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Midterm Solution

The document provides solutions to 5 calculus problems involving concepts like continuity, differentiability, Riemann integrals, and the mean value theorem. It includes proofs for each problem that use rigorous mathematical logic and reasoning.

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kwongchiyan1
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© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
8 views

Midterm Solution

The document provides solutions to 5 calculus problems involving concepts like continuity, differentiability, Riemann integrals, and the mean value theorem. It includes proofs for each problem that use rigorous mathematical logic and reasoning.

Uploaded by

kwongchiyan1
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Midterm Test suggested solution

1. Let f be a continuous function defined on [a, b] with f (a) = f (b).

(a) Suppose f 0 exists on (a, b). Show that there is ξ ∈ (a, b) such that f 0 (ξ) = 0.

Proof. As f is continuous on [a, b], f attains its maximum and minimum on [a, b].
That is to say ∃ p, q ∈ [a, b] such that

f (p) ≤ f (x) ≤ f (q) ∀ x ∈ [a, b].

If f (p) = f (q), f is a constant function. So f 0 ≡ 0.


Suppose f (p) < f (q), we may assume f (q) > f (a) = f (b). Then q is a interior
maximum. If f 0 (q) > 0, then ∃δ > 0 such that

f (q + h) − f (q)
> 0 ∀h ∈ (−δ, δ) \ {0}
h

which contradicts with the fact that f attains maximum at q. Similarly, f 0 (q)
cannot be negative. So f 0 (q) = 0.

(b) If the continuity of f at a and b is removed, does the part (i) still hold?

Proof. No. Choose f : [0, 1] → R where f (0) = f (1) = 0 and f (x) = x if


x ∈ (0, 1).

2. Let f and g be continuous functions on [a, b]. Suppose that f and g are differentiable
on (a, b) with |f 0 (x)| ≤ 1 ≤ |g 0 (x)| on (a, b). Show that |f (x) − f (a)| ≤ |g(x) − g(a)|
on [a, b].

Proof. Let x ∈ (a, b], by mean value theorem we can find c, d ∈ (a, b) such that

f (x) − f (a) = f 0 (c)(x − a) and g(x) − g(a) = g 0 (d)(x − a).

Noted that c and d may not be the same. Then

|f (x) − f (a)| = |f 0 (c)||x − a| ≤ |x − a| ≤ |g 0 (d)||x − a| = |g(x) − g(a)|.

When x = a, the inequality trivially holds.

3. Define f : [−1, 1] → R by f (t) = −1 if t < 0 and f (t) = 1 if t ≥ 0. Let


Z x
F (x) = f (t) dt
−1

for x ∈ (−1, 1]. If F differentiable on (−1, 1)?

1
R a+b
Proof. f is clearly integrable. So F (a + b) = F (a) + a
f for a, b and a + b ∈ [−1, 1].
For h ∈ (−1, 1) ,
h
F (h) − F (0)
Z
1
= · f (t) dt.
h h 0

If h > 0, then
h
F (h) − F (0)
Z
1
= · 1 dt = 1.
h h 0

If h < 0,
h
F (h) − F (0)
Z
1
= · −1 dt = −1.
h h 0

So F is not differentiable at x = 0. By fundamental theorem of Calculus, F is


differentiable on c where f is continuous. So F is differentiable on (−1, 1) \ {0}.
√
4. If f is nonnegative Riemann integrable function on [a, b], does it imply f Riemann
integrable on [a, b]?

Proof. Yes. Since f ∈ R[a, b], for any  > 0, there exists δ > 0 such that whenever P
is a partition with ||P|| < δ,

U (f, P) − L(f, P) < 2 .

For such P, denote (mi )Mi = (inf) sup{f (x) : x ∈ [xi , xi+1 ]}.
p √ √
And also (m̃i )M̃i = (inf) sup{ f (x) : x ∈ [xi , xi+1 ]} = ( mi ) M i .
p p n
X
U ( f , P) − L( f , P) = (M̃i − m̃i )∆xi
i=1
n
X √ √
= ( M i − mi )∆xi .
i=1

We split the sum into two parts.


 
p p X X √ √
U ( f , P) − L( f , P) =  +  ( M i − mi )∆xi
Mi ≥2 Mi <2

1 X X √ √
≤ (Mi − mi )∆xi + ( M i − mi )∆xi
 2 2
Mi ≥ Mi <

n n
1 X X
≤ · (Mi − mi )∆xi +  · ∆xi
 i=1 i=1

≤  +  · (b − a) = (b − a + 1).

To conclude, ∀  > 0, ∃ partition P on [a, b] such that


p p
U ( f , P) − L( f , P) < (b − a + 1).

2
R1
5. Suppose f is Riemann integrable on [0, 1], find limn→∞ 0
xn f (x) dx

Proof. The limit is zero. Since f is Riemann integrable, f is bounded. Let M > 0
such that |f (x)| ≤ M on [0, 1].
Z 1 Z 1
n M
x f (x) dx ≤ M xn dx = → 0.
0 0 n+1

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