Polynomials:: Algebra

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HCMOP 2012
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Algebra
Here are some fundamental facts that students have to grasp in Maths Olympiad.
Combinatorics
Theorems in boldface are more relevant in SMO.
Geometry
Number Theory Polynomials:

Problem Solving Skills
Discriminant:
Useful Books & Links
If , the quadratic equation has two distinct real roots.
TOPICS If , the quadratic equation has two equal real roots.

Algebra
Combinatorics If , the quadratic equation has no real roots.
Geometry
Factor and Remainder Theorem: Given a polynomial , if , then
Number Theory
is a factor of . Also, is the remainder when is divided by
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Quadratic Formula:
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3D AIME Algebra Analytical
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Geometry Bijection Principle Catalan

Multinomial Theorem: Given a positive integer , we have
numbers Circles Combinatorial Geometry
Combinatorics Complex
Numbers Convex Diophantine
Equation Euler Function
Factorisation Functional where
Equations Functions Generating

functions Geometric Inequalities
Geometry Homogeneity IMO

Refer to wikipedia for an example.
Incidence Matrix Inequalities
Mathematical Induction Modular Lagrange’s Interpolation Formula: Suppose that is a degree polynomial
which passes through unique points . We have
Arithmetic Number Theory
Order of an Integer P&C
Polynomials Problem Solving

Random Recursive sequence
Where represents the Lagrange basis polynomial
SMO(Junior)
SMO(Open) Wikipedia offers clear example on the usage of this formula.
SMO(Senior) Inequalities:
Substitution Teaching
Triangles Trigonometry Arithmetic Mean: The arithmetic mean for is de ned by
ARCHIVES Geometric Mean: The geometric mean for is de ned by

December 2012 (1)
May 2012 (13) Harmonic Mean: The harmonic mean for is de ned by
April 2012 (16)
March 2012 (20)

February 2012 (13) Root Mean Square: The RMS for is de ned by .
Mean Inequality: RM≥AM≥GM≥HM. A similar inequality is the Weighted AM-GM

inequality.
General Mean Inequality: Suppose , we have
Cauchy-Schwarz Inequality: Given real numbers and .

We have
Convexity: is called a convex function on if . Convex functions usually

have the shape of a happy face. (Not the real de nition for convexity but easiest to
understand)
Jensen’s Inequality: Given a convex function over the domain , for all
, we have
. Similarly, there’s also a
Weighted Jensen’s Inequality. The equality sign is reversed for concave functions.
Rearrangement Inequality: Given two real sequences and

. Suppose that is an arbitrary permutation of
, we have the following relationship:
.
In Chinese we call it 顺序≥乱序≥逆序.
Chebyshev’s Inequality: Given two real sequences and

. We have
Hölder’s Inequality: I don’t really want to use sigma notation to explain Hölder’s
inequality since it will make it look very very daunting… Let me give you an
example of Hölder’s inequality instead. Using Hölder’s inequality for 3 sequences,
each of $n$ positive terms respectively, we have:
Hölder’s inequality applies for 4 or more sequences in the same manner. On the
other hand, Hölder’s inequality for 2 sequences is coincidentally Cauchy-Schwarz
(Surprise!).
Anyway here’s Hölder’s complete ugly form.
Schur’s Inequality: GIven non-negative real numbers and a positive constant

, we have . The
application of Schur’s inequality is less common and usually appear in other forms.
Majorisation: Given two sequences of positive real numbers

and such that , de ne
(Read: a majorises b) if
.
Muirhead’s Inequality: Given real numbers and two sequences

and such that , we have
I am not very sure if SMO allows the usage of Muirhead’s inequality because all
inequalities shown by Muirhead’s inequality can be proven easily using AM-GM or
Rearrangement inequality. Nevertheless it is useful to know, especially in bunching.
Still under construction…
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2 Comments
2 thoughts on “Algebra”
utsuho_reiuji June 22, 2012 at 1:10 pm • Reply

for cauchy schwarz u missed out the square
khorshijie December 13, 2012 at 6:53 am • Reply

Noted thanks!
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My Two Cents

Number Theory Polynomials:

If , the quadratic equation has two distinct real roots.

TOPICS If , the quadratic equation has two equal real roots.

Geometry Bijection Principle Catalan

Equations Functions Generating

Geometry Homogeneity IMO

Polynomials Problem Solving

ARCHIVES Geometric Mean: The geometric mean for is de ned by

April 2012 (16)

March 2012 (20)

Mean Inequality: RM≥AM≥GM≥HM. A similar inequality is the Weighted AM-GM

General Mean Inequality: Suppose , we have

Cauchy-Schwarz Inequality: Given real numbers and .

Convexity: is called a convex function on if . Convex functions usually

Rearrangement Inequality: Given two real sequences and

Chebyshev’s Inequality: Given two real sequences and

Anyway here’s Hölder’s complete ugly form.

Schur’s Inequality: GIven non-negative real numbers and a positive constant

Majorisation: Given two sequences of positive real numbers

Muirhead’s Inequality: Given real numbers and two sequences

Still under construction…

utsuho_reiuji June 22, 2012 at 1:10 pm • Reply

khorshijie December 13, 2012 at 6:53 am • Reply

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