Université La sagesse

Faculté d’Ingénierie
Polytech – Beirut

LAB # 2:
Ohm’s law and Kirchhoff’s law

PHY 205
Nancy El-Hajj: 202300390
Charbel Makhlouf: 202301225

Dr. Fouad Farah

Feb-12-2024

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Université La sagesse
Faculté d’Ingénierie
Polytech – Beirut

TABLE OF CONTENTS
II. OBJECTIFS: ............................................................................................................................................................3
IV. Introduction:.........................................................................................................................................................4
V. Experiment Results: .............................................................................................................................................4
Experiment 1:Ohm’s Law ..........................................................................................................................................4
1.1 Theoretical Basis: ............................................................................................................................................4
1.2 Multisim: .........................................................................................................................................................5
1.3 Experiment results: ........................................................................................................................................7
1.4 Analysis: ..........................................................................................................................................................7
Experiment 2: KIRCHHOFF’S Voltage Law (KVL): .......................................................................................................8
2.2.Theoretical Basis: ............................................................................................................................................8
2.3 Multisim: .........................................................................................................................................................8
2.5 Analysis: ........................................................................................................................................................10
Experiment3: KIRCHHOFF’S Current Law (KCL): ......................................................................................................10
3.1Theoretical Basis: ...........................................................................................................................................10
3.2Multisim: ........................................................................................................................................................11
3.3 Results: ..........................................................................................................................................................11
3.4 Analysis: ........................................................................................................................................................12

List of figures
Figure 1:Exp1-Voltage and current values measured by multisim through R=2.2 kΩ ...................................................5
Figure 2: Exp1-Voltage and current values measured by multisim through R=3.3 kΩ ..................................................6
Figure 3:Exp2-Voltage value measured by multisim .....................................................................................................8
Figure 4:Exp2-Voltage value measured by multisim .....................................................................................................9
Figure 5:Exp3- Current value measured by multisim ..................................................................................................11

List of table
Table 1:Exp1-Voltage and current value........................................................................................................................7
Table 2:Exp2-Voltage and resistor value of the first circuit ...........................................................................................9
Table 3:Exp2-Voltage and resistors value of the second circuit ....................................................................................9
Table 4:Exp3-current value of the experience .............................................................................................................11

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Université La sagesse
Faculté d’Ingénierie
Polytech – Beirut

I. Materials and equipment:

1. Resistors
2. Multimeter
3. Breadboard
4. DC power supply
5. Wires
6. Mutlisim

II. OBJECTIFS:
1) Demonstrate Ohm's Law through experimentation with resistors in direct current (DC)
circuits.
2) Explore the characteristics of series and parallel circuits to develop a practical
understanding of their configurations.
3) Gain insight into the application of Kirchhoff's laws in circuit analysis, emphasizing
Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL) and Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL).

III. Abstarct:
This lab experiment aimed to verify Ohm's Law using resistors in DC circuits, familiarize
participants with series and parallel circuit configurations, and elucidate the application of
Kirchhoff's laws. The methods involved constructing various circuits, measuring currents and
voltages, and analyzing circuit behavior. Results demonstrated the direct proportionality
between voltage and current in accordance with Ohm's Law, showcased the distinct
characteristics of series and parallel circuits, and highlighted the utility of Kirchhoff's laws in
circuit analysis. Overall, the lab provided a comprehensive understanding of fundamental
electrical principles and their practical applications in circuitry.

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Université La sagesse
Faculté d’Ingénierie
Polytech – Beirut

IV. INTRODUCTION:
Ohm’s Law, Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law, and Kirchhoff’s Current Law are foundational principles in
electrical engineering, governing the relationships between voltage, current, and resistance in
circuits.

Ohm’s Law states that voltage equals current multiplied by resistance (V=IR). Kirchhoff's laws
deal with current and voltage distributions in circuits. Series and parallel circuits represent two
common configurations with distinct characteristics. The purpose of the lab is to experimentally
verify Ohm's Law, introduce series and parallel circuits, and illustrate the application of
Kirchhoff's laws in circuit analysis. Through practical experimentation, participants will gain a
deeper understanding of electrical principles and their real-world applications.

V. EXPERIMENT RESULTS:
EXPERIMENT 1:OHM’S LAW
1.1 THEORETICAL BASIS:
Ohm's Law is a fundamental principle in electrical engineering that describes the relationship
between voltage (V), current (I), and resistance (R) in a circuit. Mathematically, it is expressed as:
V=IR
Where:
V is the voltage across the resistor in volts (V),
I is the current flowing through the resistor in amperes (A),
R is the resistance of the resistor in ohms (Ω)

Ohm's Law essentially states that the current through a conductor between two points is directly
proportional to the voltage across the two points, given a constant resistance. In practical terms,
this means that if the voltage across a resistor increases, the current flowing through it will also
increase proportionally, and vice versa.

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Université La sagesse
Faculté d’Ingénierie
Polytech – Beirut

1.2 MULTISIM:
1.2.1 V OLTAGE AND C URRENT M EASURED FOR R 1 =2.2 K Ω:
In this figure, four circuits are depicted, each containing a DC power supply set to different
voltage levels: 3V, 6V, 9V, and 12V respectively. In each circuit, a resistor with a value of 2.2
kilohms (2.2 kΩ) is included. Additionally, an ammeter is placed in series with the resistor to
measure the current passing through it, and a voltmeter is connected in parallel to measure the
voltage across the resistor

FIGURE 1:EXP1-VOLTAGE AND CURRENT VALUES MEASURED BY MULTISIM THROUGH R=2.2 KΩ

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Université La sagesse
Faculté d’Ingénierie
Polytech – Beirut

1.2.2 V OLTAGE AND C URRENT M EASURED FOR R 2 =3.3 K Ω:

In Figure 2, which is similar to Figure 1 but with a different resistor value, a resistor with a value
of 3.3 kilohms (3.3 kΩ) is used instead of the resistor mentioned in Figure 1. The rest of the circuit
configuration and components remain the same as described in Figure 1.

FIGURE 2: EXP1-VOLTAGE AND CURRENT VALUES MEASURED BY MULTISIM THROUGH R=3.3 KΩ

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Université La sagesse
Faculté d’Ingénierie
Polytech – Beirut

1.3 EXPERIMENT RESULTS:

In this table, the measured voltage across the resistor (V) and the measured current (A) are
displayed, as obtained through simulations conducted in multisim.

TABLE 1:EXP1-VOLTAGE AND CURRENT VALUE

Measured Voltage (V) Measured Measured Current (A)

Resistance (Ω) Voltage across
Resistor(V)
3 3 1.364 mA
R1=2.2 kΩ 6 6 2.727 mA
9 9 2.727 mA
12 12 3.636 mA
3 3 909.088 mA
R2=3.3 kΩ 6 6 1.818 A
9 9 2.727 A
12 12 3.636 A

1.4 ANALYSIS:
The robust data analysis conducted in this study provides compelling support for the validity of
Ohm's Law within the confines of the experimental setup. The remarkable alignment observed
between the measured and calculated currents underscores the consistent and reliable nature
of the relationship among voltage, current, and resistance under the specific conditions
delineated in the experiment. It is noteworthy that this close agreement extends beyond mere
coincidence, highlighting the meticulous consideration given to factors such as instrument
precision and potential variations in components.

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Université La sagesse
Faculté d’Ingénierie
Polytech – Beirut

EXPERIMENT 2: KIRCHHOFF’S VOLTAGE LAW (KVL):

2.2.THEORETICAL BASIS:
Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL) states that the sum of the voltages around any closed loop in a
circuit is equal to zero. In other words, the algebraic sum of the voltage drops and rises across all
components in a closed loop is zero. Mathematically, KVL can be expressed as: ∑Vloop=0

KVL is based on the principle of conservation of energy, stating that the total energy supplied by
a voltage source in a closed loop must be equal to the total energy consumed by the circuit
elements within that loop.

2.3 MULTISIM:
In this setup, we've incorporated a DC power supply alongside four resistors with the following
values: 330 ohms, 470 ohms, 560 ohms, and 1 kilohm respectively. Furthermore, voltmeters have
been strategically placed in parallel with each resistor to accurately measure the voltage across
them.

FIGURE 3:EXP2-VOLTAGE VALUE MEASURED BY MULTISIM

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Université La sagesse
Faculté d’Ingénierie
Polytech – Beirut

In this configuration, a DC power supply is connected to a circuit comprising six resistors. The 330-
ohm resistor is connected in series, while the 470-ohm and 560-ohm resistors are connected in
parallel. Additionally, the 2k-ohm, 1k-ohm, and another 2k-ohm resistors are connected in
parallel. Voltmeters are strategically placed to measure the voltage across each resistor.

FIGURE 4:EXP2-VOLTAGE VALUE MEASURED BY MULTISIM

2.4 R ESULTS :
In these 2 tables, we recorded the resistance values measured in Multisim, as well as the
corresponding voltage readings provided by Multisim.

TABLE 2:EXP2-VOLTAGE AND RESISTOR VALUE OF THE FIRST CIRCUIT

R1 R2 R3 R4 V1 V2 V3 V4 V1+V2+V3+V4
330Ω 470Ω 560Ω 1KΩ 1.678 V 2.39 V 2.847 V 5.085V 12 V

TABLE 3:EXP2-VOLTAGE AND RESISTORS VALUE OF THE SECOND CIRCUIT

R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 V1 V2 V3 V4 V1+V2+V3+V4
330Ω 470Ω 560Ω 2 KΩ 1KΩ 2 KΩ 1.678V 2.39V 2.847V 5.085V 12 V

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Université La sagesse
Faculté d’Ingénierie
Polytech – Beirut

2.5 ANALYSIS:
Kirchhoff’s voltage law says that the sum of all the voltages of a closed loop must be equal to
zero. In table 2, we see that the sum of V1, V2, V3 and V4 is equal to 15.07V and the DC power
supply is equal to 15V so if we do 15.07-15 is nearly equal to 0 which proves that this law is
verified.

In Table 3, V1+V2+V3=14.9V and the DC Power Supply is 15V, and if we apply the KVL here we
can see that the result is 0V so the law is verified.

EXPERIMENT3: KIRCHHOFF’S CURRENT LAW (KCL):

3.1THEORETICAL BASIS:
Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL) states that the algebraic sum of currents entering and leaving a
junction (or node) in a circuit is zero. Mathematically, KCL can be expressed as: ∑Iin=∑Iout

KCL is based on the principle of charge conservation, asserting that the total charge entering a
junction must equal the total charge leaving the junction. In practical terms, KCL implies that the
current entering a junction is equal to the sum of the currents leaving the junction.

These laws are fundamental in analyzing and understanding the behavior of electrical circuits,
providing a basis for circuit design, analysis, and troubleshooting.

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 Université La sagesse
Faculté d’Ingénierie
Polytech – Beirut

3.2MULTISIM:
In this figure, we've set up a circuit with a DC power supply and six resistors. The 330-ohm resistor
is in series, while the 470-ohm and 560-ohm resistors are in parallel. Additionally, the 2k-ohm,
1k-ohm, and another 2k-ohm resistors are in parallel. We've installed ammeters to measure the
current passing through each resistor.

FIGURE 5:EXP3- CURRENT VALUE MEASURED BY MULTISIM

3.3 RESULTS:

TABLE 4:EXP3-CURRENT VALUE OF THE EXPERIENCE

I1 I2 I3 I4 I5 I6 I2+I3 I4+I5+I6
14.03mA 7.64mA 6.43mA 3.55mA 6.94mA 3.55mA 14.07mA 14.04mA

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Université La sagesse
Faculté d’Ingénierie
Polytech – Beirut

3.4 ANALYSIS:
Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL) dictates that the total current entering a node in an electrical circuit
must be equal to the total current leaving that node. In the context of our specific scenario, the
sum of incoming currents, represented by I2 and I3, should precisely match the sum of outgoing
currents, namely I4, I5, and I6. This meticulous balance between the incoming and outgoing
currents is essential for validating the application of KCL in our circuit. Remarkably, the results
obtained from our calculations reveal a close proximity between the sum of incoming and
outgoing currents. The near equality of I2+I3 and I4+I5+I6 not only emphasizes the adherence to
Kirchhoff's Current Law but also serves as a practical verification of the conservation of electric
charge within the analyzed node.

VI.CONCLSUION
In summary, the primary objective of this laboratory experiment was to validate the fundamental
principles governing electrical circuits, specifically Ohm's Law, Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL), and
Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL). Through a meticulously planned series of experiments and precise
measurements, we have amassed empirical evidence that strongly supports the applicability and
accuracy of these foundational laws across various circuit configurations. The outcomes of our
experimental endeavors not only affirm the robustness of Ohm's Law, KVL, and KCL but also
underscore their universal validity in diverse electrical scenarios. The success of these
verifications not only contributes to the enrichment of our comprehension of basic electrical
theory but also highlights the pivotal role these laws play in the analysis and design of electrical
circuits. Our experimental results serve as a tangible manifestation of the theoretical concepts,
providing a bridge between classroom learning and real-world applications.

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