“Ovidius”

Highschool

Metamorphosis of human life

Atanasov Daniela Maican Alexandra

Iatan maria-tatiana Preda Tiana-Maria
Culea elissa-andreea Farcas Miruna-Maria
Butnarasu Marian-Sorin Veronesi Maria-Veronica
Dumitrache Briana-Alexia Lazarovici andrei-florin

Coordinating teacher: Maga Cristinel-Constantin

 cknowledgements.This project wouldn’t have been possible without the

A help and guidance of our physics teacher Cristinel Constantin Maga. We

thank him for informing us about this wonderful competition that we are
so thrilled to take part in. We also want to thank our biology teacher, Munteanu
Mădălina-Maria who helped us with useful information and has always been
patient and kind to us during this project. We would also like to thank NSS for
hosting such a creative and inclusive competition. This competition has changed
the way we view our future, it made us wonder beyond our day-to-day life. Last
but not least, I would like to thank this team. We’ve been through hardships, ups
and downs, and so on, but we have never given up. The 10 of us worked as a team
and bonded while creating this project. It hasn’t been easy but it helped us step
out of our comfort zone and realise that we are capable of making impressive
things. This journey hasn’t left us unchanged, quite the contrary. We are all going
to remember this project and will always be grateful for the chance to participate
in this competition.
1. Executive Summary 5
2. Location 7
3. Space Elevator 9
4. Structural Design 10
4.1. Construction 11
4.1.1. Shape and Size 11
4.1.2. Necessary Materials 11
4.1.3. Construction Phases 12
4.2. Artificial Gravity 13
4.2.1. Effects of Zero Gravity on the Physique and Psyche 13
4.2.2. Rotational Parameters 13
4.2.3. Rotation Mechanism 15
4.3. Pressure 16
4.4. Resistance 16
4.4.1. Debris Shielding 16
4.4.2. Radiation Shielding and Thermal-Insulation 17
4.4.3. Stability 17
4.5. Internal Layout
18
4.5.1. Disks 18
4.5.2. Houses 20
4.5.3. Apartments 21
4.5.4. Parks 22
4.6. Annexes 22
4.6.1. Outer Spaceships 22
4.6.2. Docking 22
5. Life on our base 23
5.1. Air Management 24
5.1.1. Earth’s Atmosphere 24
5.1.2. The Ideal Air 24
5.1.3. Methods of Obtaining the Necessary Gases 25
5.1.4. Carbon Dioxide Control 25
5.1.5. Control of other Gases and Ventilation 26
5.1.6. Temperature and Humidity 26
5.1.7. Thermal Control System 26
5.2. Water Management 27
5.2.1. Reuse of Evaporated Air 27
5.2.2. Reuse of Urine, Perspiration, and Wastewater 28
5.2.3. Extraction and Reuse of Soil Water from Space 29
5.3. Electricity 29
5.4. Agriculture 29
5.4.1. Plant Cultivation 29
5.4.2. Growing animals on the ship 31
5.5. Ecosystem 32
5.5.1. Biodiversity 32
5.5.2. Biotope 34
5.5.3. Biogenesis 34
 5.6. Sustainability 35
5.6.1. Human Nutrition 35
5.6.2. Waste Management 41
6. Research and Industry 42
6.1. Chemical Industry 43
6.2. Computer and Electronics Industry 43
6.3. Food Industry 43
6.4. Manufacturing Industry 44
6.5. Pharmaceutical Industry 44
6.6. Plastic Industry 45
6.7. Telecom Industry 45
6.8. Textile Industry 46
7. Society 47
7.1. Social Organization 48
7.1.1. General data 48
7.1.2. Government 48
7.1.3. LepidopTerra’s requirements 48
7.2. Juridical Organization 49
7.2.1. Ruling 49
7.2.2. Management 49
7.3. Transport Network 50
7.4. Amenities and Facilities 50
7.4.1. Administration 50
7.4.2. Health Centers 51
7.4.3. Education 52
7.4.4. Beauty Centers 52
7.4.5. Shopping centers and supermarkets 53
7.5. Recreation in Space 53
7.6. Creative Arts 54
7.7. Iris Scanning Identification System 55
7.7.1. Iris Recognition Process 55
7.7.2. Benefits of Iris Recognition 55
7.7.3. Disadvantages of Iris Recognition 56
7.8. Monetization 56
7.8.1. The currency of LepidopTerra 56
7.8.2. The story of Obrinus and Lepidopecunia 57
7.8.3. Conversion Table 57
8. Emergencies and Solutions 58
9. Conclusion 61
10. Bibliography 62
Living in such chaotic times inspired us to dream big, so we united all of our forces in
bringing our fantasy world, LepidopTerra, to life. In an attempt to create a connection
with the readers, we decided to “present” ourselves through these illustrations.
We wish you a pleasant reading!
 LepidopTerra was envisioned with our current situation in mind. We
have been living in a reality reminiscent of Sci-Fi movies. A cruel truth in
which, sadly, a virus has infected and killed numerous people. We have been
proved that even with all the advanced technology surrounding us, there is
still a lot of space for improvement. This thought gave us a spark of
inspiration, it made us feel vulnerable as a species. We thought of
LepidopTerra as an escape from a deadly virus, not only SARS-COV-2, but any
calamity that might appear in the future. The ship will be a safe space for,
initially, 30.000 people and it has all the potential to evolve into a new
permanent home for humans. A stable ship with a well-thought infrastructure
and an efficient social system that helps people live a comfortable, long, and
happy life.
Our name (inspired by the order of insects Lepidoptera) represents the
wonderful butterfly, for it symbolizes rebirth through metamorphosis, and
inspires hope. It is within human nature to seek the better and overcome any
hardships in the way of prosperity. LepidopTerra is our chance to evolve,
grow wings and fly up to the sky towards the future, a future high up.
Upon analyzing the problems, we face on our mother planet, Terra, we
are sure that it will not be able to insinuate a constant in the long-term run
for our evolution. The man faces plenty of global issues, thus making Space
Colonization a necessity. With global warming, pollution, overpopulation, and
the likelihood of other pandemic breakouts, people will turn to the safety of
LepidopTerra, which is to be more and more demanded.
Individuals to enter the ship, would undergo a two-week quarantine
prior to entering the settlement, as well as a series of medical tests, for us to
maintain a healthy environment. Every resident would register with their I.D.
/ Birth Certificate and have their iris scanned for inhabitant access areas in
our space settlement. They would each be given a personality test which
would determine the disk that matches their requirements best. Of course,
everyone will have a choice to make, our result would just be for guidance.
After all families would be settled in their new home, the people who would
have come on the ship by themselves would be paired and offered a spacious
apartment. From there, a new life would begin on LepidopTerra.
 The location of our spaceship is chosen taking account of many factors, the
distance from Earth being mainly distinguished, a factor which favors the
possible existence of our ship in the shortest possible time, and the resources
from which we will benefit.
 We chose to position the ship relatively close to
Earth, in the Earth-Moon system, at the Lagrange L4 point.

To understand what a Lagrange point is, we will

consider the following image, which explains the effective
potential force. This image shows us all the forces
operating in the Earth-Moon system: the centrifugal force
(due to the rotation of the chosen system), the
gravitational force generated by Earth, and the
gravitational force generated by the Moon. A body will not
move from its position if the surface on which it is located
is plane. This surface is actually the Lagrange point.
Fig. 1

In a broad sense, a Lagrange point is considered the place

in a two-body system (M1, M2), where if we position a third
negligible mass body m (M1>>m); M2>>m) it will be subjected to a
net force equal to 0 and it will follow the circular orbit of bodies M1
and M2, being in a state of equilibrium.

In fig. 2 we represented all five existing Lagrange points,

outlined in the Earth-moon system used in our case.

In a narrow sense, we will analyze the L4 and L5 points, also

referred to as Trojan points. This name is due to the existence of
the so-called 'Trojan asteroids', also placed in Lagrange points L 4
and L5 in the Sun-Jupiter system. The inspiration for the name
comes from Homer's Iliada, an epic poem about the Trojan War.
Fig. 2
Thus, the asteroids of the L4 were called the 'Greek camp', and
those of the L5 were called the 'Trojan camp'.

This stability of the two points is explained by the

Coriolis force, an inertia force acting on the bodies located in a
Mass of the Earth Mass of the Moon
rotating reference system. If the alleged object is pulled by
(M1)=5,972×1024 kg (M2)= 7,347×1022 kg
gravity in a tighter orbit, the object will orbit more quickly, while
4 increasing the centrifugal force that opposes gravity. On the
7,347 ∙ 1022 𝑘𝑔 < ∙ 5,972 ∙ 1024 𝑘𝑔 / 1022
100 other hand, if the object moves into a wider orbit, gravity
7,347 < 4 ∙ 5,972 overcomes that centrifugal force and pulls the object back to its
original position. Thus, if a body placed on one of the two points
⇒ 7,347 < 23,88 − 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒 is diverted due to disturbances, it will return to its original
position, with the result that the object appears to be
, considering the mass of our space settlement is
permanently orbiting around the chosen points.
significantly lighter than the mass of Earth and the
Moon, we do not believe the Coriolis force a threat Intuitively, we can compare the body placed at one of these
to the ship’s equilibrum two points with a ball in a spherical cup: if you move the ball
inside the cup, the ball will change its position, but it will roll back
to its original position.
8
 While designing our ship we tried to embody the action of the nymph emerging
from the cocoon, so it looks like it is “opening”.
The decision to make the Central Cylinder that shade of blue was made to
represent the butterfly, and to add a pop of color in the dark, empty outer space.
4.1. Construction
4.1.1. Size and Shape

The size and shape of a space settlement are Even though gravity can be kept stable this
crucial to its functionality and efficiency. Moreover, requires a design with double shell outer walls. The
we aim to create a ship constructed with minimal main disadvantage this shape presents is that it has
use of materials. Therefore, LepidopTerra consists the largest surface area to volume ratio, becoming
of a central cylinder, two Stanford Tori, and six less cost-efficient. Therefore, we chose to only use
ellipsoidal capsules, which we will refer to as disks. them for the life support and industrial areas, which
A Stanford torus is a truncated torus with a are significantly smaller than the living area.
semicircle cross-section. We plan for the ellipsoidal The advantages of the disks are that they form
capsules to look like two small circles of ellipsoids large, plain-like surface areas perfect for building
connected through a cylinder. The central cylinder human habitats as well as facilitating the transport
will form an elevator, which connects the 3 main network (see more in 7.3. Transport Network).
bodies of the settlement. These shapes create more space for the solar
The fact that our ship is made out of panels that will be located on their exterior surface.
components shaped like Stanford Tori allows us to Their structural simplicity implies a reduction of
reduce the mass of the settlement while construction time and effort. However, this shape's
maximizing the habitable space per ton of nitrogen. lack of testing and brief study represents a
disadvantage.

DIMENSIONS OF THE SETTLEMENT

Component Height Length Width (Minor) Radius Major radius
Central Cylinder 2340 m - 100 m 50 m -
Stanford Tori 100 m 6283.2 m 100 m 50 m 1000 m
Disks 40 m 1280 m 1280 m 640 m 1800 m
Mirrors 1m 640 m 155.5 m - 148.5 m

4.1.2. Necessary materials

The backbone of space vehicles is made of different metals. The Name:
basic metal is aluminum, but it does not entirely meet its needs alone. Aluminum
Thus, the hardness that was designed to be much more frequently used in Steel (iron+ carbon)
the field contains not only aluminum, but also a large quantity of copper Copper (obtained from mining )
and manganese, which makes it much stronger and harder, but has a low Aluminized Mylar
degree of weldability. Douraluminum is used in the "dry" divisions of the Open-cell foam
ship. Nextel
Steel is a very common material used in the aerospace industry. Kevlar
Steel is superior to aluminum materials. Stainless steel structures, which Fiberglass
have to withstand space loads without deformations, have proven to be Polyethylene
more compact and lighter. In addition, steel, even for its most special Beryllium
classes, is cheaper. 96% Silica glass
The metal most commonly used in space vessels is copper. It is
pretentious, but has a very good thermal conductivity. The inner wall of the rocket motor is made of copper
alloys. It shall withstand temperatures above 2700 °C developed by the aircraft during launching. The material
used for the windows space stations is 96% Silica glass. All items in the table shown above will be sourced from
Earth.

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 4.1.3 Construction Phases
Phase 0 – Lift Construction
As mentioned in the chapter regarding the launch of the settlement, we will use a space elevator for
that operation. More precisely, the launch refers to bringing the pieces needed into space, as it is easier for
objects with smaller masses to leave Earth’s atmosphere.
LepidopTerra will be assembled on Moon’s surface. As the elevator is built from Earth up until the
Moon’s orbit, a less powerful propulsion system than the one needed to leave Earth’s atmosphere will be
attached to each piece to get it from the elevator’s platform and satellite’s orbit respectively, and land on its
surface. We chose to finish building it on the Moon instead of the final location, L4, because the conditions
(regarding radiation and potential damage created by space debris) are better there.
After the settlement is entirely assembled, a propulsion system will be used again for it to leave Moon
and get to the final location, Lagrange point L4.

Phase I – Central cylinder

The first component that will be built then sent into space will be
the Central Cylinder, since all the other components will be attached to it.
The Central Cylinder, as the name suggests, consists of a cylinder and has
an important role in the communication between the other areas of the
settlement, in docking, and also in the natural illumination of the
habitable area, considering that the Mirrors will be directly welded to the
cylinders lateral surface (see fig. 4). It is necessary to mention that the
Mirrors are retractable, providing the day-night cycle.
Considering that the Cylinder connects the inhabited area (the
Disks) and the agricultural and industrial area (the Tori) respectively, it will
contain an elevator-like room that will make communication between
these components possible. This room is meant to go up and down the
length of the Central Cylinder and through the connection tubes (that
connect it with the disks), and it is also used as an accommodation room
for the ones arriving on LepidopTerra. The elevator room is designed to
help the inhabitants get used to the air pressure created on our ship, as it
Fig. 3
is higher than the one in space. At first, it will be completely
depressurized, following that the pressure will gradually increase until it reaches the air pressure on our base.
The docking system of the settlement is also directly attached to the Central Cylinder, on the lower flat
face of it.
The pieces mentioned before will be transported to the Moon as mentioned in Phase 0 to get
assembled in two Space Elevator lifts: first the cylinder and after that the other, smaller pieces.

Phase II – Disks & Connection Tubes

Fig. 4 We decided that installing the disks with their
connection tube before mounting the two Torii would be
most efficient as they are harder to place and would
need significantly more room. Connection tubes will go
from the fourth section of the central cylinder (see more
in 4.2.3. Rotation Mechanism) towards one of the 6 disks
each. Every disk will also be connected to the one on its
left and right, making transportation easier.
The disks will serve as residential areas and will
be transported in 4 separate lift trips. Each will carry 2
disks and the parts of 3 connection tubes. The pieces of
the spokes will be mounted to the other on the moon and to the disks on the L4 point.

12
 Phase III – Stanford Tori
The Tori will be the places where the ‘Life Support’
areas will mostly operate. The higher one will partly be used
for agriculture while the other section will be where animals
live. The lower Torus will serve an industrial and storage
purpose. Both of the two will be mounted to the central
cylinder by the same type of connection tubes, but with lasso-
like “claws” which will grip to the curve of the shapes.
They will also be constructed in parts and we expect
the need to use the Space Lift 8 times for their construction.
The first 2 trips will each bring 2 quarters of the Agricultural
Torus to be mounted on the moon and launched into space.
The next 2 lifts will each bring 2 connection tubes. The Fig. 5
industrial Torus will be constructed similarly.

4.2. Artificial gravity

3.2.1 Effects of Zero Gravity on the Physique and Psyche
The man as we know it today has evolved greatly from the first microbes reported to have lived 3.7
billion years ago. Up until our present reality the human has become accustomed to its various natural
environments. In the course of doing so, we have become to take ostensibly normal instinctual activities for
granted, such as the pumping of our hearts or breathing oxygen.
Adapting to new living conditions is not an option for LepidopTerra’s citizens. Therefore, we must find
ways of reproducing Earth’s. One of the main problems living in outer space creates is the lack of gravitational
force. Say the LepidopTerrian people were to live entirely in 0g, lack of gravitation would have a detrimental
effect on their lives.
First of all, the lack of stress on the skeletal system would decrease the number of osteoblasts, vital
cells in bone growth, leading to bone mass reduction. Moreover, spare calcium would be released into the
bloodstream and cause dangerous effects.
The properties of blood also change in a zero-gravitational scenario. On Terra, the pressure gradient
varies from 60-80 mmHg in the brain, to 200 mmHg in the feet, where blood pools. In space, the pressure of
blood stabilizes at 100 mmHg throughout the whole body, which confuses it. In turn, it can get rid of insofar as
1.5 liters of blood in just three days (for the average adult). With less blood, the heart can also atrophy.
This connects to the next problem: muscles are more prone to atrophiation, since they would not be
working against the gravitational pull any longer. This is a very serious condition, since it implies stripping
LepidopTerrians of mobility and consequently creating an impotent community.
Most importantly, we could not support psychologically straining our citizens, as the mind is a major
obstacle to be taken into consideration before making the decision of changing something so fundamental in
someone’s life. We could stand the risk of some citizens not adapting to this new lifestyle, eternally longing for
the past that would have never existed again. On that account, we decided to use centrifugal force as a means
to create an apocryphal gravitational pull.

3.2.2 Rotational Parameters

Every area of LepidopTerra will be spun separately to better accommodate the tasks performed in each
of them.
For the residential areas, we will create a 1g gravity, so as not to risk anything regarding our citizens’
health. The agricultural and industrial Tori will be spun at the same velocity to create stability on the ship. These
will have a gravity of 0.6g, not to risk the animals’ lives but also to accommodate faster plant growth, as studies
have shown.

13
 Nomenclature
F Centripetal force
m Mass
a Acceleration
R Radius
v Velocity

For generating gravitational acceleration we use the following equations:

F=m∙a
v2
F=m∙
R

By equating these we get:

v2
m∙a= m∙
R
Dividing by m into both sides the equation becomes:

v2
a=
R
v2 = a ∙ R

v = √a ∙ R

Rotations per
Area Distance (Radius) Acceleration Velocity
minute
𝑚 𝑚
Residential 1800 1g = 9.85 113.15 0.6
𝑠2 𝑠
Agricultural & 𝑚 𝑚
1000 0.6g = 5.91 86.97 1.2
Industrial 𝑠2 𝑠

The ratio of head to feet acceleration for a person with a height h of 1.75 m would be calculated as:

a head v 2 ∙ (R − h) R−h
= 2
∙ 100 = ∙ 100
a feet v ∙R R

Area Acceleration ratio Gravity gradient

Residential 99.90% 0,10%
Agricultural & Industrial 99.82% 0,18%

*These gravity gradients are neglectable since they would not be perceived by LepidopTerrian citizens.

14
 3.2.3 Rotation Mechanism
In order to generate the specific rotations for each area,
electric thrusters will be used in combination with solar panels
placed on the outside of the tori and of the disks. The central
cylinder will be separated into six parts rotating at different
speeds, three of which will be connected to the main areas. The
lift will have three ‘stops’, where it will spin at constant speeds
calculated above and where passengers and cargo will be able to
make their way to and from the residential, agricultural, and
industrial areas. When making its’ way from one station to the
other, the lift platform will gradually match the speed of its
destination. This is so that passengers and cargo can safely enter
the spokes. The docking port and section 7 will be the only non-
rotating parts of LepidopTerra.

Section 1
This section connects the docking port to the other parts of the
settlement. It will gradually increase to the speed of Section 2

Sections 2 & 6
These sections connect the Central Cylinder to the
Industrial and Agricultural torus. They will spin at the
constant speed of 86,97 m/s.

Sections 3 & 5
These sections will serve the purpose of transporting
residents and cargo to and from Section 4. Their speed will
gradually lower to the speed of 86,97 m/s when going
towards the tori.

Section 4
This section connects the Central Cylinder to the Disks.
It will spin at a constant speed of 113,15 m/s.

Section 7
This section will only serve infrastructural purposes and will
not be accessible. It will not spin.

Fig. 6

15
4.3. Pressure

Another threat for the safety of Therefore, the materials mentioned in the
LepidopTerra’s external structure, besides the shielding chapter must have a high compressive
space debris, is the effect of the pressure inside it strength as well. The atmospheric pressure created
on its walls. On our ship the pressure will be similar on the habitable parts of LepidopTerra with air
to the one back on earth, there being a compressors will be equal to 101,325 Pa.
considerable difference between the exterior Considering that our shielding configuration
pressure (the value of pressure in outer space is includes a layer made of 6 sheets of Kevlar, with
1.322 × 10-11 Pa, essentially 0) and the one created compressive strength of 117.3 × 106 Pa, the tension
in order for the settlement to be habitable. That created by the pressure should not be noted as a
could potentially cause the walls to break down. threat to our construction.

4.4. Resistance
4.4.1 Debris Shielding
Our settlement will be located in the Lagrange point L4, which is characterized by stability, but also
known to contain space dust and large space debris that can represent a threat to the ship’s safety. In order to
protect it, the structural design will include a specific shielding configuration.

There are three debris shielding configurations taken into consideration:

• The Whipple Shield, consisting of two layers - an outer bumper and a catcher plate, usually made out
of aluminum. This shielding configuration is commonly used for areas with less prone to get affected by
space debris;
• The Stuffed Whipple Shield is similar to the one presented above, but it is more complex and effective.
This shielding configuration consists of multiple layers: the outer bumper, the catcher plate, and, in
addition, an intermediate layer that improves the protection of the spacecraft. This intermediate layer
should lead to further diffusion of the impact and it consists of materials like Nextel (ceramic composite
cloth) and Kevlar (high-strength cloth), cloth epoxy panels or glass-reinforced polymeric composites;
• The Flexible Multi-Shock Shield consists of multiple Nextel bumpers and a Kevlar rear wall, effective
against hypervelocity particles;
Since the protection of our space settlement is crucial considering the location chosen, the simple
Whipple Shield Configuration cannot be used, considering the fact that the whole exterior surface could be
damaged by space debris. The more effective shielding methods would be the Stuffed Whipple Shielding or the
Flexible Multi-Shock Shielding. The first one mentioned is preferred, as it is easier to create protection against
radiation within the secondary plate of it than it would have been in between the Nextel bumpers of a Flexible
Multi-Shock Shield. Thus, we chose the Stuffed Whipple Shield model for LepidopTerra.

Shield component materials are:

Aluminized Mylar

Name:
Open-cell foam

Aluminum (bumper) Kevlar

Polyethylene
Aluminum

Aluminum
Fiberglass

Aluminized Mylar Fiberglass

Nextel

Kevlar

Open-cell foam Polyethylene

Nextel Aluminum (catcher)

16
 4.4.2. Radiation Shielding and Thermal-Insulation
Another threat to the settlement’s safety is represented by the presence of high radiation in space. This
threat does not refer to the structure of the settlement, but the health of the inhabitants. The whole purpose
of LepidopTerra is to create a new, reborn society, which means it will be permanently inhabited. To keep the
residents healthy, a radiation shield will be needed.
Ionizing radiation has enough energy to create damage to the living cells, consequently to the genetic
material, DNA. Even though the cells have the propriety to repair themselves after such damage was done, if
the repairing is not done properly cells may die or even become cancerous. This thing can happen even due to
exposure to low levels of radiation.
In order to create an efficient radiation shield, materials that absorb it should be included in the debris
shield. Generally speaking, highly hydrogenated materials are the best radiation shields. Such materials are
Polyethylene and Kevlar, mentioned before in the list of the Debris Shield components.
Polyethylene is 50% better than aluminum, which is not as efficient at blocking radiation, while Kevlar
is known to absorb almost as much radiation as polyethylene, around 80-90% of the quantity of the polyethylene
blocks.
The thermo-insulation is assured by materials such as Nextel and Fiberglass, both presented as Debris
Shield components.

4.4.3. Stability
Stability on our base will be ensured by its symmetrical shape. Al Globulus [2010] mentions that the
height to radius ratio must be 1.3 or less. By following this span with a height of 2340m and a radius of 1800m,
we ensure the safety of the LepidopTerrian people while rotating the base. Various factors can influence the
spaceship to shift from its original spinning axis. The velocity at which the two Torususi are spun is the same to
avoid any possible nutation. Nevertheless, in the unlikely case of this happening, the system of propulsors used
to bring the ship to the L4 point will be used in order to redirect its sway.

Fig. 7

17
4.5. Internal layout
4.5.1. The disks
Taking into consideration the need for efficiency we have decided to situate the residential areas in
disks, since they provide large flat surfaces ideal for building human settlements.
Just like on Earth, our ship will have cities with different themes and traditions for each and one of
them, to make it feel more like home and to strengthen the bonds between people. The residential areas will
be situated in the middle of the disks, while the factories will be on the outskirts, preventing air and noise
pollution from reaching people.
The living area will consist of houses and blocks of flats, suiting the needs of all residents. In every disk,
the middle will be a place for recreation, a park where kids can play, people can walk their dogs, etc. It is
important to mention that the disks will each be divided into four sectors, to make the living space safer. Each
sector will have its hospital in the center, making it accessible for everyone. The police station will be situated
near the park to prevent unwanted incidents. Fire stations and the prison will be near the outskirts. The fire
station will be closer to the factories in case of accidents. The prison will be situated within the industrial area
for the inmates to be able to work inside the factories.
Malls will also be included on our settlement, two on each disk. Because we wish for them to be larger
and to have a variety of stores, one mall will be shared by two sectors. In close proximity to the parks will be the
blocks of flats. Because the people living in the apartments don’t have a garden, we thought it will be better to
situate them near the park so they also have an outdoor space they can enjoy. The blocks will be dispersed in 3
rows, on 3 different streets, 25 blocks on each of them. After the three rows of blocks, the houses will continue
on the rest of the disk. These will be dispersed also in 3 rows, only this time, the first 2 rows will contain 15
houses, and then one row with 20 houses. Everything is connected through roads. The main ones are between
the sectors, but every street will be a two-way
one.
We wish to evolve on the ship and that
includes perpetuating our species so we have
decided to build apartments for one to two
people and, for families, we are going to build
houses. We believe that families should live in
bigger houses with gardens they need more
living space.
We have learned that humans are more
productive when they are happy so the living
environment is very important. Every living
space will be supplied with running hot water
and power stations. Every one of them can be
personalized by the owners as they like, without
jeopardizing the property and also keeping up
with the themes of the cities, as they are very
dear to us.

Legend: Fig. 8

Fig. 9

18
Nova Euthalia
Nova is a modern disk with modern houses and Euthalia is an Amazonian-like space. With beautiful
beautiful nova butterflies that roam the place every day. tropical summer looks, this disk will make the people feel like
This disk is for people who love the city and live a they are in the Hawaiian Islands or Brazil’s tropical forests. It
luxurious lifestyle. We wanted to integrate a “concrete perfectly complements the personalities of people who live
jungle” where people who used to live in big cities feel at in the moment. Just like its butterflies, the color palette of
home. The house design for this disk helps when setting Euthalia is warm and bright, with pastel browns and bright
the mood of sky-high buildings, active lifestyles, and busy blues and greens. It is a lively and exciting place, best suited
people. A bustling disk with many business people and for open-minded people who used to live an active life and
designs that make the future a time we all want to live in. that think having fun is one of the most important aspects of
life.

Chrysalis {Atlanta}
Chrysalis represents the rocky mountains of
Earth. The houses from this disk are rustic and tell the Atlanta is a disk of balance. It is as calm as the
story of the Himalayan people. The butterflies of sea, but it can also be vibrant and restless. We built this
Chrysalis have a red subtone, in contradiction with the disk with the idea of the ocean in mind, its
winter theme, but very fitting, because, like mountains unpredictability inspired us in the process of creating the
and snow, everything can turn from a peaceful fairytale design for the houses, as well as the traditions of this
into an energetic environment. This place will attract place. The butterflies from this disk are bright coloured,
courageous people, who also have a taste for coziness, and give a special feel to the area. We wish for Atlanta
like sitting by the fire while drinking a warm cup of hot to attract people who love the water and enjoy being
chocolate active.

Sommerflue LepidopTerrarium
Sommerflue is the place for you gardners and cat LepidopTerrarium is a place that unites everyone.
lovers. It’s made to give off a countryside feel, like you just This disk was made to bring people, colors, and many
wandered into a house hidden in a beautiful forest, species of butterflies together. It is the heart of
smelling the wonderful tea brewing inside. This disk is LepidopTerra, and we recommend it to everyone who
made in appreciation of the Earth, of the natural beauty wants to feel part of a family. Every citizen of our ship
that surrounded us all along. The butterflies here make the should visit this place at least once in their lifetime, as it is
place even more lively than it already is. We wanted to of cultural importance to the creation of the settlement. It
keep the beauty of nature in our hearts, taking it up in is a very special place to us and we will always hold it close
space to never forget our origins. The design of the houses to our hearts.
gives this place a warm feeling and calms people, bringing
kindness into their hearts.

19
 4.5.2. Houses
The houses will be spacious, in order to give the same energy as a traditional house would but also be
practical for the conditions of the ship. The building alone will be 80m2 and the garden will be 70 m2 and it will
have one storey. The look of the houses will be different for every theme, making every disk unique. For
practicality, the houses will have the same interior layout. The interior layout consists of one kitchen, three
bathrooms, one living room, and three bedrooms.
We designed the houses in a way in which people can work from home as well, so we incorporated
desks in every bedroom. On top of that, the houses will have a patio, a place where they can enjoy themselves
in their free time. We wish for the population of the ship to be as comfortable as they can and that includes
using technology for basic chores, to give them time for recreation, work, and socializing.

Nova Fig. 10

Euthalia Fig. 11

Chrysalis Fig. 12

Atlanta Fig. 13

Sommerflue Fig. 14

20
 Lepidopterrarium Fig. 15

4.5.3. Apartments
We don’t want the people who live in apartments to feel neglected. We want everyone to have a good
time on our ship so we made sure to make the apartments spacious, practical, and beautiful. We think everyone
deserves a happy life in a beautiful home that suits their taste. An apartment will be 80 m2 and will contain one
kitchen, one bathroom, one living room, one bedroom, and one dressing. In this apartment we also included
desks, like in the houses, we created spaces for people to be able to work and to relax as well (see fig.). The
blocks of flats will have four storeys and one storey alone will have the capacity of two mirrored apartments
(see fig. ). The interior design of these flats will have a modern look and they are the same for every theme.

aPartments Fig. 16

Atanasov Daniela

Fig. 17

21
 4.5.4. Parks
The park is the main recreation place and we wanted to make it spacious for the 5.000 people who live
in the disk, so the park is 600.000 m2 . It includes benches on which people can sit and enjoy a good book, picnic
tables for when they want to throw picnic parties, a fountain, and many decorations. We also wanted to show
our respect towards religion, so we have included a sacral place where people can pray in privacy in a beautifully
designed place. All the trees and plants from these parks will be artificial.

Parks Fig. 18

All images in chapters 4.5.2. and 4.5.4. were created in The Sims 4TM. {{Fairuse|<Copyright by EA>}}

4.6. Annexes

4.6.1 Outer Spaceships

Like any other living creature, Lepidopterra needs to explore its surroundings. This will be achieved
through 4 robotic outer spaceships. These outer spaceships work based on the principle of telerobotics,
meaning they are controlled manually from a long distance. Furthermore, this is a great method to safeguard
our people, keeping them inside the settlement.
The 4 robotic outer spaceships are meant to ensure the protection of the main one. Two of them are not
able to move, as they are placed on the industrial torus, while the other two can move.
• The Supervising spaceship, which can move, is meant to watch over the main spaceship, and, as it
can move away from the torus, it is able to clean the windows of the space settlement;
• The Localization spaceship is able to appreciate the geospatial position of the objects in space -
for this outer ship is used a satellite navigation system;
• The Retriever spaceship is meant to ensure the main spaceship with goods from other planets,
needs - this one cannot enter the torus, but it can connect to the central cylinder (see more in
4.6.2. Docking).

4.6.1 Docking
Docking refers to joining two separate space vehicles, in order to transfer crew or resupply the space
station.
The docking station has an important role in the transportation infrastructure of the settlement, therefore
it will be located near the industrial torus, one of the peripheral tori, on the lower base of the central cylinder.
The station is composed of the berthing port and the base main platform which allows the cargo to be
transferred and stored in the industrial area.
The main process will be realized in two stages, following the International Docking System Standard
model using the soft capture system and the hard capture system. The first stage implies the connection
between the cargo carrier and the docking port, realized through the soft capture system. This is the
mechanical coupling that secures the link between the ships. The next phase implies the final structural mating
after which the cargo will be transported in the industrial tori after reaching the base main platform. This final
stage (hard capture system) is possible due to the adaptors on both the cargo carrier and the main cylinder,
adaptors which consist of retractable arms arranged in a cylindrical shape.

22
The life of our people is in our hands so we must provide them with
qualitative living conditions. We wanted to create an Earth-like feel
for all of our residents to feel at home.
5.1. Air management
5.1.1. Earth’s atmosphere
In order to determine the ideal air composition on our ship, our team found it absolutely necessary to
first analyze the atmosphere on the Earth, and how it influences the living world, so that we can create the
best possible environment for people on our ship (of all ages), plants and animals.
The approximate volumetric percentages on Earth of the components of the atmosphere are as follows:
• 78.084% diatomic molecular nitrogen
• 20.946% diatomic molecular oxygen Volumetric percentages
• 0.934% argon
• 0.038% carbon dioxide
• 0.002 % other: neon, helium, water
vapor, methane, krypton, molecular
diatomic hydrogen, nitrous oxide, xenon,
ozone, monatomic oxygen, monatomic
nitrogen, dust, smoke, aerosols, etc.
Diatomic molecular nitrogen Diatomic molecular oxygen
This graph helped us to draw the
conclusion of what our air will consist of: Argon Carbon dioxide
nitrogen, oxygen and carbon dioxide. These Others
3 will be the ones we will pay attention to
because they are highly essential for all life on board.

5.1.2. The Ideal Air

Next, we will analyze each of the gases required to us that are in the current composition of the
Earth's atmosphere, and how they influence the environment, so that we can determine the optimum air
composition of our ship for both humans, as well as for the plants and animals.

Nitrogen
Accounting for about 78% of the Earth's atmosphere, nitrogen is essential to life on Earth, being vital for all
living organisms. Despite the fact that Earth's atmosphere is considered to be a primary source of nitrogen, plants
cannot use the nitrogen from the atmosphere, imposing certain nitrogen transformations, known under the name of
“nitrogen cycle in nature”. These complex processes will not take place on our ship because of the aeroponic system we
use for plant growth.
Animals and humans do not use nitrogen through the breathing process, but they take their needed form of
nitrogen through the consumption of plants or other animals.
Thus, nitrogen will be the majority component of the air on our ship because it is chemically inert and will not
negatively influence the air composition, taking the role of “filler”.

Oxygen
As the second component of the Earth's atmosphere, it differentiates from nitrogen in many aspects and is
absolutely necessary for life.
According to various studies, the optimum oxygen percentage in the air varies from 19.5% to 23.5%. The
percentage of oxygen in the air in our ship will also be found in this interval to prevent undesirable adverse effects that
may occur.
Adverse effects which may occur include:
• a percentage that exceeds 23.5% increases the chances of a possible explosion or fire; moreover, very high
oxygen percentages will be able to cause human death in a long term;
• between 16%-19.5% - human body cells can no longer take their oxygen, during a normal physical activity;
• between 10%-16% - mental functions become affected and breathing becomes a process that manifests itself at
irregular periods of time, and during a typical physical activity the body becomes very tired;
• less than 6% - a human cannot survive.

Carbon dioxide
Found in very small percentages in the Earth's atmosphere, carbon dioxide is also necessary, for it is the
chemical that plants intake during the day and transform, in the presence of water and solar energy, into oxygen and
energy, process called photosynthesis (keeps constant the chemical composition of our air). It is also produced by
plants, animals and humans through the expiration process.
Thus, the optimum value is approximately 0.03% and the minimum is 0.01%. However, it may become toxic if
it exceeds a percentage of 2-5%. 24
 In conclusion, our air will initially be made of 78.97% nitrogen, 21% oxygen and 0.03% carbon dioxide.
However, our air composition will not stay constant because other gaseous compounds will appear (such as
water vapors), and the percentages listed above will change due to humans, plants, animals and certain
activities held on board.

5.1.3. Methods of Obtaining the Necessary Gases

Nitrogen will be transported from the Earth as
liquid nitrogen, a cryogenic liquid boiling at -196 °C (77.15K);
if heated above this value, it becomes gaseous.
For the transport of liquid nitrogen we have opted
for Cryogenic storage tanks. The system will be made of the
tank itself (cylindrical form), the vaporizer and the pressure
control manifold. These components will be secured to a
support to ensure efficient transport and avoid difficulties.
The size of the tanks will be the maximum possible (420.000
gallons), and they will be equipped with circuits to control
product fill, pressure build, pressure relief, product
withdrawal, and tank vacuum.
Fig. 19
Oxygen will be obtained by 3 methods:
(1) An initial quantity of oxygen will be transported from Earth as liquefied oxygen.
We have opted for the transport of oxygen as liquid because one liter of liquefied oxygen is equivalent
to approximately 840 liters of gaseous oxygen, thus saving both space and time. The liquid oxygen is pale blue
and has a boiling point of -183°C (90.15K). He will be transported like nitrogen, using Cryogenic storage tanks.
(2) Using oxygen generators, in which water electrolysis is made. Water electrolysis is a process by
which water, in the presence of electric current, is transformed into oxygen and hydrogen.
(3) By chemical reactions, using canisters (which will contain a mixture of powdered sodium chloride
(NaClO3) and iron power; this mixture will be heated up to 600°C (873.15K), resulting in gaseous oxygen and
two secondary reaction products: Sodium chloride (NaCl) and ferrous oxide (FeO).
*oxygen will also be produced by plants by photosynthesis

5.1.4. Carbon Dioxide Control

Carbon dioxide will undoubtedly be a
component of the air, because plants, animals
and people will exhale it. For its disposal in order
to not be toxic to humans we will use zeolites.
The zeolite we use (with the technical
name SSZ-13) is capable of filtering carbon
dioxide from a gas mixture. Thus, its structure
attracts carbon dioxide molecules because it
holds the central carbon atoms, whereas the
other molecules found in the mixture of gas pass
unaffected. The graph on the right shows us why
using this method is beneficial (there can be seen
a big difference between the adsorption capacity
of the carbon dioxide and the adsorption capacity
of the nitrogen).

Fig. 20

25
 5.1.5. Control of other gases and ventilation
As said before, our air will get contaminated with other gases (odors, gaseous pollutants) resulted
from plants, animals, humans and certain activities held on board. This is why we will get rid of these gases
that are not necessary using activated carbon air filters. These will filter the gases wanted through a bed of
activated carbon (also known as charcoal).
Ventilation will be mandatory because we will need our air to be kept free of dust, fumes, unpleasant
odors and other air contaminants. In order to do that we will use common fans this will be placed in houses,
schools, police stations, etc. More than that, we will use HOPPERJET filters incorporated in the ventilation
systems around the ship to prevent any possible fire from spreading.

5.1.6. Temperature and Humidity

Our thermal control systems will be active, in order to keep an average temperature of 22-25°C
(295,15K-298,15K). Our ship has thermal insulation so that the extreme temperatures of the outer space will
not affect us.
Humidity will be kept between 40%-50% (at a temperature greater than 20°C a humidity of 60% is the
maximum one recommended) and will be measured using hygrometers, devices which measure the amount of
water vapors in air and which will be placed in each room. We will use dehumidifiers to reduce and maintain
the optimal percentage of humidity in the air, but we will be provided with humidifiers as well.
We chose to keep the humidity between 40%-50% because:
• Too low humidity can cause: irritation of the mucous membranes, dry skin, chapped lips, roughness,
scratchy throat, an increase in certain allergy symptoms, dehydration of the body, irritated eyes, eczema,
etc.
• Too high humidity can cause: frizzy hair, overheating, feelings of low energy, an increase in asthma
symptoms, hyperthermia, increased vulnerability to infection, poor sleep quality, etc.

5.1.7. Thermal Control System

The thermal control system on our base will be highly inspired by the one on the ISS. In order to
eliminate the residual heat, thus avoiding the overheating of the ship, an active thermal control system (ATCS)
is necessary, which fulfills three functions: it collects, transports, and rejects heat, through cold plates and heat
exchangers, cooled by ammonia loops. Heated ammonia circulates continuously through radiators located
outside LepidopTerra. Thus, heat is released into space in the form of radiation, while ammonia cools.
1. Internal active thermal control system (IATCS): it is a closed loop system that provides the necessary
coolant for the equipment, keeping the temperature constant (collects excess heat). This system consists of a
moderate temperature loop (MTL) and a low temperature loop (LTL). MTL operates at 17 degrees Celsius and
provides most of the cooling for equipment. LTL operates at 4 degrees Celsius and is used to cool the
equipment of systems that require a lower temperature. IATCS loops work as one, being used to reduce pump
power consumption, reduce pump wear, or to compensate for a pump. The coolant we will use is water.

2. External Active Heat Control System (EATCS): uses ammonia loops to collect heat from external
electronic equipment and interface heat exchangers and transport it to radiators, where it is rejected into
space. Instead of initially using EATCS, we used EEATCS.

3. External external active thermal control system (EEATCS): works as a temporary thermal cooling
system: it consists of two separate ammonia cooling loops, which work simultaneously. The loops carry heat
from the Interface Heat Exchanger to the radiators.

4. Photovoltaic thermal control system (PVTCS): consists of ammonia coolant, two flow control pump
subassemblies (PFCS), eleven hotplates, and a photovoltaic radiator (PVR). PFCS is the pumping capacity,
controls and valves, essential for pumping ammonia that transports heat to the radiator. It also regulates the
thermal temperature of the coolant. The PVR has two individual flow paths, through 7 panels. Each flow path
is connected to a PFCS. The PVR rejects up to 14kW of heat.

26
5.2. Water Management
Water is essential for everything around us creatures, from plants to us, humans. Therefore, we must have it in
large quantities to maintain a healthy lifestyle on the ship.
Water is not as common as it is on Earth in space, so obtaining it will be more complicated. In this case, we have
tried to obtain and reuse water from all the sources at hand.
*an abundant quantity of water will be taken on board when leaving Earth

5.2.1. Reuse of Evaporated Air

To obtain the evaporated water from inside the
agricultural area (e.g. evaporated water from plants) we will
use MOFs (metal-organic frameworks). These are porous
solids made up of metal ions linked by organic molecules
that can absorb various substances, including the moisture
produced by humans and plants even from less humid air,
releasing the water at a slightly higher temperature.

Fig. 21

The type of MOF we are going to

use will be MOF-801, also known as
Zr6O4(OH)4(fumarate)6, which manages to
capture water molecules in environments
with up to 20% RH. It absorbs 250 ml of
water per kilogram of MOF, which is
expelled, and then obtained, at the
temperature of 65 ° C (338K). Therefore, in
24 hours, around 2.8 liters of water per
kilogram of MOF can be collected. Then the
water will be filtered using main filter and
stored in water storage tanks.
To obtain water we will use the
following type of filter (secondary filter)
which will be found in the walls of the
agricultural area (this method of obtaining
water will be used only in the agricultural
area).
The MOF-801 material for water
absorption will be found on the entire
surface of the walls. On the other side of
the wall will be a void and a condenser for
heating the material to extract the water,
and at the wall’s base will be a drain that
leads the water to main filter so it can be
reused.
Thus will be collected:
For 1kg ↔ 2.8L ⇒ for 1g ↔ 2.8 × 103L
1kg = 103 g
A
2.8 × 103L × ( ) = how much
4046.86m2
water is collected in 24 hours
, where A = wall surface Fig. 22

27
 The Synthesis of MOF-801
MOF-801: Zr6O4(OH)4(fumarate)6 ⇒ Zr6O4(OH)4(C4H2O2)6
Necessary substances:
• ZrCl4 (C=98%, anhidru)
• CH2O2 = formic acid (C≥98%)
• C4H4O4 = fumaric acid (C≥99%)
• (C8H14O2)n = polyvinyl butyral (PVB)
• (C2H4O)n = polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)
- molecular mass = 31.000-60.000
- C = 98%-99%
- hydrolyzed
• C12H22O11 = sucrose
- C≥99,9%
Synthesis:
• round-bottom flask (500 mL)
- water (377 mL)
- formic acid (78 mL, 2.1 mol)
- stirred until clear
+ZrCl4 (4.8g, 2.1 mmol) → stirred until clear (gradually added);
+C4H4O4 (72g, 6.2 mmol) → stirred until clear;
• heated and allowed to reflux for 6 days;
• the solution is cooled;
• the reaction mixture is divided into centrifuge tubes and centrifuging (5000rpm, 5 min) until the
supernatant solution is clear;
• the solid is redispersed in an equally divided mixture of water and ethanol (50mL per tube) while
being agitated with a tilt table for 1 hour;
• repeat the process once;
• the solid is dispersed in acetone (50mL per tube) and agitated in the same manner for the same
time;
⇒4.0g MOF-801

5.2.2. Reuse of Urine, Perspiration, and Wastewater

We all know that after drinking water, it is eliminated from the body along with other substances
through sweat and urine. For the reuse of the eliminated water, it will be collected and filtered with the help
of an aquaporin protein based filter, which will be our main filter. The aquaporin proteins let only the water
pass through so they can recover water from urine, perspiration, wastewater, condensation and other liquid
sources available in space.
The toilets used on the space settlement will be similar to UWMS (Universal Waste Management
System). In order for the urine to reach the main filter for filtration, multiple sewers will be connected
between the space toilets and the storage tanks for unfiltered water to transport the liquid. From that storage
tank 1l of unfiltered water will be taken by the filter to filter it and then store it in the filtered water tanks (The
process is the same for all wastewater).

For about 2.5-3 liters lost a day/person (through urine and perspiration):
3l × 30.000 people ≅ 90.000 liters of water are recovered daily, excluding waste water.

28
 5.2.3. Extraction and Reuse of Soil Water from Space
To extract the water from space soil (e.g. moon soil) we decided to use the constant vacuum method.
The tools we need will be:
• Pore water or leachate samplers;
• Vacuum station VS without controlling Tensiometer.
Then the soil water obtained will be sent to the main filter to become drinkable water.
This is not a calculable considering that we do not know how often we are in the possesion of space
soil.

! Using all the methods listed above we will be able to obtain enough water for humans, plants,
animals and other uses for water (e.g. showers, etc.). All the water will be divided equally across the station
in storage tanks located all over LepidopTerra !

5.3. Electricity
Electricity is used to power the network of electrical circuits that illuminate and heat the rooms of the
ship. We will use two methods to produce electricity:
(1): Solar panels: we will use sunlight, which consists of direct solar radiation, represented by direct
electromagnetic rays of light. Some of the radiation will penetrate the photovoltaic and thermal panels on the
surface of the disks, and the rest will pass through the transparent walls of the ship to the mirrors mounted so
as to change the direction of propagation of light beams to the solar panels mounted on the roofs of houses
and spaces. public. The panels will convert light energy into electricity, and its photovoltaic cells will convert it
into electricity. They have a power of 455W (= 0.455kw) each, a voltage of 41.7 volts and an electric current of
10.92 amps, with a lithium-ion battery. A 66sqm house consumes around 29 kw per day, 10,649 kw per year.
This will be the main method of lighting and heating, because it has a very high efficiency: no fuel is consumed
and, therefore, there are no greenhouse gas emissions.
(2): Electric generators: although they pollute more, they are more advantageous in terms of rated
power: we chose to have 2 generators in each disk and 3 in torI, each of 3kw (or 7CP). These generators will
convert mechanical energy into electrical energy.

5.4. Agriculture
Our vision for this ship has always been to create a familiar, healthy and efficient living environment.
We want to provide the people on board with all the comforts they need, including a proper diet for a long and
healthy life.
Agriculture is about growing plants and raising animals, which is very important because almost
everything we eat, wear and use every day is made from these. Agriculture is expanding every day as people
find innovative ways to increase production, making farming a vital activity that we implement on our ship.

5.4.1. Plant cultivation

Over the years, the ways in which we grow plants have multiplied, giving us the opportunity to choose
the most efficient option. Being in space, we can't afford to use large amounts of water and energy on
agriculture alone, as we have to save our resources to ensure a long life on the settlement. Many people
would not have thought that soil is not only necessary for growing plants, but it actually gets in the way of
their growth in the most efficient way. Plants need oxygen, water and nutrients (the major nutrients needed
are nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulphur, and besides these, in smaller quantities,
plants also need iron, zinc, copper, boron, molybdenum, nickel and manganese), and soil prevents oxygenation
of plants in large quantities. Considering all the points we made above we chose the aeroponic system.

29
 The aeroponic system
The aeroponic system is the way of growing plants that involves leaving the roots free and spraying
them with nutrient-enriched water. Plants are placed in holes in expanded polystyrene panels; their roots are
left to grow suspended under the panel, where there are sprayers that keep the roots hydrated. The roots
need to grow in a saturated, dark moist environment to prevent mould and algae growth, which is why the
system is a closed one.
We opted for the vertical aeroponic system because we want to grow as many plants as possible in
the space we have allocated for agriculture. It doesn't work very differently from the horizontal one. The
vertical one is cylindrical with a tank at the bottom, which is filled with water and nutrients. The roots of the
plants grow freely inside the cylinder, being able to extract as much oxygen as they need, and, with the help of
a pump, water is lifted to the top of the cylinder, and then it falls towards the roots to hydrate them.

Advantages of the aeroponic system:

• Plants grow faster in an aeroponic system because of the constant access of the roots to oxygen.
Unlike a hydroponic system, we don't need to process water for this, because the source of oxygen is not
water, but air itself. They grow stronger and healthier due to increased oxygenation.
• These systems are more space efficient because they do not take up much space. So we can benefit
from many plants grown in a fairly small space.
• The system is simple and efficient, so we don't need a lot of materials to set it up and use it.
• Most plants can be grown in the aeroponic system.

Disadvantages of the aeroponic system:

• Aeroponic systems are more expensive than other growing alternatives.

The importance of sunlight

Sunlight is essential for the development of plants. It is a necessary aspect in the photosynthesis
process, process in which plants procure their food through use of photons. Solar energy is converted, through
the process of photosynthesis, into chemical energy. The lack of sunlight is very damaging and can cause plants
to not be able to grow fruits and flowers. Because of this, we have decided to have natural lighting, coming
from the sun, in the agriculture torus. For this to take place we will be using mirrors on the central cylinder of
the spaceship so the light will reflect from them into the glass of the agriculture torus. As a backup we will
also have LED lights, as to make sure we never
run into a situation where our plants do not
have light. LED lights are our choice because
they are inexpensive and efficient for the growth
of plants.

Aeroponic System

Fig. 23
30
 5.1.2. Growing animals on the ship
Although people can implement a vegan diet in their daily lives, we cannot ignore the benefits of an
omnivorous diet in terms of nutrients and calories (caloric intake), nor can we force people on the ship to
drastically change their tastes. Thus, on the ship we will be breeding animals that we can feed on. These
animals are not only used as a food resource, but they also provide materials for things such as clothes and
many more. Taking into consideration the fact that we cannot exactly estimate how many people we can feed
from one cow, one pig etc. because the animals all defer in sizes, meat percentage, fat percentage and so on,
we approximated that 1kg of meat can feed 4 people. With that in mind, the table below shows how many
animals we will raise in the agriculture torus:

Breed of animal Estimated weight Number of animals Produce

Cattle 800-1000kg 300 Milk
Pigs 120 kg 100 -
Chickens 2.5 kg 400 Eggs
Turkeys 7 kg 200 -
Sheep 45-100 kg 100 Wool
Goats 20-140 kg 100 Milk

Water and Food

Water and food are major factors in keeping our animals healthy so we calculated how much water
and food we will need for them per day, per animal.

Breed of animal Water Food

Cattle 115-190 L 11 kg of hay
Pigs 2-6 L 4.8 kg of wheat, corn and barley
Sheep 4-8 L 1.8 kg of hay, corn, barley
Goats 4-8 L 0.5-1 kg of hay and grains
Chickens 0.5 L 0.25 kg of corn
Turkeys 1L 0.50 kg of range grass

Diet
On our ship we want healthy and strong people, so we will provide a diet suited to their needs. A
healthy diet consists of fruits, vegetables, whole grains and healthy protein. According to these criteria we
have chosen which plants to grow and which animals to raise.

Assortment Protein Lipids Carbohydrates Calories

Eggs 7 grams 5 grams - 75 calories
Milk 8 grams 8 grams 12 grams 149 calories
Beef 26.1 grams 11.8 grams - 217 calories
Lamb 25.6 grams 16.5 grams - 258 calories
Pork 25.7 grams 20.8 grams - 297 calories
Chicken 31 grams 3.6 grams - 165 calories
Turkey 30 grams 2.1 grams - 147 calories
Fish 23 grams 7 grams - 180 calories
Crabs 18 grams 0.7 grams - 83 calories
Cheese 25.6 grams 10.4 grams - 452 calories
Almonds 20.8 grams 13.1 grams 0.3 grams 592.5 calories

31
Beans 6 grams 0.5 grams 27 grams 119.5 calories
Avocado 2 grams 14.5 grams 8.5 grams 161 calories
Butter 1 gram 94 grams 0.1 grams 810 calories
Quinoa 4.1 grams 1.8 grams 20 grams 114 calories
Oats 10.6 grams 5.2 grams 54 grams 311 calories
Bananas 1.3 grams 0.4 grams 27 grams 103 calories
Sweet potatoes 2.3 grams 0.2 grams 24 grams 103 calories
Oranges 1.3 grams 0.2 grams 18 grams 69 calories
Blueberries 0.7 grams - 14.4 grams 56.2 calories
Grapefruit 0.9 grams 0.2 grams 13 grams 51 calories
Apples 0.2 grams 0.2 grams 12.5 grams 48 calories
Chickpeas 7.5 grams 2.1 grams 22.5 grams 152 calories
Tomatoes 1.1 grams 0.3 grams 4.8 grams 23 calories
Cucumbers 0.7 grams 0.1 grams 3.6 grams 15 calories
Peppers 1.1 grams 0.2 grams 7.5 grams 30 calories
Strawberries 0.6 grams 0.3 grams 6.9 grams 31 calories
Potatoes 2.9 grams 0.4 grams 20.4 grams 93 calories
Grapes 1 gram 0.24 grams 27.33 grams 95 calories
Cherries 1.6 grams 0.3 grams 24 grams 95 calories
Pineapple 0.5 grams 0.1 grams 13 grams 50 calories
Pears 0.4 grams 0.1 grams 15 grams 57 calories
Raspberry 1.2 grams 0.7 grams 12 grams 52 calories
Peas 4.3 grams 0.2 grams 12.5 grams 72 calories
Pistachios 21.6 grams 46.1 grams 27.4 grams 576 calories
Pumpkin 0.9 grams 0.1 grams 6 grams 25 calories
Mushrooms 2.3 grams 0.5 grams 5.7 grams 30 calories
Broccoli 2.4 grams 0.4 grams 7.2 grams 35 calories
Lemon 0.9 grams 0.3 grams 8 grams 26 calories

Medicinal plants
Agriculture is not only a big part in nutrition, but it also plays a very important part in medicine. A
multitude of plants are used for making pills and medicinal teas, so it is only rational for us to make sure we
include these plants into the agriculture of our ship. We have selected a number of plants that are useful for
the pharmaceutical industry (see more in 5.5.1.Biodiversity)

5.5. Ecosystem
First of all, for the ship's population to be possible, we had to take into account the factors that
influence the biotope and the characteristics and relationships between organisms of a biocenosis, taken from
the earth by us, in normal conditions of existence.

5.5.1. Biodiversity
When we talked about the ecosystem, we first thought of the multitude of organisms that would be
necessary for a normal life of an individual, taking into account both the benefits and the disadvantages of the
ship's population with that species. Thus, on the ship we will perpetuate and use the creatures from the
following kingdoms, classes and subclasses:

32
 The MONERA kingdom:
• Actinomycete bacteria: streptomycin and actinomycin are both important medical antibiotics isolated
from actinomycetes. Almost two-thirds of the natural antibacterial compounds used on the ship will be made
from different types of actinomycetes - that's why we used streptomyces bacteria. Other saprophytic bacteria:
Acetobacter, Clostridium aceto-butylicum, Lactobacillus, Zygomonas (oxidizes and ferments organic
substances, produces alcohol, lactic acid)
• Cyanobacteria: are a source of food for both humans and other aquatic animals. They are also used as
natural remedies in the preparation of medicines, being considered a synthesis of the healing properties of the
sea. Therefore, we chose to have the following species of algae: Spirulina (role in the immunity of the human
body) and Chlorella (rich in nutrients).

The PROTISTA kingdom:

• Multicellular algae: Gelidium spp. (Role in the manufacture of gelatinous foods) and Laminaria
(edible, contains glutamic acid and iodine). They also act as water filters. Ulva Lactuca is an edible seaweed,
rich in vitamins C and A that we will perpetuate for consumption.

The FUNGUS kingdom:

• Penicillium mold: it will be the basis of antibiotics and medicinal substances, such as cephalosporin,
vermiculin, citromycin, cerulenin, asparaginase…
• Aspergillus Flavus: produces solamargine, used to treat cancer
• Saccharomyces cerevisiae or brewer's yeast will be indispensable because it contributes to the
production of many foods: bread, fermented cheeses, beer, wine…
• Agaricus bisporus, Hericium Erinaceus, Shiitake, Maitake, Pleurotus, and Enoki are the most popular
and safest edible mushrooms and therefore, we will multiply them in the laboratory, by spores.

The PLANTAE kingdom: they perform photosynthesis-synthesize organic substances from CO2 and
H2O with the help of sunlight, thus releasing oxygen (process performed in chloroplasts). Plants used in the
industries:
o Fuels: peat moss (Sphagnum), cereals, sugar cane-primary resources in the production of bioethanol
and biodiesel.
o Pharmaceutical / medicinal: Blueberry - Centaurea cyanus; Mousetail - Achillea millefolium; Arnica
montana; Autumn toad - Colchicum autumnale; Sea buckthorn - Hippophae rhamnoides; Primula officinalis; St.
John's wort - Hypericum perforatum; Marigold - Calendula officinalis; Rhamnus frangula; Chamomile -
Matricaria chamomilla; Arctium Lappa; Hawthorn - Aconitum napellus; Wormwood - Artemisia absinthium;
Anise - Pimpinella anisum; Horsetail - Equisetum arvense; Lemon balm-Melissa officinalis; Celandine -
Chelidonium majus; Valerian - Valeriana officinalis; Artichoke - artichoke plant.
o Food: cereals-wheat, corn, rice, rye, triticale, barley, oats, sorghum and millet, artichokes, broccoli,
cauliflower, endive, thyme, watercress, lettuce, larch, lobster, sorrel, dill, parsley, tarragon, salad, Stevia,
Celery, Cabbage, Brussels sprouts, Peppers, Lobster, Cucumber, Pumpkin, Zucchini, Watermelon, Watermelon,
Tomato, Potato, Eggplant, Bob, Beans, Lentils, Peas, Chickpeas, Soybean, Potato, Sweet Potato, Onion , Ginger,
Gully, Hashem, Leek, Revent, Asparagus, Celery, Garlic, Horseradish, Carrot, Parsley, Radish, Black radish,
Cinnamon, Beetroot, various edible fruit plants, basil, rosemary, sunflower, Saffron, wild garlic, turmeric,
lemon, wormwood, Lemon balm, cloves, oregano, anise, cumin, horseradish, nutmeg; sesame; marjoram;
mustard; mint; oregano; anise; ienibahar; vanilla; masala; cress.
o Textile: Cotton, Jute, Agave, Miraguano, Nettle, Ceiba, Hemp, Raffia, Sisal, Flax, Kenaf, Linden.
o Cosmetics: mint, ash, asthma, lavender, mallow, mouse tail, sage, shock, lime, aloe vera, marigold.
o Ornamental plants: echinacea, geraniums, chrysanthemums, lupine, gaillardia, bergenia, iris,
hyacinth, tulip, lily of the valley, freesia, brandy, lily, begonia, rose, peony, pansies, daisy, queen of the night,
daisy, anemone, honeysuckle, eranthis, gladiola, wisteria, hydrangea, violet, daffodil, dahlia, orchid.

33
 The ANIMALIA kingdom: we will have, for the most part, animals for consumption, necessary for
man:
• Domestic animals of the mammalian class: guinea fowl, goats, turkeys, roosters, chickens, geese,
rabbits, sheep, pigs, quails, ducks, cattle, horses and bees.
• Water animals: -vertebrates: fish:
• Trout; bream; perch; salmon; avocado; crucian; clean; carp; catfish; pike.
• Invertebrates: mollusks: octopus, squid, mussels, oysters, squid, crabs, lobsters.
• Pets: Dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) and Cats (Felis silvestris catus)

5.5.2. Biotope
When talking about abiotic factors, we can say that the Sun plays a very important role in both
terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. This influences both the physiological activity of terrestrial species and
their behavior and mood, so it must be appropriate: between 22°-25°C. That is why there will be a thermostat
in every sector. Sunlight consists of direct solar radiation, represented by direct electromagnetic rays of light,
and diffuses solar radiation, air-absorbed radiation, scattered by gas molecules, dust, water vapors. Lack of
light leads to depigmentation of the skin of certain animal species and atrophy of their eyes, being
indispensable to animals, but especially to plants, which perform photosynthesis with its help, CO 2 and water,
releasing oxygen, vital gas for respiration, while also procuring nutrients (glucose-C₆H₁₂O₆), the main food
source for consumers.
The chemical factors that ensure the proper functioning of the respiratory system and we had to take
into account are the following:
1. Gases in the composition of air - oxygen, nitrogen and carbon dioxide (see more in 5.1. Air
management);
2. The lower the pH of the water in aquatic ecosystems, the more acidic the waters, resulting in a very
nutrient-poor ecosystem, with reduced productivity of organisms. We did not want the aquatic life to be
endangered, so we came to the conclusion that a neutral pH (6.8-7.2) is best suited for all types of marine
life, given that aquatic life can only exist between the values of 5-9 of the hydrogen ion concentration. The
pH will be adjusted with the help of sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) or acetic acid (CH₃COOH) or other acids, in case of
an increase in it and with various alkaline substances - for example, sodium hydroxide (NaOH) - otherwise.
3. Salinity will be adjusted with the help of various salts - sodium chloride (NaCl), copper sulfate (CuSO4),
and minerals will be procured from the near outer space environment (on the surface of the moon, for
example, there are magnesium oxides, calcium , iron, etc.) in the raw state or in inorganic compounds, by
means of the system of transport capsules. (see more in 4.6.1. Outer Spaceships)

5.5.3. Biogenesis
The living components of the ecosystem fall into three categories, according to their role:

Producers:
Autotrophs turn abiotic factors into food for consumers. The most common path and of course the
one we have chosen is photosynthesis (6H2O + 6CO2 → C6H12O6 + 6O2). For the most part, we have used higher
plants, but also some protists, such as green-blue alleles or other bacteria that have chlorophyll (see 5.5.1.
Biodiversity).

Consumers:
Heterotrophs procure their food from producers, being, in the ship's biocenosis, more domestic
animals, because meat and products provided by them are the main source of protein in human food: grass
species grown in within the spacecraft are green plants that synthesize organic matter from carbon dioxide,
turning it into glucose and other nutrients, which in turn are consumed by cattle, for example.

34
 Decomposers: Fig. 24
Detritivores break down the nutrients
produced by the other 2 trophic categories into
simple molecules, which are used by producers,
creating an infinite cycle of substantial resources for
the species at the top of the food web, man. Being
indispensable for the continuation of a normal life in
the great unknown, we decided that our main
decomposers are the saprophytic bacteria (as
mentioned above), which transform the organic
compounds and the matter in the process of
disintegration back into primary substances.

5.6. Sustainability
Oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen and carbon are the four essentials of life which are widely found in both
humans and animals. Oxygen together with hydrogen produce water, an indispensable element of life.
Nitrogen and oxygen are the largest percentages of air in the Earth's atmosphere to which the human body is
adapted. Carbon is also essential to life because it is found in virtually every molecule in the body. As a result,
it can build enormous chains of molecules, each with its own set of features.

4.5.1 Human Nutrition

Mankind has been concerned with maintaining a balanced life since antiquity. The importance of
maintaining a good physical and mental state is highlighted through works such as "The Principle of Double
Perfection" mentioned in the rabbinic writings (The Talmud) and the well-known Roman "Mens Sana in
Corpore Sano". The healthy lifestyle we want for us, the inhabitants of the ship, consists in providing improved
elements provided by Earth. It is recommended by nutritionists for people to have a diet as varied as possible,
by intaking the necessary calories, minerals and vitamins.

Nutrients
Nutrients are essential components of the human body (carbohydrates, fats, fiber, minerals, proteins,
vitamins, and water). Since 2004, nutrients have been divided into two categories: macronutrients and
micronutrients. The term macronutrient has been defined in a variety of ways over the years, but it is generally
defined as a chemical molecule that is digested in large amounts and gives energy to the body while also
supporting metabolism. Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and water are all included in this group. The energy
released during the processing of these materials is measured in Joules or kilocalories, which are commonly
referred to as Calories and are represented by the letter C. Micronutrients are vitamins and minerals that are
found in minute amounts in the body, the body needs less than 100 milligrams per day.
Carbohydrates are the main source of energy in the human body. They are split into three structural
categories: monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides, however we commonly refer to them as
sugars, fiber, and starchy meals. These organic compounds are vital. The brain, as well as the cardiac muscles
and the central nervous system, cannot function effectively without the energy they produce. Furthermore, a
lack of carbs in the body causes chronic weariness, concentration problems, and dizziness.

Carbohydrates are found in high values in foods such as:

• Whole grains: quinoa, rice, oatmeal, lentils
• Fruits: grapes, bananas, magician, cherries, apples, pineapples, pears and raspberries (all these
fruits contain more than 10 g of carbohydrates - data according to Wikipedia analyzes)
• Starchy vegetables such as potatoes, carrots, peas
• Fiber

35
 Dietary fiber is a term used to describe a set of compounds found in plant meals that cannot be broken
down entirely by human digestive enzymes. There are two categories: soluble (that feed the “good” bacteria)
and insoluble. It is recommended to eat 38 grams per day for men and 25 grams per day for women.

Fats
They provide a significant and rich source of dietary energy, as well as crucial structural and metabolic
functions in most living beings, including energy storage, waterproofing, and thermal insulation. Fats also help
keep skin and hair healthy and absorb vitamins. Except for a few essential fatty acids that must be included in
the diet, the human body can generate the fat it needs from other food elements. Some flavor and fragrance
compounds, as well as water-insoluble vitamins, are carried by dietary fats. It also acts as a barrier that keeps
any virus from reaching the body at a distance. When a substance enters the bloodstream, by storing the
harmful compounds in new fat tissue, the body can effectively dilute the offending substances. All types of fats
are rich in energy, 1 gram of fat equating to 9 kilocalories. Compared with the 4 kilocalories offered by
carbohydrates we can say that a small amount of fat in nutrition is sufficient.
There are several types of fats such as saturated and unsaturated fats. Saturated fats raise the level of
cholesterol, harmful to the body, and automatically the risk of cardiovascular disease because it solidifies at
room temperature. Instead, unsaturated fats lower the level of this cholesterol, providing the body with the
essential acids it needs. Many foods have different fat content and quantities of saturated and unsaturated
fatty acids. Saturated fatty acids are found in some animal products, such as beef and dairy products prepared
with full or reduced fat milk, such as yogurt, ice cream, cheese, and butter. Pork, poultry, eggs, and shellfish,
for example, are largely made up of unsaturated fats. Industrialized baked goods, especially those containing
partially hydrogenated oils, may use fats with high unsaturated fat content, while processed foods that are
deep-fried in hydrogenated oil have a high saturated fat level. Foods full of beneficial / unsaturated fats are:
• Sunflower, rapeseed or olive oil
• hazelnuts, walnuts, almonds, cashews, pistachios
• peanut butter
• olives
• avocado

Amino acids
Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins, which are in turn the building blocks of many animal body
parts (including muscles, skin, and hair), as well as the enzymes that control chemical reactions in the body.
Amino acids contain nitrogen and, on rare occasions, sulphur. They are found in almost every region of the
human body, accounting for over 75 percent of it. Amino acids consumed in excess of those required for the
synthesis of nitrogenous tissue components are not saved but degraded; the nitrogen is released as urea, and
the keto acids left over after the amino corporations have been removed are either used immediately as
reassets of strength or converted to carbohydrate or fat.

Water
Water is an essential component of human life. Without it, organisms would not be able to survive for
more than three days. It is critical since it is the primary mode of nutrient transfer. As a result, everybody on
our ship will have access to water at all times. Another advantage of drinking enough water is that pollutants
can be eliminated by urine, feces, or sweating. It is advised that a normal individual drink at least 3 liters of
water per day.
Vitamins are a variety of substances that each body requires for optimum development. Some vitamins
are vital, such as:
• A vitamin
• B vitamin (thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, biotin, vitamin B-6, vitamin B-12 and folate)
• C vitamin
• D-vitamin
• E (vitamin E)

36
 • K-vitamin

Vitamin Importance Sources Deficiency Disease Overdose

Dizziness
Growth and Turkey, Chicken, Vision chances,
Night blindness,
development of the Beef Liver, dubble vision
Vitamin A hyperkeratosis, and
imunity system and carrot, pumpkin, Headache
keratomalacia
good vision butter, eggs Hair loss,vomiting

Pig meat
Beef liver Ocular disturbance
Benefits for nervous
Fish Changes in mental
Vitamin B1- system,digestive Drowsiness and
Cereals state
thiamine system, fot the muscles muscle relaxation
Rice Unsteady stance and
and even heart
Potatos and gait
seeds
Liver and meat Inflammation of the
Milk corners of the mouth
Vitamin B2- Energy and biochemical
Green vegetables sore throat, painful -
Riboflavin processes
bananas red tongue, and hair
almonds loss
Liver
Inflamed skin,
Keep the heart and the Chicken
Vitamin B3 – diarrhea, dementia,
metabolism at a optimal Turkey Liver damage
Niaicin and sores in the
level Fish (tuna)
mouth
mushrooms
Vitamin B5- Meat Diarrhea; possibly
Synthesis of coenzyme Abnormal sensation
pantothenic Broccoli nausea and
A of the skin
acid Avocados heartburn
Reduction of high blood Meat Anemia, Impairment of
Vitamin B6 levels of the amino acid Vegetables Peripheral proprioception,
homocysteine Nuts neuropathy nerve damage
Metabolical processes Egg
Vitamin B7- related to Liver
Dermatitis, enteritis -
Biotin carbohydrates, fats and Peanuts
amino acids Green vegetables
Vegetables
Vitamin B9- Proper functioning of Megaloblastic
Bread -
Folates the body anemia
cereal
Meat
cofactor in DNA
Vitamin B12 Fish Anemia None proven
synthesis
Eggs
Supports collagen
production
Friuts citrus Stomach Pain,
Vitamin C Increases the Scurvy
Vegetables Diarrhoea
absorption of vitamins
and minerals
Eggs
Dehydration
Liver
Keeps normal levels of Rickets and Vomiting
Vitamin D Fish
Ca and P in blood osteomalacia Diarrhea
Sardines
Decreased appetite
mushroom
Friuts
Prevents the formation Anemia in newborn
Vitamin E Nuts Heart failure
of blood clots infants
Seeds
Vitamin K Improves cognitive and Green vegetables Bleeding diathesis Anticoagulation

37
 heart health Eggs effect
Liver

Minerals
Minerals, chemical elements, compose about 4% of the human body. You may think that they are not as
important as the main four elements (oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen and carbon) but they play a vital role in
human nutrition.

Mineral Importance Source

Sweet potato
Regulates fluid balance, Tomato
Potassium
muscle contractions and nerve signals Beans
Dairy products
Salt
Essential for human metabolism and maintaining
Chlorine Can be found also in meat, eggs
electrical neutrality
and milk
Bread
Muscle contraction, nerve conduction and water
Sodium Meat
balance
Salted nuts
Yogurt
Milk
Calcium Build and maintain strong bones
Fruits
Cheese
Red Meat
Energy processes
Phosphorus Dairy foods
DNA and ATP
Rice
Vegetables especially spinach
Nuts
Magnesium Processing ATP
Seeds
Avocado
Meat
Growth and development
Iron Seafood
Make hemoglobins and hormones
Nuts
Red meat
Zinc Builds immune system and helps metabolism Nuts
Whole grains
Legumes
Building bone, Grains
Manganese
Healing wounds Tea
Coffee
Liver
Copper Maintain healthy bones Seafood
Nuts and seeds
Seafood
Iodine Makes thyroids hormones Eggs
Grains
Broccoli
Chromium Moves glucose from the bloodstream into cells Grapes
Meat
Legumes
Molybdenum Processes proteins and genetical materials
Whole grains
Nuts
Helps to make DNA
Selenium Seafood
Protects against cell damage
Organ meats

38
 There are some minerals that are considered essential but the scientists are not sure. For our people
to be safe in any posibles cases we decided to provide them with these too. On our shipe we will make some
tested in order to help developing the nutritionist niche.

Minerals Possible Importance Sources

Bromise For basement membrane Flour
Nuts
Nickel Chemical processes Soybeans
Grains
Fruits
Boron Improve your metabolism
Beans
Cereals
Strontium In utilization of calcium Grains
Seafood
Cereals
Equilibrate between serum and
Lithium Potatos
intracellular levels
Tomatos

Caloric requirements
Calories are a form of energy produced by the human body from food and beverages consumed.
physical activity deposited. According to the 2005 Dietary Guidelines for Americans, Department of Health and
Human Services, these are the following caloric needs:

Gender Age Sedentary Moderately active Active

Child 2-3 1.000 1.000-1.400 1.000-1.4000

4-8 1.200 1.400-1.600 1.400-1.800

9-13 1.600 1.600-2.000 1.800-2.200
14-18 1.800 2.000 2.400
Female
19-30 2.000 2.000-2.200 2.400
31-50 1.800 2.000 2.200
51+ 1.600 1.800 2.000-2.200
4-8 1.400 1.400-1.600 1.600-2.000
9-13 1.800 1.800-2.200 2.000-2.600
14-18 2.200 2.400-2.800 2.800-3.200
Male
19-30 2.400 2.600-2.800 3.000
31-50 2.200 2.400-2.600 2.800-3.000
51+ 2.000 2.200-2.400 2.400-2.800

Men have a larger caloric demand than women, as shown in the diagram above. It rises until the age
of 30, then declines with time for both genders.

It's worth noting that those who will be living on our ship will not be required to adhere to this diet.
The food we decided to grow in the agricultural part is high in essential nutrients for the development of
healthy individuals and a healthy lifestyle. They will also have influence over their food choices, as they will be

39
able to choose what to consume. However, I should keep in mind that experts advise a diversified diet that
varies based on the individual. We believe we can offer the essential food for the entire population on the ship
based on this table and those with food sources for nutrition.

Gender Age Carbohydrate(g/day) Fiber (g/day) Fats (g/day) Protein(g/day)

Child 2-3 130 19 Although an 13

Female 4-8 130 25 exact dietary 19
9-13 130 31 reference intake 35
14-18 130 38 for fats has yet 46
19-30 130 38 to be 46
31-50 130 38 determined, it is 46
known that they
51+ 130 30 46
should account
Male 4-8 130 25 19
for 20-35
9-13 130 26 34
percent of total
14-18 130 26 52
calories.
19-30 130 25 56
31-50 130 25 56
51+ 130 21 56

Gen Age A(μg B1(m B2(m B3 B5(m B6 B7(μ B9(μ B12(μ C(mg D(μg E(mg K
der /d) g/d) g/d) (mg/ g/d) (mg/ g/d) g/d) g/d) /d) /d) /d) (mg/
d) d) d)
2-3 300 0,5 0,5 6 2 0,5 8 150 0,9 15 15 6 30
Child

4-8 400 0,6 0,6 8 3 0,6 12 200 1,2 25 15 7 55

Female

9-13 600 0,9 0,9 12 4 1,0 20 300 1,8 45 15 11 60

14- 900 1,0 1,0 14 5 1,2 25 400 2,4 65 15 15 75
18
19- 900 1,1 1,1 14 5 1,3 30 400 2,4 75 15 15 90
30
31- 900 1,1 1,1 14 5 1,3 30 400 2,4 75 15 15 90
50
51+ 900 1,1 1,1 14 5 1,5 30 400 2,4 75 15 15 90
4-8 600 0,6 0,6 8 3 0,6 12 200 1,2 25 15 7 55
Male

9-13 700 1,2 1,3 12 4 1,3 20 300 1,8 45 15 11 60

14- 700 1,2 1,3 16 5 1,3 25 400 2,4 75 15 15 75
18
19- 700 1,2 1,3 16 5 1,3 30 400 2,4 90 15 15 120
30
31- 700 1,2 1,3 16 5 1,7 30 400 2,4 90 15 15 120
50
51+ 700 1,2 1,3 16 5 1,7 30 400 2,4 90 15 15 120

40
Gen Age K Cl Na Ca P Mg Fe Zn Mn Cu I Cr Mo Se
der
2-3 200 1,5 800 700 460 80 7 3 1,2 340 90 11 17 20
Child

4-8 230 1,9 100 100 500 130 10 5 1,5 440 90 15 22 30

Female

0 0 0
9- 230 2,3 120 130 125 240 8 8 1,6 700 120 21 34 40
13 0 0 0 0
14- 260 2,3 150 130 125 360 15 9 1,6 890 150 25 43 55
18 0 0 0 0
19- 260 2,3 150 120 700 310 18 8 1,8 900 150 25 45 55
30 0 0 0
31- 260 2,3 150 120 700 300 18 8 1,8 900 150 25 45 55
50 0 0 0
51+ 260 1,8 150 120 700 320 8 8 1,8 900 150 25 45 55
0 0 0
4-8 230 1,9 100 100 500 130 10 5 1,5 440 90 15 22 30
Male

0 0 0
9- 250 2,3 120 130 125 240 8 8 1,9 700 120 25 34 40
13 0 0 0 0
14- 300 2,3 150 130 125 410 11 11 2,2 890 150 35 43 55
18 0 0 0 0
19- 300 2,3 150 100 700 400 8 11 2,3 900 150 35 45 55
30 0 0 0
31- 300 2,3 150 100 700 420 8 11 2,3 900 150 35 45 55
50 0 0 0
51+ 300 2,0 150 100 700 420 8 11 2,3 900 150 35 45 55
0 0 0

4.5.2 Waste Management

Given that the people on the ship will have the opportunity to each buy their own food or to order their
meals, in every family on LepidopTerra there is food that ends up being thrown in the trash, but we can't
afford to waste it. The first step in helping a ship-friendly environment is recycling. We will provide different
places for garbage collection in each home - household waste will be collected separately. We will use the
thermophilic digestion technology in order to transform any food waste into fertilizer for our plants.

41
The process of industrialization is vital to the flourishment of any economy. In
this chapter, we will talk about the transformations materials undergo in the
journey of becoming of use to our citizens.
 6.1. Chemical Industry 6.2 Computer and Electronics Industry
This industry utilizes chemical processes Everything on our ship will be digitalized. Consequently, the
to convert raw materials such as oil, natural computer industry is crucial to the lifestyle we want to achieve.
gas, air, water, metals, minerals, etc. (all raw Computers and electronics are a useful and necessary part of our
materials come from soil extractions from the society. They have been used in everyday life for the past decades.
Moon, asteroids, etc.). These products include The computer industry is everything from benefiting from to
petrochemicals, ceramics, rubber (elastomers), creating computing machinery, while the electronics industry
oleochemicals (oils, fats, and waxes), focuses on the production and development of electronics.
explosives, fragrances, and flavors. The All the computers on the settlement will be connected
chemical industry is, therefore, central to our through a WLAN*1 in order for all the computers to receive the
economy. Most of the products manufactured important information from the main computer – a mainframe
are used in the manufacture of other items, computer. In addition, there will be produced PCs that check the list
thus a smaller number is used directly by of all that may be required with advanced software and the research
consumers. will be continued so as not to stop the development.
Examples of the product types produced The electronics industry’s products can range from TVs and
are: inorganic industrial, organic industrial, smartphones to medical equipment to industrial equipment to
agrochemicals, elastomers, oleochemicals, house appliances (e.g. fridge, stove, etc.). As seen, it produces and
fragrances, and flavours. develops some of the things that we need as a modern society.

6.3. Food Industry

The food industry is the backbone of agriculture, with a slew of factories producing food for the ship's passengers.
There are various manufacturing areas in the food industry:
• Sugar industry - since 1802, sugar beet has been the main source of sugar production that will be grown on our ship in
order to get sugar.
• Starch industry - starch can be extracted from seeds, legumes, tubers (potato starch), fruit (banana starch)
In order to process the starch, three other transformations will be carried out: hydrolysis (which contains two
substrates for sealing), isomerization of dextrin syrup as a result of the synthesis action.
• Vegetable oil industry - obtained through extracts and needs to be refined in order to remove impurities from various
processes of peeling, bleaching, removal, acidification.
• Meat industry - animals must be raised in a dedicated tor (see Structure
• Dairy industry - taken from cows in the animal sector
• Flour products industry
Flour, made from wheat, is the product that is the basis of many foods that provide the body with
a significant part of the necessary substances of a healthy diet (sugary fats).
• Fruits and vegetables industry

Sunflower oil purification station

Fig. 25 43
 6.4. Manufacturing Industry
The manufacturing industry is the production of goods from raw materials using equipment,
tools, machines, etc. It represents the majority of the secondary sector of the economy, producing
most of the items we use in our day-to-day life.

6.5. Pharmaceutical Industry

The pharmaceutical industry is the field that deals with the production of drugs, the development of
medicine, the discovery of a new medium and technology. In this section of the base, you will be working with
people who are passionate and knowledgeable, with the help of various tools.
According to the World Health Organization, there are several medications that any hospital should have.
In order to remedy any medical emergency, we will produce all of these:

Anesthetics Anti-inflammatory Immunomodulators

Anesthesia is very important because by Anti-inflammatory drugs are and antineoplastics
administering it the patient will not feel administered to reduce inflammation, They are the medicines
any pain. In general, the general but do not eliminate the source. He that treat and
anesthetics, injectables and inhalers that vomited non-stop aspirin, eventually cure cancer.
will be used depending on the severity of ibuprofenulsinaproxen.
each situation are required. For the Antimigraine
administration of anesthetics, the Antiallergics Anti-infective medicines
ventilator is needed anesthetic gas medicines They are meant to calm
exhaust, suction system. Infectious diseases are down the strong
Antidotes
extremely threatening headache from a
Anticonvulsant The antidote treats the for humans in any migrane which can
Carbamazepine, diazepam, infections caused by environment like manifest as nausea,
lamotrigine (for children) and another poisonous pneumonia. They can vomiting or sensitivity
midazolam used for treatment substance. There are be treated with anti- at light. Some of the
of epilepsy strokes, bipolar many types of infective medicines. best are ibuprofen and
disorder and neuropathic antidotes, including: Some of them are paracetamol.
pain. injecting toxin into the Intestinal anthelmintics
body, or treating (albendazole), Antianemia Medicines
Antiparkinsonism medicines adrenaline. antifilarials Any medication that
(diethylcarbamazine), boosts the production
Immunomodulators and antineoplastics antischistosomal and of hemoglobins, the
They are the medicines that treat and eventually cure other antinematode loss of them produces
cancer. medicines, antivirals anemia. There are a
(acyclovir), antifungal, variety of types of
Affecting coagulation Blood compounds and antibacterials. anemia such as iron
We use vitamin K and Fresh plasma, red blood cells, deficiency, folic acid
heparin, as well as and whole blood. These are a must in order to do a safe anemia. These are
dabigatran, enoxaparin, blood transfer in any case of blood loss. In order to get treated by adding the
and protamine sulfate, blood bags, we will organize blood donations every day component that is
to cure blood clots but in the first 3 months, the ones that have the missing in your daily
effects. necessary age will donate blood. routine.

Plasmapheresis treatement Cardiovascular Gastrointestinal medicines

Your plasma may contain antibodies that target your medicines treat stomach or intestinal
immune system if you're unwell. The damaged To cure heart diseases, ulcers.
plasma can be removed and replaced with good high pressure blood Ex: Pancreaticenzymes,
plasma or a plasma substitute using a Bisoprolol, Digoxin, Omeprazole(antiulcer),
machine.Plasma exchange is another name for this Amlodipine, Enalapril, sulfasalazine(anti-
procedure.It works in a similar way to kidney dialysis. Aspirin inflamatory), senna (laxative)

44
Medicines acting respiratory Medicines for endocrine disorders Muscles relaxants
system Diabetes an eating disorder determined We use muscle relaxants
Respiratory tract infections by the insulin activity, the medicines such as atracurium,
can be classified as upper transformation of food into sugar. Any neostigmine, suxamethonium,
respiratory tract infection type of diabet can be treated with vecuronium to reduce short-
which affects sinuses and insulin injections (when the cells don’t term discomfort.
throat and lowe respiratory react anymore to insulin)
system tract which affects Diuretics
Thyroid hormones - The thyroid gland
lungs and airways. The Help eliminate liquids through
produces hormones. If it makes too
treatments include: urine.
much hormones, the disorder is called
• Budesonide/fo Ex: Amiloride, Furosemide,
hyperthyroidism. To treat that it is
rmoterol Hydrochlorothiazide
recommended to take radioactive
• Epinephrine
iodine, beta blockers or even surgery. If
(adrenaline) Antispetics and desinfectants
it makes too little hormones, the
• Ipratropium To eliminate micro-organisms
disorder is called hypothyroidism. You
bromide on suprafaces
should use daily levothyroxine or
• Salbutamol potassium iodide. Ex: ethanol, alcohol-based
• Tiotropium hand rub

Immunologicals Diagnostic agents

Vaccines - After a lot of research we chose to use the Danish Aids in the diagnosis of a condition.
programme for childhood vaccination because it is known to Ex: Fluorescein, Amidotrizoate
be one of countries with the best healthcare systems. The
obligatory vaccines are:
• Diphteria at 3, 5 and 12 months Dermatological medicines
• MMR (measles, mumps and rubell) Antifungal medicines miconazole
Other recommendations for all are: Anti-infective medicines mupirocin
• Human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccine Antipuritic medicines betamethasone
• Hepatitis B vaccine
• Tetanus vaccine Ophthalmological preparations

6.6. Plastic Industry

As we have learned from life on Earth, plastic is one of the few
issues that affect the environment. We decided that the packaging
should be made from environmentally friendly plastic products, in
view of recycling. Plastic pollution affects the environment and
ecology on two fronts: during manufacturing (carbon emissions) and
disposal (contaminants and physical risks). In order to reduce carbon
emissions, we chose to use bio-based polymers (obtained from algae,
bacteria, plants, microorganisms – see more in 5.5.1. Biodiversity)
instead of petroleum-based polymers. The recycling process is shown
in fig.↓ Fig. 26

6.7. Telecom Industry

The telecommunication industry makes communication possible, whether it is inside the ship or with the
outside. This industry is based on the infrastructure that allows data in words, voice, audio, or video to be sent.
Internal communication will be possible through the WLAN (seen in 6.2. Computer and Electronics
Industry) between all the devices on the ship connected to the mainframe computer in order for everyone to
have access to important information. External communication – with Earth – will be made via satellite (similar
to GSAT-3).

45
6.8. Textile Industry
The textile industry is primarily concerned with the design, production, and distribution of clothing. The
raw material will be natural (e.g. wool) and synthetic (using products of 6.1. Chemical Industry).
Clothes are necessary considering that they do not persist for long periods. We will have our brand of
clothes that will include normal everyday clothes and also more specific clothes (e.g. gym wear which makes the
process of perspiration faster, suits or dresser for special occasions, job uniforms, etc.).
They will be sold in stores, an experience that will help the normalization of our society’s lifestyle.

46
 LepidopTerra does not agree with racial discrimination or sexism and does not take
into account the financial situation, nationality or origins of individuals. We want to live
together in harmony and in equality.
7.1. Social organization
Social organization can be defined as an instrument of social roles and institutions, behavioral model,
action technique and social control that ensures the objectives of a community, ensures the stability and
harmony of the group. A social organization is constant in the way communities, groups and societies maintain
balance and functionality.

7.1.1. General data

• Ship’s name: LepidopTerra

• Form of government: republic
• Location: Lagrange point L4
• Official language: English
• Population: 30000 inhabitants

From an administrative point of view, LepidopTerra is organized in six habitable disks with specific
themes: {Atlanta}-water, Chrysalis-winter, Nova-metropola, LepidopTerrarum,-diversity Sommerflue-
cottage and Euthalia-tropical. When arriving to LepidopTerra, one will complete a personality quiz which will
match them to the disk they most fit in. However, they can choose wherever they want to live on the ship.

7.1.2. Government

LepidopTerra is a republic, organized according to the principle of separation of powers within a

constitutional democracy (legislative, executive and judicial). The Parliament is of the bicameral type and
consists of 125 members (85-Chamber of Deputies and 40-Senate). The ship's parliament allows communication
through electronic media channels and even prefers this, in order to promote the use of technology in
traditionally birocratic domains. The role of the LepidopTerra Court of Justice is to interpret and apply the laws
of the republic. The government implements the laws given by the parliament, with its approval. It consists of
25 specialized ministers with equal power. The President shall be elected by universal suffrage, have the right
to oppose laws enacted by Parliament. and, be reviewed by the Government.
There is only one party in our political system, namely: the LepidopTerrian Democratic Party (PDL),
which is based on liberal democracy, which is characterized by: freedom of speech, of the press, of religion, free
elections, economic market and tolerance of minorities.

7.1.3. LepidopTerra’s Requirements

One of the few conditions indiviiudaks must meet is to possess an advanced level of knowledge of
the official language, English. Other requiewments are that no citizen of LepidopTerra should have any criminal
record and prove to be mentally fit, following the psychological test created by the ship's research team.

Psychological test
I. 1. Order the words logically: always, sometimes, rarely, never, often, starting with "never".
2. Complete series: 1 4 16 ? 256.
3. Complete series: B F J ?

II. Are you nervous, stressed or anxious at all?

A. Not at all.
B. A little bit.
C. To some extent.
D. Moderate.
E. Much.
F. Very much.

III. Answer YES or NO:

1. I cannot refuse certain tasks, even if they do not fall within my remit.
2. I arrange to be close to those with high positions because it brings a lot of benefits.
3. When a debate takes place, I prefer to stand aside to see in which direction the discussion will go.
4. I don't like to listen to those around me.
5. I defend my rights without violating the rights of others.
48
7.2. Juridical organization

7.2.1 Ruling

A model of ruling we want to put into practice is the one divided into branches. Each "branch" will have
as much power as the others, but the two persons who will be responsible for coordinating them are the
Commander and the President.
Justice shall be carried out through the following courts:
• High Power
• Courts of Appeal (judge processes)
• Tribunals
• Judges.
In judicial activity, the public Ministry represents the general interests of society and protects the rule of
law, as well as the rights and freedoms of citizens. The public prosecutors operate before the courts, conduct
and supervise the criminal investigation activity of the judicial police under the law.
The supreme power lies with the master and the president, who will call on a president to carry out the
managerial duties in order to organize the ship's activity effectively.
At the time of launching, 30.000 people will be at the base of the ship’s society.

7.2.2. MANAGEMENT

Because the number of people is low, we resort to the

hierarchical structure, being the most efficient option. The
“Head” of this hierarchical structure is the Commander who has Commander
the power to implement a series of laws at the level of the
space vessel. In addition, this future community will also be
given a President, elected before leaving for space, who will be
obey to the commandant. President
The Master will have obligations to the entire
population of the ship, and will have to keep the peace and the
natural course of events stable. The Master is responsible for
Second of the
keeping the welfare and the needs of the ship under control, Master
Commander
and the President takes into account the well-being and needs
of the people, together forming the “High Power”.
The Master must be well trained in aviation, get
psychologically examined, and have great knowledge of the Head of Security Senior Officer
ship’s infrastructure. On the other hand, he must have the
qualities of a leader, having the power to make decisions and
to support his arguments, being a good communicator.
The President must also be experienced in the field and be psychologically examined, have theoretical
knowledge, be organized and have the characteristics of an innate leader and be able to work in the team with
the Commander.
The Second of the Commander must also be well trained, be able to obey his superiors' orders and carry
them out. In addition to the psychological testing, he must fight for the community and know all his
obloginations: provision of supplies, organization of the work program for the crew and inhabitants working
within the space station, management of research laboratories, organization of space-vessel waste, safety and
security compartment. In case of problems which are difficult to manage, he must ask the Master and/or the
President for help.
The Head of Security - leader of the police officers, jail guards and firemen - has the purpose of maintaing
the law, oublic order and safety of the citizens.
There will be a technical department in the management structure of the space station led by a Senior
Officer with sound theoretical knowledge training at the Aviation Academy.

49
 The important decisions to be taken shall be made at a regular meeting or, in the event of an emergency,
shall be immediately one in a conference room specially arranged together with the Commander, the 'High
Power`, the Second of the Commander, the Head of Security, and the Senior Officer.
The court system will be based on the Romanian legal system. The court will also include five prosecutors,
five judges, and ten lawyers.
The management department will be countered by the Second of the Commander, and it has 3 sub-
categories: Agriculture and Recycling, Politics, and Laboratory Research.
• The Department of Agriculture and Recycling takes into account the quantity of food for the
inhabitants, the maintenance of the food and its cultivation in special areas, but also the
recycling.
• The Laboratory Research department will be in constant contact with the laboratories on Earth,
and those interested and highly educated will be able to work with those on the spaceship. The
Department of Transportation will have the possibility to physically communicate with the
laboratories on the Earth every 5-6 months or in special cases, to transport materials, supplies
and the change of crews and people.
• The department that will be directly subordinated to the Commander is the one of navigation.
He will deal with the Human Resources (employment contract, taxes and monthly salaries of
each of them through a very well-established banking system – see more in7.7. Monetization).

7.3. Transport Network

In order to reach every area our ship has, a tube lift can be used. For transport between the 6 individual
disks, smaller tubes will be used, each disc having 3 possible outlets. In addition, for each torus we will have 4
connecting tubes.

7.4. Ammenities and Facilities

It is important for us to know that our people feel at home on our spaceship and are not deprived of any
facilities, in such a way that all their needs can be met. Therefore, putting their health and needs on top, we will
make sure that institutions such as hospitals, administrative institutions, schools, shops, etc. will not be missing
out on our spaceship.

7.4.1. Administration
The administrative control system of our ship is a well-established body of oversight and control, created
to maintain order and discipline so that we can provide a good life for our people. It was designed to monitor
the financial condition and to manage the correct strategies in use by setting policies and objectives. There will
also be a council that will have the role of establishing, approving and making important decisions about the
well-being of life on the ship, ensuring that everything is kept under control and that our people are safe.
However, our council team will be open to new suggestions from citizens, which will be analyzed and eventually
introduced depending on the benefits they could bring us and how important they might be. In this category we
also include the police and fire departments that will maintain safety and which can be contacted in case of need
by calling a universal phone number.
In order to ensure that our inhabitants are treated equally and have a fair trial, there will be numerous
courts and law firms that will be at their disposal in case of any injustice, violated laws or legal problems
encountered.

50
 7.4.2 Health centers
The health of our citizens is very important to us, so we will make sure that they do not lack any form of
health center that they may need. Our ship will include numerous hospitals equipped with advanced technology
and well-trained staff. They will be available to everyone at any time of the day. Also, in case of emergency, the
ambulance number can be contacted by calling an universal phone number.

• General healthcare
Most emergencies will be dealt with in here. The general hospital will be prepared with the requisite
equipment of the latest generation and with a specialized staff. It will be supplied with special medicaments and
treatments from our industrial factory (farmaceutical industry) as well as food supplies for the hospital canteen,
health care products, blankets and clothes to ensure that our hospital feels a little like home. This hospital will
be open non-stop.

• Mental health and addiction treatment centers

Mental health is as important as physical health and that is why we have created a mental health and
addiction treatment center where people can come to share their problems, thus managing to reduce the
symptoms caused by certain several mental disorders such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorders, and major
depressive disorders. We are aware that moving your habitat from the ground to a ship in space can be quite a
hard enough challenge to trigger anxiety or depression in some people. We want to help them overcome this
obstacle by inviting them to visit our center whenever needed. We also want to mention that the information
of our patients will be completely confidential and will not be shared.

• Imaging and radiology centers

Our imaging and radiology center provides patients with diagnostic imaging services so that fractures,
tumors , etc can be discovered. Diagnostic imaging includes ultrasounds, X-rays, MRIs, CT scans, PETs and more.
This center will have a special space for emergencies that cannot be scheduled in advance such as brain injuries
or severe fractures. Also, appointments to monitor a pregnancy can be made at this center (ultrasounds).

• Regular health check center

This center will be the equivalent of the so called “family doctor”. Every three months, people will be
scheduled to have a routine check-up, helping us to detect certain diseases, to make sure that the people on our
ship are perfectly healthy.

• Nursing homes
Our nursing home was created in order to offer those who suffer of acute illnesses or injuries the chance to
recover in an environment outside the hospital. We want to make sure that they feel safe, leaving all their
worries in our hands. That’s why we created a space comfortable enough for them to call this place some sort
of home.

• Dentistry center
The dentistry center will be equipped with the appropriate dental equipment. The staff will take care of the
patients carefully, making sure that their oral cavity is well.

Note:

o Our drug stores will be provided with farmaceutical medications manufactured in our
farmaceutical factory.
o In the case where surgery is needed, depending on the severity of the situation, the decision to
move the patient to the emergency room will be made by the medical staff.

51
 7.4.3. Education
“Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world”
-Nelson Mandela

For us, education is an important factor that underlies the training of a person. That is why our ship
focuses on education because we believe it is important for a society to be made up of educated and intelligent
people. All young people, regardless of background, will have free courses at the "LepidopTerra Pre-University
Educational Institute". After completing their studies, it is up to the individual if they want to enroll in university
education at “University of LepidopTerra” (UOL) and become a researcher or scientist. However, if any resident
would want to follow another path, he would have a job provided by us, in one of the following fields: agriculture,
construction, installations, electricity, mechanics, sales, industry or education (the distributions are made
according to the school profile and competencies, some exams taken at the end of the pre-university cycle).
The school's role is to prepare young people to become responsible members of society. However, we
want the schools on our ship to have a different education system than the one we have right now. We want to
combine the hobbies of our students with the subjects taught, so that they do not feel overwhelmed. Therefore,
our educational system will also focus on practice, combining the materials taught with specific workshops so
that everyone has the opportunity to practice in addition to a subject or something they are good at. It should
be mentioned that the schools will still have in the curriculum the customary classes that will be compulsory
such as Math classes, English classes, Chemistry, Biology and History classes.

• Elementary school
Elementary school is for children going from kindergarden to 5th grade. Elementary school is based on
learning the children the basics such as how to count, read, etc. This stage in their life is super important because
it is basically the stage in which they shape their character and learn how to behave in a society.
• Middle school
Middle school is for pre-teens going from 6th grade to 8th grade. In this stage, pre-teens are on their way
of becoming teenagers and it is super important for them to start searching for new hobbies that they may like,
which could help them find a possible future career depending on what they like to do and what they’re good
at.

• High school
High school is for teenagers going from 9th grade to 12th grade. In this stage, teenagers are reaching
maturity and are on their way of becoming young adults. Our job is to guide them into finding a possible future
career by letting them have the freedom to chose classes that they could benefit from, so that it would be easier
for them to achieve their dream job.

• Universities
Our ship will have several universities for different fields inside UOL, which will be located in
LepidopTerrarium. These are very important because they prepare our young adults to become grown adults
and help them to develop skills and knowledge employers need.

7.4.4 Beauty centers

Personal care is as important as mental health. That's why we designed relaxation beauty centers for our
residents to benefit from beauty treatments and personal care such as hair, nails or skincare salons. We must
never forget to take breaks to take care of ourselves and to reward ourselves for the work and effort we put in
every day to ensure an adequate life.

52
 7.4.5 Shopping centers and supermarkets
There will be numerous shopping centers and supermarkets on our ship for people to buy what they
need. Supermarkets will be stocked daily to make sure our people have fresh produce. Also, shopping malls will
not miss the many clothing stores. We want to make sure that our people have the freedom to buy things they
need on their own.
Note: The shopping centers and supermarkets will be open from 8 in the morning to 10 at night and
some supermarkets will be open non-stop.

7.5. Recreation in Space

In order to have a harmonious and healthy lifestyle, people will be prepared different ways in which
they can relax. From organized competitions where you can earn money to parks, playgrounds, relaxation
workshops, residents will be built meditation spaces but also spaces dedicated to sports activities to ensure the
well-being of physical health, because due to gravity from space the possibility of muscle atrophy is high, but
also of their mental health.

Spaces for relaxing in space:

• Gyms
• Parks
• Playgrounds for children
• Stitching, crocheting, painting workshops
• Places where first aid and debate courses will be organized.
• Football, basketball, tennis courts
• Cafes, restaurants

So, through our entertainment center called "Nymphalis", people will be able to relax doing what they
like.
o Note: This center will be open from Monday to Sunday.

• Gyms
The gyms on our ship will be provided with adequate sports equipment. While researching, we chose some
models of fitness equipment that could train the muscles of the people on the ship. It is worth mentioning that
there will be a gym at the base of the blocks of flats.

• Parks
Parks are a method of relaxation, an energy boost. It is scientifically proven that walking in nature improves
your mood, helping to reduce anxiety and stress. Also, walking can help strengthen the muscles in the whole
body, especially the leg muscles, which is an important factor for people on the ship.

These will be provided with playgrounds for children, meditation spaces and a few cafes, ensuring a space
as pleasant as possible for our inhabitants so that they do not feel the difference between the Earth and their
new habitat.

• Ice Skating Rink

In our winter-themed disk called "Chrysalis", people will have the chance to go ice skating on our winterish
ice skating rink. It is worth mentioning that around the rink there will be stands for the purchase of cold and hot
drinks or stands with sweets.

53
 • Nymphalis Entertainment and Educational Center

The Nymphalis Center plays an important role in the mental and physical development of the people on our
ship. So, to ensure their well-being, our ship has created an interactive center that offers both courses through
which people can discover and capitalize on their talents (crochet workshops, painting workshops, etc.) and
sports halls (basketball, football) to keep them in shape, but also educational courses such as debate or first aid
courses to expand their knowledge so that they can be prepared to deal with any intermittent situation that
might occur.

• The Annual Competitions of Lepidopterra

"Excitement is impossible where there is no contest."
-Henry Cabot Lodge

o The annual butterfly-themed contest

This is the main thematic contest on our ship. It consists of catching butterflies using a net. The one who
catches the most butterflies in the shortest time will win and will be awarded by the jury. We would like to
mention that butterflies will not be injured in this contest.

o The annual debate contest

The annual debate contest will be a method by which those who have held the debate courses
organized in our entertainment center can compete live and display their speaking skills, supporting their
point of view in front of the opposite team. The winning team will be awarded.

o 14th of March-The International day of LepidopTerra

March 14th represents the International Butterfly Day. That's why we chose March 14th to be the day
of our ship. It is worth mentioning that there will be themed festivals and parties complemented by
competitions rewarded with prizes which will be held in our butterfly-themed disk called "LepidopTerrhium"
considered the capital of the ship.

7.6. Creative Arts

We wish to create a proper environment for every soul that comes into the LepidopTerrian space. We
believe in pursuing your own dream and encourage originality. Graphic or Interior Design, Model Agent or
Sales Representative, creativity will always be welcome on our ship.

o Example of hypothetical a fashion designer’s collection made for LepidopTerra

On LepidopTerra we are building a new

society where we would not want
unrealistic and unhealthy beauty
standards. We will appreciate everyone
for who they are no matter how they look
because on the inside every
LepidopTerrian will be equally beautiful.

54
Fig. 27
7.7. Iris Scanning Identification System
There is a saying affirming that the eye of a person is the window to their soul and their identity. The iris
is a muscle that adjusts the quantity of light meant to enter in the eye in different conditions of lighting and it’s
compound out of pigmented fibrovascular woven (stroma irideo) and muscles, containing tiny textural patterns.
DNA is the one that determines the color and the structure of the iris, and because of the random furrows, twirls,
lines, pits and rifts that occur during fetal development, it makes every iris so unique that even your two irises
don’t match each other.
With this in mind, we have come to the conclusion that we are going to use the iris scanning
identification system to identify people and to also make it be the key for them to enter their houses, as it’s one
of the most secure and reliable systems for ensuring our population’s privacy of personal space and data,
allowing no other person to try to abuse or to trick the system into obtaining access to this information or to
others people houses.

7.7.1. Iris recognition process

Iris recognition is an automated method of biometric identification that applies mathematical
algorithms to recognize certain patterns on the video images of one or both irises of a person’s eyes, whose
complex patterns are unique and stable and can be observed from some distance.
Biometric iris recognition scanners work by illuminating the iris with invisible infrared lights that can
detect unique patterns that are unseen to the naked eye. Iris scanners detect and exclude eyelashes, eyelids,
and specular reflections that normally obscure parts of the iris, collecting around 240 biometric features. The
final result is a set of pixels involving only the iris. Afterward, the pattern of lines and colors of the eye is
examined to extract a bit pattern that encodes the information in the iris. This bit pattern is digitized and
compared to stored templates in a database for verification or identification.

Fig. 28

7.7.2. Benefits of Iris Recognition

• Accuracy- its accuracy varies between 90% to 99%
• Contactless –while closeness to the iris scanner is necessary, iris recognition offers a non-contact
solution that is more hygienic and less invasive to the end-user.
• Flexible and Scalable –It is known that the Iris recognition is utterly flexible. By using an infrared
camera, the scanners can be used at night or in the dark and, because of its flexibility, Iris Recognition
is also extremely scalable and has also been used by the government and other agencies worldwide.
• Liveness Detection –The iris scanner technology detects the movement of the Iris, identifying the
liveness of the person and reducing the risk of forged access through high-quality static images.

55
 • Fast Matching – if an individual is already registered in the biometric system, the studies have shown
that the Iris Recognition is one of the fastest and accurate forms of biometric identification.

7.7.3. Disadvantages of Iris Recognition

• Distance – while we have discussed the benefits of non-contact technology, there is still a maximum
distance a person can stand from an iris scanner which can be quite challenging in certain
environments.
• Movement – in order to accurately scan the iris, the technology relies on the person remaining as still
as possible.
• Memory – computer memory is required for data storage. However, with the move to cloud-based
storage solutions, this is becoming less of an issue.
• Reflection –for the scanner to eliminate the reflections due to contact lenses and eyeglasses, we must
place it correctly.
• Cost – due to their high level of certainity, iris scanners may be more expensive than other forms of
biometric hardware such as fingerprint scanning.

Companies selling iris recognition identification systems include Aware, BioID, Biometric Intelligence and
Identification Technologies, Crossmatch, EyeLock, Gemalto, Idemia, Iridian Technologies, Iris Guard, Iris
ID, IriTech, Neurotechnology, Panasonic, Tascent, SRI International, and Unisys.

An iris recognition system is up to 339 euro or more, depending on the quality or to what it generally
provides/the functions of the product.

7.8. Monetization
Monetization on our spaceship is based on online banking, a virtual system named Lepidopecunia. Since
the population on LepidopTerra is at a very low number compared to population on Terra, this system will make
it easier for our space society to have control of money. This online banking method allows citizens to keep their
balance in an online account, as well as letting them make bank loans, or even transactions of each kind. People
will receive their salaries via this virtual bank, and will also be able to shop this way.
Since each citizen is scanned into our database via iris, they will be able to pay this way, their iris being scanned
any time they have to pay something, or even doing any kind of activity in Lepidopecunia. Besides this, the
scanning of the iris also represents a form of a high security.

7.8.1. The currency of LepidopTerra

Our currency will be the ,,Obrinus”. People will have their own credit cards and will be able to control
their personal account and so their balance through the online application, and for any question, the virtual host
will answer. The Commander will be in charge of sending scholarships to students, or any kind of grant of
supporting the school activity. The same will happen with the social assistance scholarships and pensions, which
will be sent only to those in need.
We are aware of the fact that there will be no longer homeless people, all citizens will have their own job,
not all jobs are equally paid, so the goverment won’t have to allocate money for those with no shelter. This way,
the money owned by LepidopTerra owns will be easier to allocate.
People will be able to pay their fees and taxes through this online banking. What is more, this online
banking charges an amount of money every month so as to support it. For example, about 2 obrinus per month
will have to be paid, which means 3 USD per month. It is not a large amount of money, but represents enough
for Lepidopecunia to be supported.

56
 7.8.2. The story of Obrinus and LepidoPecunia.

The official coin of LepidopTerra is named after the green butterfly, Obrinus Olivewing in order to
commemorate the most famous banknote, the US dollar (USD). The banking system’s name is composed of the
prefix “lepido” - the first element of scholarly composition, meaning scaly, and the latin word “pecunia” which
means money.

7.8.3. Conversion Table

1 obrinus 1,5 USD

1 obrinus 1,33 euros
1 euro 0,75 obrinus
1 USD 0,66 obrinus

1 USD 0,88 euros

1 euro 1,14 USD
100 cents 0,66 obrinus
50 cents 0,33 obrinus

57
 Life on our base will be provided with everything needed in order for humans to live properly.
However, there are high chances that some problems might occur, and we need strategies to solve them
immediately, so that we can ensure our people’s safety.
8. EMERGENCIES AND SOLUTIONS
Protection from outer threats
If our ship was struck and we detected air leaks, we would instantly send our mechanics outside the
ship so that they could fix the possible damage. However, our shielding will be strong enough in order to avoid
this kind of problem. Moreover, we will have sensors that will help us detect objects coming towards our ship
in advance. These sensors will be of two types: active and passive remote sensors.
Remote sensors are used to detect distant remote objects rather than their localized environment.
They can help us figure out our spacecraft positional changes as well. Active sensors detect objects using their
own energy, whereas passive sensors do it by using the reflection of the Sun’s energy.

Fire, explosion
In spite of the fact that our oxygen levels will be held lower enough so that there is no high chance of
fire, accidents can occur. If this happens, we will need to evacuate and then extinguish the fire. This extinguish
will not be water-based because our water supply is limited. Therefore, our rooms will be provided with VEMs
(Vacuum Extinguish Method), which are considered to be the opposite procedure of the conventional fire
extinguishing procedure: it inhales both the combustion products and firing source, sucking them into a
vacuum chamber. This concept is worth it because it prevents the spread of harmful combustion products in
the enclosed environment.
More than that, people will be sent in bunkers. Every disk is divided into 4 sectors. Right under every
sector, there is a room, designed like a bunker. These are metallic constructions, which are steel-based (a
homogeneous material that has very good mechanical properties). They are very well covered and isolated, so
as to not let the toxic fumes enter the rooms, the walls being necessarily rigid.
These rooms are equipped with ventilation systems, named HOPPERJET - for a high-efficiency
ventilation of the bunker.
In case of fire, people will go towards the ends of the sector they are in, and will find the doors to the
bunkers which will be opened in critical situations. Immediately after people get in, they will be able to go
down some stairs that will lead to the bunker. They will be also able to use the slides that are next to the stairs.
We recommend using the slides as it is a faster way of reaching the bunker room. Every bunker is associated
with a sector and has more entries. For preventing the toxic fumes not to enter the bunker, there will be
HOPPERTOP ventilation systems, at every entry. When all people will be in the bunker room, no toxic fumes
will be let in. In addition, the bunkers will be equipped with gas masks, etc.
The fire will be controlled from the interior of the bunker by people, using the help of the supervising
cameras which are placed frequently in every sector.
Every sector will have gas extinguishing systems that use an inert gas in the installation, namely the
energy that decreases the oxygen concentration in the space where the fire broke out, up to the limit that
allows combustion. This process takes approximately 2:30 minutes since the alarm went off, until the gas
begins to fill the enclosure. After 5 minutes from the system started, the fire is extinguished.
Note! For people that could not take shelter in the bunker, it will not be fatal, as they will have the
impression of breathing from a height of 2.000 meters.

Oxygen deficiency
If we run out of oxygen, we will communicate with our base from Earth through our GSAT-3 satellite
so they can send us oxygen on the Moon using the space elevator. Then we will send our retriever outer ship
(see more in 4.6.1. Outer Spaceships) to get us the supplies that have been sent from Earth. This method can
also be used for other supplies that we may require.

59
 Floods
First of all we are going to evacuate the area of the flooding. Then we are going to save everything
that can still be saved (furniture, different kind of supplies, etc.), followed by moving the water in storage
tanks so that we can fuel the oxygen generators used for water electrolysis.

Power outage
In case of a possible blackout, the first thing to do is to switch on the emergency power generators in
each disk. Then we are going to send our mechanics immediately to solve the problem.

Angry residents
Whether people want to return back to Earth or they want bigger salaries, causing certain types of
strikes, we will solve these exterior conflicts by trying to talk the problem out with them and getting to a
common point. The Head of Security will be involved, taking them to the police station.

Overpopulation
This won’t happen because in a period of 5 years we will start building other ships, thus increasing the
capacity on our initial settlement.

60
-Dodinsky
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