] = f (x)g ′ (x) + g(x)f ′ (x) (4)
dx Z

d f (x)

g(x)f ′ (x) − f (x)g ′ (x) ex dx = ex + C (4)
= 2 (5)
dx g(x) [g(x)]
1 x
Z
d ax dx = a +C (5)
f (g(x)) = f ′ (g(x)) · g ′ (x) (6) ln a
dx Z
d n ln x dx = x ln x − x + C (6)
x = nxn−1 (7)
dx
d
Z
sin x = cos x (8) sin x dx = − cos x + C (7)
dx
d Z
cos x = − sin x (9)
dx cos x dx = sin x + C (8)
d
tan x = sec2 x (10) Z
dx tan x dx = − ln | cos x| + C (9)
d
cot x = − csc2 x (11)
dx Z
d cot x dx = ln | sin x| + C (10)
sec x = sec x tan x (12)
dx Z
d sec x dx = ln | sec x + tan x| + C (11)
csc x = − csc x cot x (13)
dx
d x
Z
e = ex (14) csc x dx = − ln | csc x + cot x| + C (12)
dx
d x Z
a = ax ln a (15)
dx sec2 x dx = tan x + C (13)
d 1
ln |x| = (16) Z
dx x csc2 x dx = − cot x + C (14)
d 1
sin−1 x = √ (17)
dx 1 − x2 Z
sec x tan x dx = sec x + C (15)
d −1
cos−1 x = √ (18)
dx 1 − x2 Z
d 1 csc x cot x dx = − csc x + C (16)
tan−1 x = 2 (19)
dx x +1 Z
dx x
d −1 √ = sin−1 + C (17)
cot−1 x = 2 (20) a2 − x2 a
dx x +1
1 1
Z
d dx x
sec−1 x = √ (21) = tan−1 + C (18)
dx |x| x2 − 1 a2 + x2 a a
d −1 Z
dx 1 |x|
csc−1 x = √ (22) √ = sec−1 +C (19)
dx |x| x2 − 1 x x2 − a2 a a
 Trigonometric Formula Sheet
Definition of the Trig Functions
Right Triangle Definition Unit Circle Definition
Assume that: Assume θ can be any angle.
0 < θ < π2 or 0◦ < θ < 90◦
y

(x, y)

hypotenuse 1
y
opposite θ
x
x
θ
adjacent

opp hyp
sin θ = csc θ = y 1
hyp opp sin θ = csc θ =
1 y
adj hyp x 1
cos θ = sec θ = cos θ = sec θ =
hyp adj 1 x
opp adj y x
tan θ = cot θ = tan θ = cot θ =
adj opp x y

Domains of the Trig Functions

sin θ, ∀ θ ∈ (−∞, ∞) csc θ, ∀ θ 6= nπ, where n ∈ Z

cos θ, ∀ θ ∈ (−∞, ∞)
 1
sec θ, ∀ θ 6= n + π, where n ∈ Z
2
 1
tan θ, ∀ θ 6= n + π, where n ∈ Z cot θ, ∀ θ 6= nπ, where n ∈ Z
2

Ranges of the Trig Functions

−1 ≤ sin θ ≤ 1 csc θ ≥ 1 and csc θ ≤ −1
−1 ≤ cos θ ≤ 1 sec θ ≥ 1 and sec θ ≤ −1
−∞ ≤ tan θ ≤ ∞ −∞ ≤ cot θ ≤ ∞

Periods of the Trig Functions

The period of a function is the number, T, such that f (θ +T ) = f (θ ) .
So, if ω is a fixed number and θ is any angle we have the following periods.
2π 2π
sin(ωθ) ⇒ T = csc(ωθ) ⇒ T =
ω ω
2π 2π
cos(ωθ) ⇒ T = sec(ωθ) ⇒ T =
ω ω
π π
tan(ωθ) ⇒ T = cot(ωθ) ⇒ T =
ω ω

1
 Identities and Formulas
Tangent and Cotangent Identities Half Angle Formulas
sin θ cos θ
r
tan θ = cot θ = 1 − cos(2θ)
cos θ sin θ sin θ = ±
2
r
Reciprocal Identities 1 + cos(2θ)
cos θ = ±
1 1 2
sin θ = csc θ = s
csc θ sin θ 1 − cos(2θ)
1 1 tan θ = ±
cos θ = sec θ = 1 + cos(2θ)
sec θ cos θ
Sum and Difference Formulas
1 1
tan θ = cot θ =
cot θ tan θ sin(α ± β) = sin α cos β ± cos α sin β

Pythagorean Identities cos(α ± β) = cos α cos β ∓ sin α sin β

2 2
sin θ + cos θ = 1
tan α ± tan β
tan2 θ + 1 = sec2 θ tan(α ± β) =
1 ∓ tan α tan β
1 + cot2 θ = csc2 θ
Product to Sum Formulas
Even and Odd Formulas
1
sin α sin β = [cos(α − β) − cos(α + β)]
sin(−θ) = − sin θ csc(−θ) = − csc θ 2
cos(−θ) = cos θ sec(−θ) = sec θ 1
cos α cos β = [cos(α − β) + cos(α + β)]
tan(−θ) = − tan θ cot(−θ) = − cot θ 2
1
Periodic Formulas sin α cos β = [sin(α + β) + sin(α − β)]
2
If n is an integer 1
cos α sin β = [sin(α + β) − sin(α − β)]
sin(θ + 2πn) = sin θ csc(θ + 2πn) = csc θ 2
cos(θ + 2πn) = cos θ sec(θ + 2πn) = sec θ Sum to Product Formulas
tan(θ + πn) = tan θ cot(θ + πn) = cot θ    
α+β α−β
Double Angle Formulas sin α + sin β = 2 sin cos
2 2
   
α+β α−β
sin(2θ) = 2 sin θ cos θ sin α − sin β = 2 cos sin
2 2
   
cos(2θ) = cos2 θ − sin2 θ α+β α−β
cos α + cos β = 2 cos cos
= 2 cos2 θ − 1 2 2
   
= 1 − 2 sin2 θ α+β α−β
cos α − cos β = −2 sin sin
2 2
2 tan θ
tan(2θ) = Cofunction Formulas
1 − tan2 θ
π  π 
Degrees to Radians Formulas sin − θ = cos θ cos − θ = sin θ
If x is an angle in degrees and t is an angle in 2 2
π  π 
radians then: csc − θ = sec θ sec − θ = csc θ
2 2
π t πx 180◦ t π  π 
= ⇒ t= and x = tan − θ = cot θ cot − θ = tan θ
180◦ x 180◦ π 2 2

2
 Unit Circle
(0, 1)

√
3 90◦ , π2 √
3
(− 12 , 2
) ( 12 , 2
)
√ √ √ √
2 2 2 2
(− 2
, 2
) ( 2
, 2
)
120◦ , 2π
3
60◦ , π3

(−
√
3 1
, ) 135◦ , 3π
4
45◦ , π4 (
√
3 1
, )
2 2 2 2

150◦ , 5π
6
30◦ , π6

180◦ , π
(−1, 0) (1, 0)
0◦ , 2π

210◦ , 7π
6
330◦ , 11π
6
√ √
3 3
(− 2
, − 12 ) 225◦ , 5π 315◦ , 7π ( 2
, − 12 )
4 4

√ √
240◦ , 4π
3
300◦ , 5π
3 √ √
2
(− 2
, − 22 ) ( 2
2
, − 2
2
)
√ √
3 3
(− 12 , − 2
) ( 12 , − 2
)
270◦ , 3π
2

(0, −1)

F or any ordered pair on the unit circle (x, y) : cos θ = x and sin θ = y

Example
√
3
cos ( 7π
6) =− 2 sin ( 7π 1
6 ) = −2

3
 Inverse Trig Functions
Definition Inverse Properties
These properties hold for x in the domain and θ in
θ = sin−1 (x) is equivalent to x = sin θ the range

θ = cos−1 (x) is equivalent to x = cos θ

sin(sin−1 (x)) = x sin−1 (sin(θ)) = θ
θ = tan−1 (x) is equivalent to x = tan θ
cos(cos−1 (x)) = x cos−1 (cos(θ)) = θ

Domain and Range tan(tan−1 (x)) = x tan−1 (tan(θ)) = θ

Function Domain Range

Other Notations
π π
θ = sin−1 (x) −1 ≤ x ≤ 1 − ≤θ≤
2 2
sin−1 (x) = arcsin(x)
θ = cos−1 (x) −1 ≤ x ≤ 1 0≤θ≤π
cos−1 (x) = arccos(x)
π π
θ = tan−1 (x) −∞ ≤ x ≤ ∞ − <θ<
2 2
tan−1 (x) = arctan(x)

Law of Sines, Cosines, and Tangents

a c

γ α
b

Law of Sines Law of Tangents

sin α sin β sin γ a−b tan 12 (α − β)
= = =
a b c a+b tan 12 (α + β)
Law of Cosines
b−c tan 12 (β − γ)
=
a2 = b2 + c2 − 2bc cos α b+c tan 12 (β + γ)

b2 = a2 + c2 − 2ac cos β a−c tan 12 (α − γ)

=
a+c tan 12 (α + γ)
c2 = a2 + b2 − 2ab cos γ

4
 Complex Numbers
√
i= −1 i2 = −1 i3 = −i i4 = 1
√ √
−a = i a, a ≥ 0 (a + bi)(a − bi) = a2 + b2
√
(a + bi) + (c + di) = a + c + (b + d)i |a + bi| = a2 + b2 Complex Modulus

(a + bi) − (c + di) = a − c + (b − d)i (a + bi) = a − bi Complex Conjugate

(a + bi)(c + di) = ac − bd + (ad + bc)i (a + bi)(a + bi) = |a + bi|2

DeMoivre’s Theorem

Let z = r(cos θ + i sin θ), and let n be a positive integer.

Then:
z n = rn (cos nθ + i sin nθ).

Example: Let z = 1 − i, find z 6 .

Solution: First write z in polar form.

p √
r= (1)2 + (−1)2 = 2
 
−1 π
θ = arg(z) = tan −1
=−
1 4
√   π  π 
Polar Form: z = 2 cos − + i sin −
4 4
Applying DeMoivre’s Theorem gives :
√ 6   π  π 
z6 = 2 cos 6 · − + i sin 6 · −
4 4
    
3π 3π
= 23 cos − + i sin −
2 2
= 8(0 + i(1))

= 8i