FACTORS PRODUCED BY LIVING 1) PARASITES AND PATHOGENS CAN LIMIT AND RESTRICT

ORGANISMS THAT AFFECT THE ABILITY OF OTHER DISTRIBUTIONS

LIVING ORGANISMS TO SURVIVE IN AN BIOTIC DISEASE & 2)EXAMPLE - NATIVE BIRD FAUNA OF HAWAII
3) NATIVE BIRDS OF HAWAII HAVE BECOME EXTINCT DUE TO
ENVIRONMENT.
INTRODUCED DISEASE – (WARNER, 1968):
FACTORS PARASITISM 1. AVIAN POX (INITIALLY) AND 2. AVIAN MALARIA (LATER) WERE
EXAMPLE: INSTRUMENTAL IN CAUSING EXTINCTION IN THE HAWAIIAN
DISEASE, PARASITISM, PREDATION, ISLANDS
ALLELOPATHY AND COMPETITION. PREDATION:
1) PREDATOR RESTRICT THE MALARIAL VECTOR, CULEX QUINQUEFASCIATUS IS CONVERSELY
PREY DISEASE MIGHT BE INVOLVED MOST COMMON IN LOWLAND AREAS
2) PREY RESTRICT AROSE FROM OBSERVATIONS THAT: THE INITIAL EXTINCTION OF NATIVE BIRDS WAS INITIALLY
PREDATOR
CHAPTER 5: NATIVE BIRDS OCCUPY INFLUENCED BY HABITAT CLEARING FOR AGRICULTURE AND
FACTORS AFFECTING UPPERLAND IN HAWAII INTRODUCTION OF RATS, CATS, AND PIGS AND AVIAN POX (BEFORE
AND ARE RELATIVELY COMMON 1900) AND SUBSEQUENT EXTINCTION BY INTRODUCTION OF AVIAN
DISTRIBUTION & ONLY AT ELEVATION ABOVE 1500 M
PREDATOR TO RESTRICT ITS PREY: MALARIA.
PREY RESTRICT PREDATOR: WHILE INTRODUCED BIRDS
1) ABLE TO KILL PREY IN LAB (SEA URCHIN VS ALGAE) ABUNDANCE: BIRDS THAT WENT EXTINCT AT THIS TIME (EARLY 1900) LIVED IN THE
AND FIELD (NATURE) 1) PLANT (FOOD) VS HERBIVORE (INSECT) OCCUPY LOWLAND
2) RESPONSIBLE FOR DESTRUCTION OF PREY IN
2) HERBIVORE VS CARNIVORE BIOTIC FACTORS MID-ELEVATION (1500M) FORESTS WHERE MALARIA PARASITES ARE
TRANSPLANTATION (SMALL AND LARGE MUSSEL) MOST COMMON.
3) PREY SURVIVES AFTER TRANSPLANTED IF THEY ARE 3) PREDATORS ARE CALLED SPECIALISTS OR
PROTECTED FROM PREDATORS (RAT - KANGGAROO) MONOPHAGOUS PREDATORS
4) PREY DISTRIBUTION AND SUSPECTED PREDATOR ARE IMPACT :
INVERSELY RELATED (SEA URCHIN VS ALGAE) DECREASE IN YIELDS - DID NOT INCREASE EVEN AFTER
ALLELOPATHY ADDING OF FERTILIZERS.
- E.G: GRASS AND APPLE TREES
EXAMPLE
EXAMPLE - EXPERIMENT: APPLE TREES SUPPLIED WITH 3 DIFFERENT
CHRYSOLINA QUADRIGEMINA INTRODUCED IN US TO CONTROL
WORKS BY KITCHING & EBLING (1967) – STUDIES IN THE KALMATH WEED, HYPERICUM PERFORATUM. SOURCES OF WATER:
ADULTS AND LARVAE OF BEETLE ONLY FEED ON THE 1) TAP WATER
IRELAND ON THE MUSSEL (MYTILUS EDULIS).
HYPERICUM/WILL DIE IF FEED ON OTHER PLANTS 2) WATER PASSING THROUGH GRASS AND SOIL
EXPOSED ROCKY SHORES = SMALL MUSSELS 3) WATER PASSED THROUGH SOIL ONLY
ADULT BEETLES DISPLAY AN OBLIGATORY FEEDING RESPONSE TO
SHELTERED AREA = LARGE MUSSELS THE CHEMICAL HYPERICIN (SCHOEPS ET AL., 1996) THE GROWTH OF APPLE SEEDLING WAS INHIBITED BY
KITCHING TRANSFERRED ROCK WITH ATTACHED THE BEETLES REFUSE TO STAND ON OTHER LEAVES THAT HAVE SOMETHING PRODUCED BY THE GRASS AND CARRIED BY
DIFFERENT SURFACE FEATURE TO THAT OF HYPERICUM WATER.
MUSSELS FROM ONE AREA TO ANOTHER
THE LIFE HISTORY, FEEDING HABITS, BEHAVIOR AND THE INHIBITION OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT IN
DISTRIBUTION OF THE BEETLE (PREDATOR) IS RESTRICTED BY ITS
ONE SPECIES OF PLANTS BY CHEMICALS
SINGLE PLANT (PREY)
PRODUCED FROM ANOTHER SPECIES. PRESENCE OF OTHER ORGANISMS MAY LIMIT
RESULTS DISTRIBUTION OF SOME SPECIES THROUGH
PLANT VS PLANT. COMPETITION.
SMALL MUSSELS TRANSPLANTED: SURVIVED ONLY ON
OPEN COASTS WHILE IN OTHER AREAS THEY ALLELOPATHY IS ONE SPECIFIC TYPE OF COMPETITION
HABITAT STRUCTURE:
DISAPPEARED BECAUSE OF THE INFLUENCE OF FOR LIVING SPACE.
PREDATORS.
1) E. DORSALIS COMPETITION ALLELOPATHY (CHEMICAL TOXIC PRODUCE BY ONE SP) VS
COMPETITION.
LARGE MUSSELS ONLY SURVIVED IN THEIR NATURAL - LOWER ELEVATION PREFERS LIVES ON THE GROUND
HABITAT BUT DISAPPEARED IN TRANSPLANTED AREAS WITH LESS TREES TO MOVE ACTIVELY
- AGGRESSIVE TO ITS OWN AND OTHER CHIPMUNK SP. RESOURCE PARTITIONING:
2) E. UMBRINUS WHEN 2 SPECIES COMPETE FOR RESOURCES:
AT LOWER ELEVATION WHERE TREES ARE SPARSE, E.
- HIGHER ELEVATION 1) ONE WILL ALWAYS BE A BETTER COMPETITOR AND THE OTHER WILL
DORSALIS EXLUDES E. UMBRINUS BY ITS SUPERIOR LOSE OUT AND DISAPPEAR (PTILINOPUS RIVOLI AND P. SOLOMONENSIS)
- LOTS OF TREES
AGGRESSION. 2) EVOLVES TOGETHER, ADAPT TO ESCAPE/ MINIMIZE COMPETITION
- SPENDS ITS TIME ON TREES HAPPEN WHEN 2 OR MORE SPECIES USES THE SAME
AGGRESSION BECOME INEFFECTIVE WHEN TRESS ARE RESOURCES AND LIVE IN THE SAME PLACES. 2 EVOLUTIONARY STRATEGIES A WEAKER COMPETITOR SPECIES
- MOVES FROM TREE TO TREE ALONG INTERLOCKING
CLOSE (DENSE) SPACED BECAUSE THE ARBOREAL BIRDS, RODENTS AND ANTS MAY COMPETE FOR SEEDS IN CAN DEVELOP:
BRANCHES DESERT ENVIRONMENTS. 1) AVOID THE SUPERIOR COMPETITOR BY SELECTING DIFFERENT PART OF
UMBRINUS ESCAPES THROUGH THE TREES.
HERBS AND SHRUBS COMPETE FOR WATER IN DRY AREAS.
COMPETITIVE SUCCESS OF E. UMBRINUS IS DETERMINED THE HABITAT (E. UMBRINUS –ARBOREAL)
COMPETITION AMONG ANIMALS IS USUALLY FOR FOOD,
BY HABITAT STRUCTURE. MATE, HABITAT. 2) AVOID THE SUPERIOR COMPETITOR BY SELECTING A DIFFERENT DIET -
PLANTS COMPETE FOR SUNLIGHT, NUTRIENTS, WATER, DIET SHIFT (CROSSBILL FINCHES )
EVEN POLLINATORS