University of Jeddah, Faculty of Engineering, Industrial Department

Chapter 2

Factors: How Time and Interest Affect Money

1
 Single Payment Factors (F/P and P/F)
Single payment factors involve only P and F. Cash flow diagrams are as follows:

Formulas are as follows:

F = P(1 + i ) n P = F[1 / (1 + i ) n]
Terms in parentheses or brackets are called factors. Values are in tables for i and n values
Factors are represented in standard factor notation such as (F/P,i,n),
where letter to left of slash is what is sought; letter to right represents what is given

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 F/P and P/F for Spreadsheets

Future value F is calculated using FV function:

= FV(i%,n,,P)

Present value P is calculated using PV function:

= PV(i%,n,,F)

Note the use of double commas in each function

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 Example 1: Finding Future Value
A person deposits $5000 into an account which pays interest at a
rate of 8% per year. The amount in the account after 10 years is
closest to:

(A) $2,792 (B) $9,000 (C) $10,795 (D) $12,165

Solution:

F = P(F/P,i,n )
= 5000(F/P,8%,10 )
= 5000(2.1589)
= $10,794.50
Answer is (C) The cash flow diagram is:

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 Example 2: Finding Present Value

A small company wants to make a single deposit now so it will have enough
money to purchase a backhoe costing $50,000 five years from now. If the
account will earn interest of 10% per year, the amount that must be
deposited now is nearest to:

(A) $10,000 (B) $ 31,050 (C) $ 33,250 (D) $319,160

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Solution:
P = F(P/F,i,n )
= 50,000(P/F,10%,5 )
=50,000(0.6209) = $31,045

Answer is (B)
The cash flow diagram is:

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 Uniform Series Involving P/A and A/P
The uniform series factors that involve P and A are derived as follows:
(1) Cash flow occurs in consecutive interest periods
(2) Cash flow amount is same in each interest period

The cash flow diagrams are:

A = Given A=?

0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 5

P=? P = Given

P = A(P/A,i,n) Standard Factor A = P(A/P,i,n)

Notation

Note: P is one period Ahead of first A value

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 Example 3: Uniform Series Involving P/A
A chemical engineer believes that by modifying the structure of a certain
water treatment polymer, his company would earn an extra $5000 per year.
At an interest rate of 10% per year, how much could the company afford to
spend now to just break even over a 5 year project period?

(A) $11,170 (B) 13,640 (C) $15,300 (D) $18,950

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Solution:
P = 5000(P/A,10%,5)
= 5000(3.7908)
= $18,954

Answer is (D)
The cash flow diagram is:

A = $5000

0 1 2 3 4 5
P=? i =10%

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 Uniform Series Involving F/A and A/F
The uniform series factors that involve F and A are derived as follows:
(1) Cash flow occurs in consecutive interest periods
(2) Last cash flow occurs in same period as F

Cash flow diagrams are:

A = Given A=?

0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 5

F=? F = Given

F = A(F/A,i,n) Standard Factor A = F(A/F,i,n)

Notation
Note: F takes place in the same period as last A
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 Example: Uniform Series Involving F/A
An industrial engineer made a modification to a chip manufacturing
process that will save her company $10,000 per year. At an interest rate of
8% per year, how much will the savings amount to in 7 years?

(A) $45,300 (B) $68,500 (C) $89,228 (D) $151,500

The cash flow diagram is:

F= Solution:
?
F = 10,000(F/A,8%,7)
i = 8%
= 10,000(8.9228)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
= $89,228

Answer is (C)
A = $10,000

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 Factor Values for Untabulated i or n

3 ways to find factor values for untabulated i or n values

Use formula
Use spreadsheet function with corresponding P, F, or A value set to 1
Linearly interpolate in interest tables

Formula or spreadsheet function is fast and accurate

Interpolation is only approximate

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 Example: Untabulated i

Determine the value for (F/P, 8.3%,10)

Formula: F = (1 + 0.083)10 = 2.2197 OK

Spreadsheet: = FV(8.3%,10,,1) = 2.2197 OK

Interpolation: 8% ------ 2.1589

8.3% ------ x
9% ------ 2.3674

x = 2.1589 + [(8.3 - 8.0)/(9.0 - 8.0)][2.3674 – 2.1589]

= 2.2215 (Too high)

Absolute Error = 2.2215 – 2.2197 = 0.0018

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 Arithmetic Gradients
Arithmetic gradients change by the same amount each period

The cash flow diagram for the PG

of an arithmetic gradient is: G starts between periods 1 and 2
PG = ? (not between 0 and 1)

1
This is because cash flow in year 1 is
2 3 4 n
usually not equal to G and is handled
0 separately as a base amount
(shown on next slide)
G
2G
3G
(n-1)G Note that PG is located Two Periods
Ahead of the first change that is
equal to G
Standard factor notation is
PG = G(P/G,i,n)
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 Typical Arithmetic Gradient Cash Flow
PT = ?

i = 10%
0 1 2 3 4 5

400
450
Amount in year 1 500
is base amount 550
600

This diagram = this base amount plus this gradient

PA = ? PG = ?
i = 10% i = 10%

+
0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 5

400 400 400 400 400

Amount 50
100
in year 1 PA = 400(P/A,10%,5) PG = 50(P/G,10%,5) 150
200
is base PT = PA + PG = 400(P/A,10%,5) + 50(P/G,10%,5 )
amount
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 Converting Arithmetic Gradient to A
Arithmetic gradient can be converted into equivalent A value using G(A/G,i,n)
i = 10% i = 10%
0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 5

G
2G An = ?
3G
4G

General equation when base amount is involved is

A = A1 (+ / -) AG
For decreasing gradients,
0 1 2 3 4 5
change plus sign to minus
4G
3G
2G A = A1 - AG
G

AG = G [ (1/i) (+/–) (n/(1+i)^ n – 1)]

 Example: Arithmetic Gradient
The present worth of $400 in year 1 and amounts increasing by $30 per year
through year 5 at an interest rate of 12% per year is closest to:

(A) $1532 (B) $1,634 (C) $1,744 (D) $1,829

Solution:

PT = 400(P/A,12%,5) + 30(P/G,12%,5)
PT = ? = 400(3.6048) + 30(6.3970)
i = 12%
1 5
= $1,633.83
0 2 3 4 Year
Answer is (B)
400 The cash flow could also be converted
430
460 into an A value as follows:
490
G = $30 A = 400 + 30(A/G,12%,5)
520
= 400 + 30(1.7746)
= $453.24
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 Geometric Gradients
Geometric gradients change by the same percentage each period
Cash flow diagram for present worth
of geometric gradient
There are no tables for geometric factors
Pg = ?
Use following equation for g ≠ i:
1 2 3 4 n
Pg = A1{1- [(1+g)/(1+i)]n}/(i-g)
0
A1 where: A1 = cash flow in period 1
A1 (1+g)1 g = rate of increase
A 1(1+g)2
Note: g starts between If g = i, Pg = A1n/(1+i)
periods 1 and 2 A 1(1+g)n-1

Note: If g is negative, change signs in front of both g values

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 Example: Geometric Gradient

Find the present worth of $1,000 in year 1 and amounts increasing by 7% per
year through year 10. Use an interest rate of 12% per year.

(a) $5,670 (b) $7,333 (c) $12,670 (d) $13,550

Pg = ? Solution:
i = 12%
1 2 3 4 10 Pg = 1000[1-(1+0.07/1+0.12) 10]/(0.12-0.07)
= $7,333
0
1000
1070 Answer is (b)
1145
g = 7%

1838 To find A, multiply Pg by (A/P,12%,10)

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 Unknown Interest Rate i
Unknown interest rate problems involve solving for i,
given n and 2 other values (P, F, or A)

(Usually requires a trial and error solution or interpolation in interest tables)

Procedure: Set up equation with all symbols involved and solve for i
A contractor purchased equipment for $60,000 which provided income of
$16,000 per year for 10 years. The annual rate of return of the investment
was closest to:

(a) 15% (b) 18% (c) 20% (d) 23%

Solution: Can use either the P/A or A/P factor. Using A/P:
60,000(A/P,i%,10) = 16,000
(A/P,i%,10) = 0.26667
From A/P column at n = 10 in the interest tables, i is between 22% and 24% Answer is (d)
 Unknown Recovery Period n
Unknown recovery period problems involve solving for n,
given i and 2 other values (P, F, or A)
(Like interest rate problems, they usually require a trial & error solution or interpolation in interest tables)

Procedure: Set up equation with all symbols involved and solve for n

A contractor purchased equipment for $60,000 that provided income of $8,000

per year. At an interest rate of 10% per year, the length of time required to recover
the investment was closest to:
(a) 10 years (b) 12 years (c) 15 years (d) 18 years

Solution: Can use either the P/A or A/P factor. Using A/P:

60,000(A/P,10%,n) = 8,000
(A/P,10%,n) = 0.13333
From A/P column in i = 10% interest tables, n is between 14 and 15 years Answer is (c)
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Summary of Important Points
In P/A and A/P factors, P is one period ahead of first A

In F/A and A/F factors, F is in same period as last A

To find untabulated factor values, best way is to use formula or spreadsheet

For arithmetic gradients, gradient G starts between periods 1 and 2

Arithmetic gradients have 2 parts, base amount (year 1) and gradient amount

For geometric gradients, gradient g starts between periods 1 and 2

In geometric gradient formula, A1 is amount in period 1
To find unknown i or n, set up equation involving all terms and solve for i or n

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