Discrete Mathematics

1. Let 𝑝 and 𝑞 be the following propositions:

𝑝 : Fail grade can be given.
𝑞 : Student scores more than 50% marks.
Consider the statement: "Fail grade cannot be given when student scores more than 50% marks."

Which one of the following is the CORRECT representation of the above statement in propositional logic?
A. 𝑞→ ¬𝑝
B. 𝑞→𝑝
C. 𝑝→𝑞
D. ¬𝑝 → q

2. Geetha has a conjecture about integers, which is of the form

∀𝑥(𝑃(𝑥)⟹∃𝑦𝑄(𝑥,𝑦)),
where 𝑃 is a statement about integers, and 𝑄 is a statement about pairs of integers. Which of the following
(one or more) option(s) would imply Geetha's conjecture?
A. ∃𝑥(𝑃(𝑥)∧∀𝑦𝑄(𝑥,𝑦))
B. ∀𝑥∀𝑦𝑄(𝑥,𝑦)
C. ∃𝑦∀𝑥(𝑃(𝑥)⟹𝑄(𝑥,𝑦))
D. ∃𝑥(𝑃(𝑥)∧∃𝑦𝑄(𝑥,𝑦))

3. Choose the correct choice(s) regarding the following proportional logic assertion 𝑆:
𝑆:((𝑃∧𝑄)→𝑅)→((𝑃∧𝑄)→(𝑄→𝑅))
A. 𝑆 is neither a tautology nor a contradiction
B. 𝑆 is a tautology
C. 𝑆 is a contradiction
D. The antecedent of 𝑆 is logically equivalent to the consequent of S

4. Let 𝑝 and 𝑞 be two propositions. Consider the following two formulae in propositional logic.
𝑆1:(¬𝑝∧(𝑝∨𝑞))→𝑞
𝑆2:𝑞→(¬𝑝∧(𝑝∨𝑞))
Which one of the following choices is correct?
A. Both 𝑆1 and 𝑆2 are tautologies.
B. 𝑆1 is a tautology but 𝑆2 is not a tautology
C. 𝑆1 is not a tautology but 𝑆2 is a tautology
D. Neither 𝑆1 nor 𝑆2 is a tautology

5. Let 𝑝,𝑞,𝑟 denote the statements ”It is raining”, “It is cold”, and “It is pleasant”, respectively. Then the
statement “It is not raining and it is pleasant, and it is not pleasant only if it is raining and it is cold” is
represented by
A. (¬𝑝∧𝑟)∧(¬𝑟→(𝑝∧𝑞)) 𝑝 only if 𝑞 can be written as if 𝑝 then 𝑞 (not double implication).
B. (¬𝑝∧𝑟)∧((𝑝∧𝑞)→¬𝑟)
C. (¬𝑝∧𝑟)∨((𝑝∧𝑞)→¬𝑟)
D. (¬𝑝∧𝑟)∨(𝑟→(𝑝∧𝑞))

6. Consider the first-order logic sentence 𝐹:∀𝑥(∃𝑦𝑅(𝑥,𝑦)). Assuming non-empty logical domains, which of the
sentences below are implied by 𝐹?
A. ∃𝑦(∃𝑥𝑅(𝑥,𝑦))
B. ∃𝑦(∀𝑥𝑅(𝑥,𝑦))
C. ∀𝑦(∃𝑥𝑅(𝑥,𝑦))
D. ¬∃𝑥(∀𝑦¬𝑅(𝑥,𝑦))
7. The statement (¬𝑝)⇒(¬𝑞) is logically equivalent to which of the statements below?
A. 𝑝⇒𝑞
B. 𝑞⇒𝑝
C. (¬𝑞)∨𝑝
D. (¬𝑝)∨𝑞

8. Consider the following expressions:

a. 𝑓𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑒
b. 𝑄
c. 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒
d. 𝑃∨𝑄
e. ¬𝑄∨𝑃
The number of expressions given above that are logically implied by 𝑃∧(𝑃⇒𝑄) is _____4______.

9. Let 𝑝,𝑞,𝑟,𝑠 represents the following propositions.

 𝑝:𝑥∈{8,9,10,11,12}
 𝑞: 𝑥 is a composite number.
 𝑟: 𝑥 is a perfect square.
 𝑠: 𝑥 is a prime number.

The integer 𝑥≥2 which satisfies ¬((𝑝⇒𝑞)∧(¬𝑟∨¬𝑠)) is ____11________.

10. In a room there are only two types of people, namely Type 1 and Type 2. Type 1 people always tell the truth
and Type 2 people always lie. You give a fair coin to a person in that room, without knowing which type he is
from and tell him to toss it and hide the result from you till you ask for it. Upon asking the person replies the
following

"The result of the toss is head if and only if I am telling the truth"

Which of the following options is correct?

A. The result is head
B. The result is tail
C. If the person is of Type 2, then the result is tail
D. If the person is of Type 1, then the result is tail

11. Consider the following two statements.

 𝑆1: If a candidate is known to be corrupt, then he will not be elected
 𝑆2: If a candidate is kind, he will be elected
Which one of the following statements follows from 𝑆1 and 𝑆2 as per sound inference rules of logic?
A. If a person is known to be corrupt, he is kind
B. If a person is not known to be corrupt, he is not kind
C. If a person is kind, he is not known to be corrupt
D. If a person is not kind, he is not known to be corrupt

12. Which one of the following is NOT equivalent to 𝑝↔𝑞?

A. (¬𝑝∨𝑞)∧(𝑝∨¬𝑞)
B. (¬𝑝∨𝑞)∧(𝑞→𝑝)
C. (¬𝑝∧𝑞)∨(𝑝∧¬𝑞)
D. (¬𝑝∧¬𝑞)∨(𝑝∧𝑞)
 13. Which one of these first-order logic formulae is valid?
A. ∀𝑥(𝑃(𝑥)⟹𝑄(𝑥))⟹(∀𝑥𝑃(𝑥)⟹∀𝑥𝑄(𝑥))
B. ∃𝑥(𝑃(𝑥)∨𝑄(𝑥))⟹(∃𝑥𝑃(𝑥)⟹∃𝑥𝑄(𝑥))
C. ∃𝑥(𝑃(𝑥)∧𝑄(𝑥))⟺(∃𝑥𝑃(𝑥)∧∃𝑥𝑄(𝑥))
D. ∀𝑥∃𝑦𝑃(𝑥,𝑦)⟹∃𝑦∀𝑥𝑃(𝑥,𝑦)
14. Consider the following statements:
P: Good mobile phones are not cheap
Q: Cheap mobile phones are not good
L: P implies Q
M: Q implies P
N: P is equivalent to Q
Which one of the following about L, M, and N is CORRECT?
A. Only L is TRUE.
B. Only M is TRUE.
C. Only N is TRUE.
D. L, M and N are TRUE.

15. Consider the statement

"Not all that glitters is gold”
Predicate glitters(𝑥) is true if 𝑥 glitters and predicate gold(𝑥) is true if 𝑥 is gold. Which one of the following
logical formulae represents the above statement?
A. ∀𝑥:glitters(𝑥)⇒¬gold(𝑥)
B. ∀𝑥:gold(𝑥)⇒glitters(𝑥)
C. ∃𝑥:gold(𝑥)∧¬glitters(𝑥)
D. ∃𝑥:glitters(𝑥)∧¬gold(𝑥)

16. What is the correct translation of the following statement into mathematical logic?
“Some real numbers are rational”
A. ∃𝑥(real(𝑥)∨rational(𝑥))
B. ∀𝑥(real(𝑥)→rational(𝑥))
C. ∃𝑥(real(𝑥)∧rational(𝑥))
D. ∃𝑥(rational(𝑥)→real(𝑥))
Meaning of each choices:

A. There exists a number which is either real or rational

B. If a number is real it is rational
C. There exists a number which is real and rational
D. There exists a number such that if it is rational, it is real

17. Consider the following logical inferences.

𝐼1: If it rains then the cricket match will not be played.
The cricket match was played.
Inference: There was no rain.
𝐼2: If it rains then the cricket match will not be played.
It did not rain.
Inference: The cricket match was played.
Which of the following is TRUE?
A. Both 𝐼1 and 𝐼2 are correct inferences
B. 𝐼1 is correct but 𝐼2 is not a correct inference might or might not play cricket if it doesn’t rain
C. 𝐼1 is not correct but 𝐼2 is a correct inference
D. Both 𝐼1 and 𝐼2 are not correct inferences
18. Which one of the following is the most appropriate logical formula to represent the statement?
"Gold and silver ornaments are precious".
The following notations are used:
𝐺(𝑥):𝑥 is a gold ornament
𝑆(𝑥):𝑥 is a silver ornament
𝑃(𝑥):𝑥 is precious
A. ∀𝑥(𝑃(𝑥)⟹(𝐺(𝑥)∧𝑆(𝑥)))
B. ∀𝑥((𝐺(𝑥)∧𝑆(𝑥))⟹𝑃(𝑥))
C. ∃𝑥((𝐺(𝑥)∧𝑆(𝑥))⟹𝑃(𝑥))
D. ∀𝑥((𝐺(𝑥)∨𝑆(𝑥))⟹𝑃(𝑥))  item can’t be gold and silver both at same time

19. Which of the following is the negation of [∀𝑥,𝛼→(∃𝑦,𝛽→(∀𝑢,∃𝑣,𝑦))]

A. [∃𝑥,𝛼→(∀𝑦,𝛽→(∃𝑢,∀𝑣,𝑦))]
B. [∃𝑥,𝛼→(∀𝑦,𝛽→(∃𝑢,∀𝑣,¬𝑦))]
C. [∀𝑥,¬𝛼→(∃𝑦,¬𝛽→(∀𝑢,∃𝑣,¬𝑦))]
D. [∃𝑥,𝛼∧(∀𝑦,𝛽∧(∃𝑢,∀𝑣,¬𝑦))]

20. Which of the following first order formulae is logically valid? Here 𝛼(𝑥) is a first order formula with 𝑥 as a
free variable, and 𝛽 is a first order formula with no free variable.
A. [𝛽→(∃𝑥,𝛼(𝑥))]→[∀𝑥,𝛽→𝛼(𝑥)]
B. [∃𝑥,𝛽→𝛼(𝑥)]→[𝛽→(∀𝑥,𝛼(𝑥))]
C. [(∃𝑥,𝛼(𝑥))→𝛽]→[∀𝑥,𝛼(𝑥)→𝛽]
D. [(∀𝑥,𝛼(𝑥))→𝛽]→[∀𝑥,𝛼(𝑥)→𝛽]

21. Let Graph(𝑥) be a predicate which denotes that 𝑥 is a graph. Let Connected(𝑥) be a predicate which denotes
that 𝑥 is connected. Which of the following first order logic sentences DOES NOT represent the statement:
“Not every graph is connected"
A. ¬∀𝑥( Graph(𝑥)⟹ Connected(𝑥))
B. ∃𝑥( Graph(𝑥)∧¬ Connected(𝑥))
C. ¬∀𝑥(¬ Graph(𝑥)∨ Connected(𝑥))
D. ∀𝑥( Graph(𝑥)⟹¬ Connected(𝑥))

22. Let 𝑎(𝑥,𝑦),𝑏(𝑥,𝑦,) and 𝑐(𝑥,𝑦) be three statements with variables 𝑥 and 𝑦 chosen from some universe. Consider
the following statement:
(∃𝑥)(∀𝑦)[(𝑎(𝑥,𝑦)∧𝑏(𝑥,𝑦))∧¬𝑐(𝑥,𝑦)]
Which one of the following is its equivalent?
A. (∀𝑥)(∃𝑦)[(𝑎(𝑥,𝑦)∨𝑏(𝑥,𝑦))→𝑐(𝑥,𝑦)]
B. (∃𝑥)(∀𝑦)[(𝑎(𝑥,𝑦)∨𝑏(𝑥,𝑦))∧¬𝑐(𝑥,𝑦)]
C. ¬(∀𝑥)(∃𝑦)[(𝑎(𝑥,𝑦)∧𝑏(𝑥,𝑦))→𝑐(𝑥,𝑦)]
D. ¬(∀𝑥)(∃𝑦)[(𝑎(𝑥,𝑦)∨𝑏(𝑥,𝑦))→𝑐(𝑥,𝑦)]

23. Identify the correct translation into logical notation of the following assertion.
Some boys in the class are taller than all the girls
Note: taller(𝑥,𝑦) is true if 𝑥 is taller than 𝑦.
A. (∃𝑥)(boy(𝑥)→(∀𝑦)(girl(𝑦)∧taller(𝑥,𝑦)))
B. (∃𝑥)(boy(𝑥)∧(∀𝑦)(girl(𝑦)∧taller(𝑥,𝑦)))
C. (∃𝑥)(boy(𝑥)→(∀𝑦)(girl(𝑦)→taller(𝑥,𝑦)))
D. (∃𝑥)(boy(𝑥)∧(∀𝑦)(girl(𝑦)→taller(𝑥,𝑦)))
24. If 𝑋 then 𝑌 unless 𝑍" is represented by which of the following formulas in propositional logic? ("¬" is
negation, "∧" is conjunction, and "→" is implication)
A. (𝑋∧¬𝑍)→𝑌
B. (𝑋∧𝑌)→¬𝑍
C. 𝑋→(𝑌∧¬𝑍)
D. (𝑋→𝑌)∧¬𝑍
25. Which of the following well-formed formulas are equivalent?
A. 𝑃→𝑄
B. ¬𝑄→¬𝑃
C. ¬𝑃∨𝑄
D. ¬𝑄→𝑃

26. Indicate which of the following well-formed formulae are valid:

A. (𝑃⇒𝑄)∧(𝑄⇒𝑅)⇒(𝑃⇒𝑅)
B. (𝑃⇒𝑄)⇒(¬𝑃⇒¬𝑄)
C. (𝑃∧(¬𝑃∨¬𝑄))⇒𝑄
D. (𝑃⇒𝑅)∨(𝑄⇒𝑅)⇒((𝑃∨𝑄)⇒𝑅)

27. Let 𝑎,𝑏,𝑐,𝑑 be propositions. Assume that the equivalence 𝑎⇔(𝑏∨¬𝑏) and 𝑏⇔𝑐 hold. Then the truth-value of
the formula (𝑎∧𝑏)→(𝑎∧𝑐)∨𝑑 is always
A. True
B. False
C. Same as the truth-value of 𝑏
D. Same as the truth-value of d

28. What is the converse of the following assertion?

I stay only if you go
A. I stay if you go
B. If I stay then you go
C. If you do not go then I do not stay
D. If I do not stay then you go

29. Which of the following propositions is a tautology?

A. (𝑝∨𝑞)→𝑝
B. 𝑝∨(𝑞→𝑝)
C. 𝑝∨(𝑝→𝑞)
D. 𝑝→(𝑝→𝑞)

30. Which of the following is NOT True?

(Read ∧ as AND, ∨ as OR, ¬ as NOT, → as one way implication and ↔ as two way implication)
A. ((𝑥→𝑦)∧𝑥)→𝑦
B. ((¬𝑥→𝑦)∧(¬𝑥→¬𝑦))→𝑥
C. (𝑥→(𝑥∨𝑦))
D. ((𝑥∨𝑦)↔(¬𝑥→¬𝑦))

31. If the proposition ¬𝑝→𝑞 is true, then the truth value of the proposition ¬𝑝∨(𝑝→𝑞), where ¬ is negation, ∨ is
inclusive OR and → is implication, is
A. True
B. Multiple Values
C. False
D. Cannot be determined

32. The proposition 𝑝∧(∼𝑝∨𝑞) is:

A. a tautology
B. logically equivalent to 𝑝∧𝑞
C. logically equivalent to 𝑝∨𝑞
D. a contradiction
E. none of the above
33. Let P be the partial order defined on the set {1,2,3,4} as follows
𝑃={(𝑥,𝑥)∣𝑥∈{1,2,3,4}}∪{(1,2),(3,2),(3,4)}
The number of total orders on {1,2,3,4} that contain P is __________.

34. The symmetric difference of sets A={1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8} and B={1,3,5,6,7,8,9} is:

A. {1,3,5,6,7,8}
B. {2,4,9} A (symmetric difference) B = Elements which are in A but not in B ∪ Elements
which are in B but not in A
C. {2,4}
D. {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9}

35. Suppose 𝑈 is the power set of the set 𝑆={1,2,3,4,5,6}. For any 𝑇∈𝑈, let |𝑇| denote the number of elements
in 𝑇 and 𝑇′ denote the complement of 𝑇. For any 𝑇,𝑅∈𝑈 let 𝑇∖𝑅 be the set of all elements in 𝑇 which are not
in 𝑅. Which one of the following is true?
A. ∀𝑋∈𝑈,(|𝑋|=|𝑋′|)
B. ∃𝑋∈𝑈,∃𝑌∈𝑈,(|𝑋|=5,|𝑌|=5 and 𝑋∩𝑌=𝜙)
C. ∀𝑋∈𝑈,∀𝑌∈𝑈,(|𝑋|=2,|𝑌|=3 and 𝑋∖𝑌=𝜙)
D. ∀𝑋∈𝑈,∀𝑌∈𝑈,(𝑋∖𝑌=𝑌′∖𝑋′)  X ∕ Y=X∩(!Y)  (!Y)/(!X)=(!Y)∩(X)=X∩(!Y)

36. The cardinality of the power set of {0,1,2,…,10} is __2048_____

Total number of elements in given set is 11.
So the cardinality of the power set of given set will be 211 => 2048

37. What is the possible number of reflexive relations on a set of 5 elements?

A. 210
B. 215
C. 220  Formula is 2(n^2 -n)
D. 225
38. If 𝑃,𝑄,𝑅 are subsets of the universal set U, then(𝑃∩𝑄∩𝑅)∪(𝑃𝑐∩𝑄∩𝑅)∪𝑄𝑐∪𝑅𝑐is
A. 𝑄𝑐∪𝑅𝑐
B. 𝑃∪𝑄𝑐∪𝑅𝑐
C. 𝑃𝑐∪𝑄𝑐∪𝑅𝑐
D. U
PQR + P'QR + Q' + R' = (P+P') QR + Q' + R' = QR + Q' + R'
= QR + Q'R' + Q'R + R' = R(Q+Q') + R'(Q'+1) = R + R'
=1 Also R+R' means RUR' so its equal to U.
 39. For a set 𝐴, the power set of 𝐴 is denoted by 2𝐴. If 𝐴={5,{6},{7}}, which of the following options are TRUE?
I. ∅∈2𝐴
II. ∅⊆2𝐴
III. {5,{6}}∈2𝐴
IV. {5,{6}}⊆2𝐴
A. I and III only
B. II and III only
C. I, II and III only
D. I, II and IV only
Power set of 𝐴 consists of all subsets of 𝐴 and from the definition of a subset, ∅ is a subset of any set. So, I and II are TRUE.

40. Let 𝑋 and 𝑌 be finite sets and 𝑓:𝑋→𝑌 be a function. Which one of the following statements is TRUE?
A. For any subsets 𝐴 and 𝐵 of 𝑋,|𝑓(𝐴∪𝐵)|=|𝑓(𝐴)|+|𝑓(𝐵)|
B. For any subsets 𝐴 and 𝐵 of 𝑋,𝑓(𝐴∩𝐵)=𝑓(𝐴)∩𝑓(𝐵)
C. For any subsets 𝐴 and 𝐵 of 𝑋,|𝑓(𝐴∩𝐵)|=min{|𝑓(𝐴)|,|𝑓(𝐵)|}
D. For any subsets 𝑆 and 𝑇 of 𝑌,𝑓−1(𝑆∩𝑇)=𝑓−1(𝑆)∩𝑓−1(𝑇)
41. The number of elements in the power set of the set {{A, B}, C} is
A. 7
B. 8
C. 3
D. 4  2 no. of element
42. A binary operation ⊕ on a set of integers is defined as 𝑥⊕𝑦=𝑥2+𝑦2. Which one of the following statements is
TRUE about ⊕?
A. Commutative but not associative
B. Both commutative and associative
C. Associative but not commutative
D. Neither commutative nor associative
x⊕y=x2+y2 y⊕x=y2+x2
As ′+′ sign in commutative so x²+y² is equal to y²+x² so x⊕y is commutative.
Now check associativity
x⊕(y⊕z)=x⊕(y²+z²) =x²+(y²+z²)² =x²+y^4+z^4+2y²z²
(x⊕y)⊕z =(x²+y²)⊕z =(x²+y²)²+z² =x^4+y^4+2x²y²+z² x⊕(y⊕z)≠(x⊕y)⊕z So not associative

43. A partial order 𝑃 is defined on the set of natural numbers as follows. Here 𝑥𝑦 denotes integer division.
i. (0,0)∈𝑃.
ii. (𝑎,𝑏)∈𝑃 if and only if (𝑎%10)≤(𝑏%10) and (𝑎/10,𝑏/10)∈𝑃.  every digit of 1 < 2
Consider the following ordered pairs:
i. (101,22)
ii. (22,101)
iii. (145,265)  check digits
iv. (0,153)  000 and 153 check 1and 2 set digits
Which of these ordered pairs of natural numbers are contained in 𝑃?
A. (i) and (iii)
B. (ii) and (iv)
C. (i) and (iv)
D. (iii) and (iv)

44. Let 𝑆 be a set of 𝑛 elements. The number of ordered pairs in the largest and the smallest equivalence relations
on 𝑆 are:
A. 𝑛 and 𝑛 C. 𝑛2 and 0
B. 𝑛2 and 𝑛 D. 𝑛 and 1
45. What is the cardinality of the set of integers 𝑋 defined below?
𝑋={𝑛∣1≤𝑛≤123,𝑛 is not divisible by either 2, 3 or 5}
A. 28
B. 33 𝑛(𝐴∪𝐵∪𝐶)=𝑛(𝐴)+𝑛(𝐵)+𝑛(𝐶)−𝑛(𝐴∩𝐵)−𝑛(𝐵∩𝐶)−𝑛(𝐴∩𝐶)+𝑛(𝐴∩𝐵∩𝐶)
C. 37
D. 44

46. For the set 𝑁 of natural numbers and a binary operation 𝑓:𝑁×𝑁→𝑁, an element 𝑧∈𝑁 is called an identity
for 𝑓, if 𝑓(𝑎,𝑧)=𝑎=𝑓(𝑧,𝑎), for all 𝑎∈𝑁. Which of the following binary operations have an identity?
I. 𝑓(𝑥,𝑦)=𝑥+𝑦−3
II. 𝑓(𝑥,𝑦)=max(𝑥,𝑦)
III. 𝑓(𝑥,𝑦)=𝑥𝑦
A. I and II only
B. II and III only
C. I and III only
D. None of these

47. Let 𝑆={1,2,3,…,𝑚},𝑚>3. Let 𝑋1,…,𝑋𝑛 be subsets of 𝑆 each of size 3. Define a function 𝑓 from 𝑆 to the set of
natural numbers as, 𝑓(𝑖) is the number of sets 𝑋𝑗 that contain the element 𝑖. That is 𝑓(𝑖)=|
{𝑗∣𝑖∈𝑋𝑗}| then ∑𝑖=1𝑚𝑓(𝑖) is:
A. 3𝑚
B. 3𝑛
C. 2𝑚+1
D. 2𝑛+1

48. Let 𝐸,𝐹 and 𝐺 be finite sets. Let

 𝑋=(𝐸∩𝐹)−(𝐹∩𝐺) and
 𝑌=(𝐸−(𝐸∩𝐺))−(𝐸−𝐹).
Which one of the following is true?
A. 𝑋⊂𝑌
B. 𝑋⊃𝑌
C. 𝑋=𝑌 Using Venn Diagram
D. 𝑋−𝑌≠∅ and Y-X ≠∅

49. Let 𝑋,𝑌,𝑍 be sets of sizes 𝑥,𝑦 and 𝑧 respectively. Let 𝑊=𝑋×𝑌 and 𝐸 be the set of all subsets of 𝑊. The number
of functions from 𝑍 to 𝐸 is
A. 𝑧2𝑥𝑦 C. 𝑧2𝑥+𝑦
B. 𝑧 × 2𝑥𝑦 D. 2𝑥𝑦𝑧
50. Let 𝐴,𝐵 and 𝐶 be non-empty sets and let 𝑋=(𝐴−𝐵)−𝐶 and 𝑌=(𝐴−𝐶)−(𝐵−𝐶). Which one of the following is
TRUE?
A. 𝑋=𝑌
B. 𝑋⊂𝑌
C. 𝑌⊂𝑋
D. None of these
51. In a class of 200 students, 125 students have taken Programming Language course, 85 students have taken
Data Structures course, 65 students have taken Computer Organization course; 50 students have taken both
Programming Language and Data Structures, 35 students have taken both Programming Language and
Computer Organization; 30 students have taken both Data Structures and Computer Organization, 15 students
have taken all the three courses.
How many students have not taken any of the three courses?
A. 15
B. 20
C. 25
 D. 30
52. A partial order ≤ is defined on the set 𝑆={𝑥,𝑎1,𝑎2,…,𝑎𝑛,𝑦} as 𝑥 ≤𝑖 𝑎𝑖 for all 𝑖 and 𝑎𝑖≤𝑦 for all 𝑖, where 𝑛≥1.
The number of total orders on the set S which contain the partial order ≤ is
A. 𝑛! C. 𝑛
B. 𝑛+2 D. 1
53. Let 𝑋={2,3,6,12,24}, Let ≤ be the partial order defined by 𝑋≤𝑌 if 𝑥 divides 𝑦. Number of edges in the Hasse
diagram of (𝑋,≤) is
A. 3 C. 9
B. 4 D. None of the above
24
/
12
/
6
/ \
2 3

54. Let 𝐴 and 𝐵 be sets and let 𝐴𝑐 and 𝐵𝑐 denote the complements of the sets 𝐴 and 𝐵. The
set (𝐴−𝐵)∪(𝐵−𝐴)∪(𝐴∩𝐵) is equal to
A. 𝐴∪𝐵 C. 𝐴∩𝐵
B. 𝐴𝑐∪𝐵𝑐 D. 𝐴𝑐∩𝐵𝑐
55. The number of elements in the power set 𝑃(𝑆) of the set 𝑆={{∅},1,{2,3}} is:
A. 2 C. 8  2^3
B. 4 D. None of the above
56. Let A be a finite set of size n. The number of elements in the power set of 𝐴×𝐴 is:
A. 22^𝑛
B. 2𝑛^2
C. (2𝑛)2
D. (22)𝑛
E. None of the above

57. Let 𝑆 be an infinite set and 𝑆1…,𝑆𝑛 be sets such that 𝑆1∪𝑆2∪⋯∪𝑆𝑛=𝑆. Then
A. at least one of the sets 𝑆𝑖 is a finite set
B. not more than one of the sets 𝑆𝑖 can be finite
C. at least one of the sets 𝑆𝑖 is an infinite
D. not more than one of the sets 𝑆𝑖 can be infinite
E. None of the above

58. Let 𝑓:𝐴→𝐵 a function, and let E and F be subsets of 𝐴. Consider the following statements about images.
 𝑆1:𝑓(𝐸∪𝐹)=𝑓(𝐸)∪𝑓(𝐹)
 𝑆2:𝑓(𝐸∩𝐹)=𝑓(𝐸)∩𝑓(𝐹)
Which of the following is true about S1 and S2?
A. Only 𝑆1 is correct
B. Only 𝑆2 is correct
C. Both 𝑆1 and 𝑆2 are correct
D. None of 𝑆1 and 𝑆2 is correct

59. Consider the set of integers {1,2,3,4,6,8,12,24} together with the two binary operations LCM (lowest common
multiple) and GCD (greatest common divisor). Which of the following algebraic structures does this
represent?
 A. group C. field
B. ring D. lattice
Ring is set with 2 operations such that (𝐴,+,∗)
1. (𝐴,+) should be an abelian group.
2. (𝐴,∗) should be a semigroup.
3. ∗ should be distributed over +
Field (𝐴,+,∗) :
1. (𝐴,+) should be an abelian group.
2. (𝐴−𝑒,∗) should be an abelian group here 𝑒 is identity element.
3. ∗ should be distributed over +.
Group (𝐴,𝐿𝐶𝑀):
1. Associative
2. Should have an identity.
3. Inverse.
In Question 𝐴={1,2,3,4,6,8,12,14} and operations are LCM , GCD
(A,LCM) is associative = (a LCM b)LCM c = a LCM (b LCM c)
identity = 1.
but there does not exist Inverse of elements.
so this is not a group. that means it cant be abelian group then it also not be group and field so
Ans: Lattice(D)
60. Consider the following statements:
 𝑆1: There exists infinite sets 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶 such that 𝐴∩(𝐵∪𝐶) is finite.
 𝑆2: There exists two irrational numbers 𝑥 and y such that (𝑥+𝑦) is rational.
Which of the following is true about 𝑆1 and 𝑆2?
A. Only 𝑆1 is correct
B. Only 𝑆2 is correct
C. Both 𝑆1 and 𝑆2 are correct
D. None of 𝑆1 and 𝑆2 is correct

61. Let 𝑅 be the set of all binary relations on the set {1,2,3}. Suppose a relation is chosen from 𝑅 at random. The
probability that the chosen relation is reflexive (round off to 3 decimal places) is __0.125____.
No. of relations on set 𝐴 with 𝑛 elements =2𝑛∗𝑛
There are 𝑛 reflexive pairs, and 𝑛2−𝑛 non-reflexive pairs
2

2n −n
Probability that a chosen relation is reflexive  2  2^6 / 2^9  0.125
2n
62. Let 𝐺 be an arbitrary group. Consider the following relations on 𝐺:
 𝑅1: ∀𝑎,𝑏 ∈𝐺,𝑎𝑅1𝑏 if and only if ∃𝑔 ∈ 𝐺 such that 𝑎=𝑔−1𝑏𝑔
 𝑅2: ∀𝑎,𝑏 ∈𝐺,𝑎𝑅2𝑏 if and only if 𝑎=𝑏−1
Which of the above is/are equivalence relation/relations?
A. 𝑅1 and 𝑅2 C. 𝑅2 only
B. 𝑅1 only D. Neither 𝑅1 nor
R2 is not Reflexive.
-R1 is Reflexive.means
 we have to prove a= g^-1 .a .g for some g belonging to group
Since , identity element belong to every group.
For g=identity element(e).
[e^-1=e
e.a=a.e=a]
So, g^-1 .a . g = e^-1 .a . e = e . a = a
Hence, for all a there exist g( an identity element) such that a= g^-1 . a .g
- R1 is symmetric
Given: a= g^-1 .b . g and g belongs to the group.
To Prove: b = k^-1 . a . k for k belonging to group.
Premultiplying with g
g.a = g.g^-1.b.g= b.g
Postmultiplying with g^-1
g .a. g^-1= b.g.g^-1= b
implies
b= g.a.g^-1
g can be written as (g^-1)^-1
b=(g^-1)^-1 . a . g^-1
for k= g^-1
Since, g belongs to group g^-1 also belongs to group and hence k belongs to group
b= k^-1 . a . k
Hence, if there exist g such that a=g^-1.b.g
then there also exist g'(which is g^-1) such that b= g'^-1.a.g'

63. Let 𝑅 be the relation on the set of positive integers such that 𝑎𝑅𝑏 and only if 𝑎 and 𝑏 are distinct and let have a
common divisor other than 1. Which one of the following statements about 𝑅 is true?
A. 𝑅 is symmetric and reflexive but not transitive
B. 𝑅 is reflexive but not symmetric not transitive
C. 𝑅 is transitive but not reflexive and not symmetric
D. 𝑅 is symmetric but not reflexive and not transitive

64. Consider the binary relation 𝑅={(𝑥,𝑦),(𝑥,𝑧),(𝑧,𝑥),(𝑧,𝑦)} on the set {𝑥,𝑦,𝑧}. Which one of the following
is TRUE?
A. 𝑅 is symmetric but NOT antisymmetric
B. 𝑅 is NOT symmetric but antisymmetric
C. 𝑅 is both symmetric and antisymmetric
D. 𝑅 is neither symmetric nor antisymmetric

65. A relation 𝑅 is defined on ordered pairs of integers as follows:(𝑥,𝑦)𝑅(𝑢,𝑣)

if 𝑥<𝑢 and 𝑦>𝑣Then 𝑅 is:
A. Neither a Partial Order nor an Equivalence Relation
B. A Partial Order but not a Total Order
C. A total Order
D. An Equivalence Relation

66. Let 𝑅1 be a relation from 𝐴={1,3,5,7} to 𝐵={2,4,6,8} and 𝑅2 be another relation from 𝐵 to 𝐶={1,2,3,4} as
defined below:
An element 𝑥 in 𝐴 is related to an element 𝑦 in 𝐵 (under 𝑅1) if 𝑥+𝑦 is divisible by 3.
An element 𝑥 in 𝐵 is related to an element 𝑦 in 𝐶 (under 𝑅2) if 𝑥+𝑦 is even but not divisible by 3.
Which is the composite relation 𝑅1𝑅2 from 𝐴 to 𝐶?
A. 𝑅1𝑅2={(1,2),(1,4),(3,3),(5,4),(7,3)}
B. 𝑅1𝑅2={(1,2),(1,3),(3,2),(5,2),(7,3)}
C. 𝑅1𝑅2={(1,2),(3,2),(3,4),(5,4),(7,2)}
D. 𝑅1𝑅2={(3,2),(3,4),(5,1),(5,3),(7,1)}
67. The binary relation 𝑆=𝜙(empty set) on a set 𝐴={1,2,3} is
A. Neither reflexive nor symmetric
 B. Symmetric and reflexive
C. Transitive and reflexive
D. Transitive and symmetric

68. A relation 𝑅 is defined on the set of integers as 𝑥𝑅𝑦 iff (𝑥+𝑦) is even. Which of the following statements is
true?
A. 𝑅 is not an equivalence relation
B. 𝑅 is an equivalence relation having 1 equivalence class
C. 𝑅 is an equivalence relation having 2 equivalence classes
D. 𝑅 is an equivalence relation having 3 equivalence classes

69. The number of binary relations on a set with 𝑛 elements is:

A. 𝑛2
B. 2𝑛
C. 2𝑛2  max number of elements in a binary relation on a set of n elements = n x n = n^2
D. None of the above

70. The binary relation 𝑅={(1,1),(2,1),(2,2),(2,3),(2,4),(3,1),(3,2),(3,3),(3,4)} on the set 𝐴={1,2,3,4} is

A. reflexive, symmetric and transitive
B. neither reflexive, nor irreflexive but transitive
C. irreflexive, symmetric and transitive
D. irreflexive and antisymmetric

71. Let 𝑅1 and 𝑅2 be two equivalence relations on a set. Consider the following assertions:
 𝑅1∪𝑅2 is an equivalence relation
 𝑅1∩𝑅2 is an equivalence relation
Which of the following is correct?
A. Both assertions are true
B. Assertions (i) is true but assertions (ii) is not true
C. Assertions (ii) is true but assertions (i) is not true
D. Neither (i) nor (ii) is true

72. Suppose 𝐴 is a finite set with 𝑛 elements. The number of elements in the largest equivalence relation of A is
A. 𝑛
B. 𝑛2  The largest equivalence relation will be when every element is related to every other element
C. 1
D. 𝑛+1

73. The number of equivalence relations of the set {1,2,3,4} is

A. 15 copy and add strategy C. 24
B. 16 D. 4
74. Let 𝑅 be a non-empty relation on a collection of sets defined by 𝐴𝑅𝐵 if and only if 𝐴∩𝐵=𝜙. Then, (pick the
true statement)
A. 𝐴 is reflexive and transitive
B. 𝑅 is symmetric and not transitive
C. 𝑅 is an equivalence relation
D. 𝑅 is not reflexive and not symmetric

75. Let 𝑅 be a symmetric and transitive relation on a set 𝐴. Then

A. 𝑅 is reflexive and hence an equivalence C. 𝑅 is reflexive and hence not an
relation equivalence relation
B. 𝑅 is reflexive and hence a partial order D. None of the above
 76. The less-than relation, <, on reals is
A. a partial ordering since it is asymmetric and reflexive
B. a partial ordering since it is antisymmetric and reflexive
C. not a partial ordering because it is not asymmetric and not reflexive
D. not a partial ordering because it is not antisymmetric and reflexive
E. none of the above

77. If 𝑔(𝑥)=1−𝑥 and ℎ(𝑥)=𝑥/(𝑥−1), then 𝑔(ℎ(𝑥)) / ℎ(𝑔(𝑥)) is:

A. ℎ(𝑥)/𝑔(𝑥)  Putting values
B. −1/𝑥
C. 𝑔(𝑥)/ℎ(𝑥)
D. 𝑥/(1−𝑥)2

78. The number of functions from an 𝑚 element set to an 𝑛 element set is

A. 𝑚+𝑛
B. 𝑚𝑛
C. 𝑛𝑚
D. 𝑚∗𝑛

79. Suppose 𝑋 and 𝑌 are sets and |𝑋| and |𝑌| are their respective cardinality. It is given that there are
exactly 97 functions from 𝑋 to 𝑌. From this one can conclude that
A. |𝑋|=1,|𝑌|=97  y^x
B. |𝑋|=97,|𝑌|=1
C. |𝑋|=97,|𝑌|=97
D. None of the above

80. Let 𝐴 and 𝐵 be sets with cardinalities 𝑚 and 𝑛 respectively. The number of one-one mappings from 𝐴 to 𝐵,
when 𝑚<𝑛, is
A. 𝑚𝑛
B. 𝑛𝑃𝑚
C. 𝑚𝐶𝑛
D. 𝑛𝐶𝑚
E. 𝑚𝑃𝑛

81. Let 𝑎𝑛 be the number of 𝑛-bit strings that do NOT contain two consecutive 1′𝑠. Which one of the following is
the recurrence relation for 𝑎𝑛?
A. 𝑎n=𝑎𝑛−1+2𝑎𝑛−2
B. 𝑎𝑛=𝑎𝑛−1+𝑎𝑛−2
C. 𝑎𝑛=2𝑎𝑛−1+𝑎𝑛−2
D. 𝑎𝑛=2𝑎𝑛−1+2𝑎𝑛−2

82. The Lucas sequence 𝐿𝑛 is defined by the recurrence relation:

𝐿𝑛=𝐿𝑛−1+𝐿𝑛−2, for 𝑛≥3,
with 𝐿1=1 and 𝐿2=3.
Which one of the options given is TRUE?
A. 𝐿𝑛=(1+√5/2)𝑛 + (1−√5/2)𝑛
B. 𝐿𝑛=(1+√5/2)𝑛 − (1−√5/3)𝑛
C. 𝐿𝑛=(1+√5/2)𝑛 + (1−√5/3)𝑛
D. 𝐿𝑛=(1+√5/2)𝑛 − (1−√5/2)𝑛

83. The number of 4 digit numbers having their digits in non-decreasing order (from left to right) constructed by
using the digits belonging to the set {1,2,3} is ___15_____.

The resultant table will be as follows-

 1 digit 2 digit 3 digit 4 digit
1𝑠𝑡 element (1) 1 3 6 10
2𝑛𝑑 element (2) 1 2 3 4
3𝑟𝑑 element (3) 1 1 1 1

84. There are 6 jobs with distinct difficulty levels, and 3 computers with distinct processing speeds. Each job is
assigned to a computer such that:
 The fastest computer gets the toughest job and the slowest computer gets the easiest job.
 Every computer gets at least one job.
The number of ways in which this can be done is ____65_______.
Let 𝐶1 be the fastest and 𝐶3 be the slowest computers.
These two are assigned two jobs. Now out of the remaining 4 jobs we need to ensure 𝐶2 gets at least 1. Without
this constraint we can assign 4 jobs to 3 computers in 34=81 ways. Out of these 81 ways 24=16 will be having
no jobs for 𝐶2.

85. The number of divisors of 2100 is ____.

2100
/ \
2 1050
/ \
2 525
/ \
3 175
/ \
5 35
/\
5 7

86. The number of bit strings of length 8 that will either start with 1 or end with 00 is?
A. 32 C. 160
B. 128 D. 192
A => Start with 1; 1 place is fixed, therefore (8-1) = 7; 7 places can take two choices 0 and 1, so 2^7 = 128
B => Ends with 00; 2 places is fixed, therefore (8-2) = 6; 6 places can take two choices 0 and 1, so 2^6 = 64
|A intersect B| => Start with 1; and end with 00; 3 places is fixed, therefore (8-3) = 6; 5 places can take two choices
0 and 1, so 2^5 = 32
As per subtraction rule A and B are not disjoint sets so the intersection part needs to be subtracted.
which is 128+64-32 = 160, the answer.

87. In how many ways can 𝑏 blue balls and 𝑟 red balls be distributed in 𝑛 distinct boxes?
A. (𝑛+𝑏−1)!(𝑛+𝑟−1)! / (𝑛−1)!𝑏!(𝑛−1)!𝑟!
B. (𝑛+(𝑏+𝑟)−1)! / (𝑛−1)!(𝑛−1)!(𝑏+𝑟)!
C. 𝑛! / 𝑏!𝑟!
D. (𝑛+(𝑏+𝑟)−1)! / 𝑛!(𝑏+𝑟−1)

88. N couples are invited to a party with the condition that every husband should be accompanied by his wife.
However, a wife need not be accompanied by her husband. The number of different gatherings possible at the
party is
A. 2𝑛C𝑛×2𝑛 C. (2𝑛)! / 2𝑛
B. 3𝑛 D. 2𝑛Cn
Possible outcome for a couple:
1. only wife comes
2. both husband and wife come
3. neither husband nor wife comes
89. Let 𝐴 be a sequence of 8 distinct integers sorted in ascending order. How many distinct pairs of
sequences, 𝐵 and 𝐶 are there such that
i. each is sorted in ascending order,
ii. 𝐵 has 5 and 𝐶 has 3 elements, and
iii. the result of merging 𝐵 and 𝐶 gives 𝐴
A. 2
B. 30
8
C. 56 C5 ways
D. 256

90. The minimum number of cards to be dealt from an arbitrarily shuffled deck of 52 cards to guarantee that three
cards are from same suit is
A. 3 C. 9  Apply pigeonhole Principle
B. 8 D. 1

91. The number of binary strings of 𝑛 zeros and 𝑘 ones in which no two ones are adjacent is
A. 𝑛−1𝐶𝑘
B. 𝑛𝐶𝑘
C. 𝑛𝐶𝑘+1
D. None of the above  n+1Ck

92. How many sub strings of different lengths (non-zero) can be formed from a character string of length 𝑛?
A. 𝑛
B. 𝑛2
C. 2𝑛
D. 𝑛(𝑛+1) / 2

93. The number of substrings (of all lengths inclusive) that can be formed from a character string of length 𝑛 is
A. 𝑛
B. 𝑛2
C. 𝑛(𝑛−1) / 2
D. 𝑛(𝑛+1) / 2

94. How many 4-digit even numbers have all 4 digits distinct?
A. 2240
B. 2296
C. 2620
D. 4536

95. The number of ways in which 5𝐴′𝑠,5𝐵′𝑠 and 5𝐶′𝑠 can be arranged in a row is:
A. 15!/(5!)3  Use permutation with repetitions formula
B. 15!
C. (15/5)
D. 15!(5!3!)

96. When six unbiased dice are rolled simultaneously, the probability of getting all distinct numbers (𝑖.𝑒.,1,2,3,4,5,
and 6) is
A. 1/324
B. 5/324  6!/ 6^6
C. 7/324
D. 11/324
97. Let 𝐴 and 𝐵 be two events in a probability space with 𝑃(𝐴)=0.3,𝑃(𝐵)=0.5, and 𝑃(𝐴∩𝐵)=0.1. Which of the
following statements is/are TRUE?
A. The two events 𝐴 and 𝐵 are independent
B. 𝑃(𝐴∪𝐵)=0.7
C. 𝑃(𝐴∩𝐵𝑐)=0.2, where 𝐵𝑐 is the complement of the event 𝐵
D. 𝑃(𝐴𝑐∩𝐵𝑐)=0.4, where 𝐴𝑐 and 𝐵𝑐 are the complements of the events 𝐴 and 𝐵, respectively

98. Consider a permutation sampled uniformly at random from the set of all permutations of {1,2,3,⋯,𝑛} for some
𝑛≥4. Let 𝑋 be the event that 1 occurs before 2 in the permutation, and 𝑌 the event that 3 occurs before 4.
Which one of the following statements is TRUE?
A. The events 𝑋 and 𝑌 are mutually exclusive
B. The events 𝑋 and 𝑌 are independent
C. Either event 𝑋 or 𝑌 must occur
D. Event 𝑋 is more likely than event

99. For a given biased coin, the probability that the outcome of a toss is a head is 0.4. This coin is
tossed 1,000 times. Let 𝑋 denote the random variable whose value is the number of times that head appeared
in these 1,000 tosses. The standard deviation of 𝑋 (rounded to 2 decimal place) is ___15.0 – 16.0______
It is Independent trails with same rate of success. So, we can use Binomial distribution
Probability of success (𝑝)=0.4
Probability of failure (𝑞)=1–0.4=0.6
Number of trials (𝑛)=1000
Variance =𝑛×𝑝×𝑞=1000∗0.4∗0.6=240
Standard deviation = √240 = 15.49

100. The lifetime of a component of a certain type is a random variable whose probability density function
is exponentially distributed with parameter 2. For a randomly picked component of this type, the probability
that its lifetime exceeds the expected lifetime (rounded to 2 decimal places) is ____________.
Independent of parameter given 𝜆=2 , answer is e-1.  0.367

101. A class of 30 students occupy a classroom containing 5 rows of seats, with 8 seats in each row. If the
students seat themselves at random, the probability that sixth seat in the fifth row will be empty is:
A. 1/5
B. 1/3
C. 1/4  39C30 / 40C30
D. 2/5

102. Two people, 𝑃 and 𝑄, decide to independently roll two identical dice, each with 6 faces,
numbered 1 to 6. The person with the lower number wins. In case of a tie, they roll the dice repeatedly until
there is no tie. Define a trial as a throw of the dice by 𝑃 and 𝑄. Assume that all 6 numbers on each dice are
equi-probable and that all trials are independent. The probability (rounded to 3 decimal places) that one of
them wins on the third trial is ____
1st trail
Collision in first will have cases 1,1 2,2 3,3 4,4 5,5 6,6 So total 6 cases
Probability = 6/36 = 1/6
2nd trail
Collision will have cases 1,1 2,2 3,3 4,4 5,5 6,6 So total 6 cases
Probability = 6/36 = 1/6
3rd trial
Anyone of them, wins means no collision
So Probability = 1-1/6 = 5/6
So As they all are independent cases so the answer is 1/6*1/6*5/6  0.023
103. Let 𝑋 be a Gaussian random variable with mean 0 and variance 𝜎2.
Let 𝑌 = max(𝑋,0) where max(𝑎,𝑏) is the maximum of 𝑎 and 𝑏. The median of 𝑌 is ______________ .
We can solve this by Simple Reasoning, that Median is Either X or 0 (Zero if X is negative) and it's given that X is
Gaussian Random Variable, if a Random Variable is Gaussian then it's Distribution is Gaussian/Normal Distribution.
So it's Normal Distribution and It's also given that Mean is 0, when mean is 0, Median is 0 always.

104. Suppose that a shop has an equal number of LED bulbs of two different types. The probability of an
LED bulb lasting more than 100 hours given that it is of Type 1 is 0.7, and given that it is of Type 2 is 0.4. The
probability that an LED bulb chosen uniformly at random lasts more than 100 hours is _________.

by using rule of total probability

p(>100 hrs.) = p(type 1)*p(>100hrs/type1) + p(type 2)*p(>100hrs/type2)
=(1/2)*(0.7) + (1/2)*(0.4) =0.55

105. A probability density function on the interval [𝑎,1] is given by 1/𝑥2 and outside this interval the value
of the function is zero. The value of 𝑎 is _________.
We know that the sum of all the probabilities is 1
Therefore, on integrating 1𝑥2 with limits a to 1, the result should be 1.
Hence, ∫𝑎1 1/𝑥2𝑑𝑥=1
[−1/𝑥] 𝑎1 =1
−1+1/𝑎 = 1
Hence, a = 0.5

106. The probability that two friends are born in the same month is ___?
A. 1/6
B. 1/12
C. 1/144
D. 1/24
Let the first friend be born in any of the 12 months. For the second friend we have 12 cases and only 1 is
favourable. So, probability = 12/12 * 1/12  12/144  1/12

107. Each of the nine words in the sentence "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog” is written on a
separate piece of paper. These nine pieces of paper are kept in a box. One of the pieces is drawn at random
from the box. The expected length of the word drawn is ______3.9_______. (The answer should be rounded
to one decimal place.)
let X be random variable denoting length of word drawn. We have to calculate E(X)
there are 4 words of length 3, 2 words of length 4 and 3 words of length 5
probability of choosing a word of length 3 = 4/9
probability of choosing a word of length 4 = 2/9
probability of choosing a word of length 5 = 3/9
E(X) = (4/9)x3 + (2/9)x4 + (3/9)x5 = 3.9

108. The security system at an IT office is composed of 10 computers of which exactly four are working. To
check whether the system is functional, the officials inspect four of the computers picked at random (without
replacement). The system is deemed functional if at least three of the four computers inspected are working.
Let the probability that the system is deemed functional be denoted by 𝑝. Then 100𝑝= _____________.
all are working +3 Working and 1 not working
⇒(1 / 10𝐶4) + (4𝐶3 × 6𝐶1)/ 10𝐶4
  p = 25/ 210  100p = 11.90
109. Suppose you break a stick of unit length at a point chosen uniformly at random. Then the expected
length of the shorter stick is ____0.25____ .

Let 𝑋 = Length of Shorter Stick

⟹0<𝑋<1/2⟹𝑋 follows Uniform Distribution over (0,1/2)
We know, In uniform distribution, the mean (first moment) of the distribution is:
𝐸(𝑋)=1/2(𝑏+𝑎).
Hence, the expected length of the shorter stick is = 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 = 𝐸[𝑋] = (𝑏+𝑎)/ 2= (0+1/2)/2 = 1/4 = 0.25

110. Let 𝑃(𝐸) denote the probability of the occurrence of event 𝐸. If 𝑃(𝐴)=0.5 and 𝑃(𝐵)=1 then the values
of 𝑃(𝐴|𝐵) and 𝑃(𝐵|𝐴) respectively are
A. 0.5,0.25
B. 0.25,0.5
C. 0.5,1
D. 1,0.5
P(A)= 0.5
P(B)=1
Here there is no dependency in event A and B.
So P(A ∩ B) = P(A) * P(B)
P(A/B)= probability of occurrence of event A when B has already occurred
= P(A ∩ B) / P(B)
= (0.5 * 1) /1 = 0.5
P(B/A)= probability of occurrence of event B when A has already occurred
= P(B ∩ A) / P(A)
= (1 * 0.5) / 0.5 = 1

111. If two fair coins are flipped and at least one of the outcomes is known to be a head, what is the
probability that both outcomes are heads?
A. (1/3)
B. (1/4)
C. (1/2)
D. (2/3)
When two coins are flipped, sample space is {HH, HT, TH, TT}
Now if it is known that at least one of them is head then, reduced sample space will be --> { HH, HT, TH}
In this reduced sample space only one sample point fulfilling the criteria( both are heads HH) hence required
probability is 1/3

112. A sample space has two events 𝐴 and 𝐵 such that probabilities 𝑃(𝐴∩𝐵) = 1/2 , 𝑃(𝐴′) =1/3 , 𝑃(𝐵′) = 1/3
What is 𝑃(𝐴∪𝐵) ?
A. (11/12)
B. (10/12)  P(A)+ P(B) – P(A∩B)
C. (9/12)
D. (8/12)

113. Suppose 𝑝 is the number of cars per minute passing through a certain road junction between 5 PM
and 6 PM, and 𝑝 has a Poisson distribution with mean 3. What is the probability of observing fewer
than 3 cars during any given minute in this interval?

A. 8/(2𝑒3) C. 17/(2𝑒3)
B. 9/(2𝑒3) D. 26/(2𝑒3)
 Poisson Probability Mass function  𝜆 k / (e 𝜆 * k !)
114. Consider a random variable 𝑋 that takes values +1 and −1 with probability 0.5 each. The values of the
cumulative distribution function 𝐹(𝑥) at 𝑥=−1 and +1 are
A. 0 and 0.5
B. 0 and 1
C. 0.5 and 1
D. 0.25 and 0.75
F(X) is the cumulative distribution function and let P is the probability and given X is random variable so

The formula for cumulative distribution function is F(X)=P(X<=x)

F(-1)=P(X<=-1)
= P(x=-1) =0.5
and F(1)=P(X<=1)
=P(x=-1)+P(x=1)
=0.5 + 0.5 =1
115. If the difference between the expectation of the square of a random variable (𝐸[𝑋2]) and the square of
the expectation of the random variable (𝐸[𝑋])2 is denoted by 𝑅, then
A. 𝑅=0
B. 𝑅<0
C. 𝑅≥0
D. 𝑅>0
The difference between (𝐸[𝑋2]) and (𝐸[𝑋])2 is called variance of a random variable. Variance measures how far a set of numbers
is spread out. (A variance of zero indicates that all the values are identical.) A non-zero variance is always positive.

116. An unbalanced dice (with 6 faces, numbered from 1 to 6) is thrown. The probability that the face value
is odd is 90% of the probability that the face value is even. The probability of getting any even numbered face
is the same. If the probability that the face is even given that it is greater than 3 is 0.75, which one of the
following options is closest to the probability that the face value exceeds 3?
A. 0.453
B. 0.468
C. 0.485
D. 0.492

 P1+P2+P3+P4+P5+P6=1
 P1+P3+P5=90 / 100(P2+P4+P6)
 P2=P4=P6
 P4+P6=75/100(P4+P5+P6)
Calculations:
 P2+P4+P6=3P2
 P1+P3+P5=1−3P2
 P1+P3+P5=90/100⋅3P2
 1−3P2=90/100⋅3P2
 P2=10/57
 P4=10/57
 P6=10/57
 P5=20/171
Hence the probability that the face value exceeds 33 is 10/57+20/171+10/57=80/171
117. Company X shipped 5 computer chips, 1 of which was defective. and company Y shipped 4 computer
chips, 2 of which were defective. One computer chip is to be chosen uniformly at a random from the 9 chips
shipped by the companies. If the chosen chip is found to be defective, what is the probability that the chip
came from the company Y?
A. 2/9
B. 4/9
C. 2/3
D. 1/2

118. Suppose there are two coins. The first coin gives heads with probability 5/8 when tossed, while the
second coin gives heads with probability ¼ . One of the two coins is picked up at random with equal
probability and tossed. What is the probability of obtaining heads?
A. (7/8)
B. (1/2)
C. (7/16) by using rule of total probility p(head) =(1/2)*(5/8) + (1/2)*(1/4) = 7/16
D. (5/32)

119. Suppose we uniformly and randomly select a permutation from the 20! permutations of 1,2,3…,20.
What is the probability that 2 appears at an earlier position than any other even number in the selected
permutation?
A. (1/2)
B. (1/10)
C. (9! / 20!)
D. None of these
There are 10 even numbers (2,4…20) possible as the one in the earliest position and all of these are equally likely. So,
the probability of 2 becoming the earliest is simply 1/10.

120. When a coin is tossed, the probability of getting a Head is 𝑝,0<𝑝<1. Let 𝑁 be the random variable
denoting the number of tosses till the first Head appears, including the toss where the Head appears. Assuming
that successive tosses are independent, the expected value of 𝑁 is
A. 1/𝑝 C. 1/𝑝2
B. 1/(1−𝑝) D. 1/(1−𝑝2)
P(Head) = p So, E(N) = 1/p
121. In a certain town, the probability that it will rain in the afternoon is known to be 0.6. Moreover,
meteorological data indicates that if the temperature at noon is less than or equal to 25°𝐶, the probability that
it will rain in the afternoon is 0.4. The temperature at noon is equally likely to be above 25°𝐶, or
at/below 25°𝐶. What is the probability that it will rain in the afternoon on a day when the temperature at noon
is above 25°𝐶?
A. 0.4
B. 0.6
C. 0.8
D. 0.9
Given P(Rain in noon) =0.6 (This is total probability given).
"The temperature at noon is equally likely to be above 25°C, or at/below 25°C."
means P(Temp less than or 25) = P(Temp >25) =0.5

P(Rain in noon) = P(Temp ≤ 25) * P(Rain | Temp ≤ 25) + P(Temp > 25) * P(Rain| Temp > 25)
0.6= (0.5*0.4) + (0.5*X)

122. For each element in a set of size 2𝑛, an unbiased coin is tossed. The 2𝑛 coin tosses are independent. An
element is chosen if the corresponding coin toss was a head. The probability that exactly 𝑛 elements are
chosen is
A. 2𝑛C𝑛 / 4𝑛
B. 2𝑛C𝑛 / 2𝑛
C. 1 / 2𝑛C𝑛
D. 1 / 2
Ways of getting 𝑛 heads out of 2𝑛 tries =2𝑛𝐶𝑛.
Probability of getting exactly 𝑛-heads and 𝑛-tails =(1/2𝑛).(1/2𝑛)
Number of ways = 2𝑛C𝑛 / 4𝑛

123. A bag contains 10 blue marbles, 20 green marbles and 30 red marbles. A marble is drawn from the bag,
its colour recorded and it is put back in the bag. This process is repeated 3 times. The probability that no two
of the marbles drawn have the same colour is
A. (1/36)
B. (1/6)
C. (1/4)
D. (1/3)
10/20 * 20/60 * 30/60 =1/6

124. Let 𝑓(𝑥) be the continuous probability density function of a random variable 𝑥, the probability
that 𝑎<𝑥≤𝑏, is :
A. 𝑓(𝑏−𝑎)
B. 𝑓(𝑏) − 𝑓(𝑎)
C. ∫𝑎𝑏𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
 D. ∫𝑎𝑏𝑥𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥

125. In a population of 𝑁 families, 50% of the families have three children, 30% of the families have two
children and the remaining families have one child. What is the probability that a randomly picked child
belongs to a family with two children?
A. (3/23)
B. (6/23)
C. (3/10)
D. (3/5)
50 families have three children(150 child's),
30 families have two children(60 childs)
and remaining 20 families have one child(20 childs).
So ,Probability that a randomly picked child belongs to a family with two children 60/(150+60+20)
= 60/230 = 6/23
126. If a fair coin is tossed four times. What is the probability that two heads and two tails will result?
4
A. 3/8 C2 / 2^4
B. 1/2
C. 5/8
D. 3/4

127. Let 𝑃(𝐸) denote the probability of the event 𝐸. Given 𝑃(𝐴)=1, 𝑃(𝐵)=1/2 , the values of 𝑃(𝐴∣𝐵) and
𝑃(𝐵∣𝐴) respectively are
A. (1/4 ),(1/2 )
B. (1/2),(1/4)
C. (1/2),1
D. 1, (1/2)
P(A|B) = P(A intersection B)/ P(B)  ½ / ½  1
P(B/A) = P(A intersection B)/ P(A)  ½ / 1  1/2

128. Four fair coins are tossed simultaneously. The probability that at least one head and one tail turn up is
A. 1/16
B. 1/8
C. 7/8
D. 15/16
Total outcomes - 24 (Because 4 coins are tossed simultaneously and each coin has 2 outcomes-either head or tail)
Now out of this 16 outcomes, one will be all HHHH(all heads) and other will be all TTTT(all tails) rest 14 outcomes will have
atleast one head and one tail.
So, probability, favourable events/total outcome  14/16 = 7/8

129. E1 and 𝐸2 are events in a probability space satisfying the following constraints:
 𝑃𝑟(𝐸1) = 𝑃𝑟(𝐸2)
 𝑃𝑟(𝐸1∪𝐸2) = 1
 𝐸1 and 𝐸2 are independent
The value of 𝑃𝑟(𝐸1), the probability of the event 𝐸1, is
A. 0 C. 1/2
B. 1/4 D. 1
Let probability of Event 𝐸1=𝑥= prob of 𝐸2
prob(𝐸1∪𝐸2)= prob(𝐸1)+ prob(𝐸2)− prob(𝐸1∩𝐸2)
1=𝑥+𝑥−𝑥2 (prob(𝐸1 intersect 𝐸2) = prob(𝐸1)× prob(𝐸2) as events are independent)  x=1
130. Consider two events 𝐸1 and 𝐸2 such that probability of 𝐸1, 𝑃𝑟[𝐸1]=1/2 , probability
of 𝐸2, 𝑃𝑟[𝐸2]=1/3 , and probability of 𝐸1, and 𝐸2, 𝑃𝑟[𝐸1𝑎𝑛𝑑𝐸2]=1/5 . Which of the following statements
is/are true?
A. 𝑃𝑟[𝐸1or𝐸2] is 2/3
B. Events 𝐸1 and 𝐸2 are independent
C. Events 𝐸1 and 𝐸2 are not independent
D. 𝑃𝑟[𝐸1∣𝐸2]=4/5

131. Suppose that the expectation of a random variable 𝑋 is 5. Which of the following statements is true?
A. There is a sample point at which 𝑋 has the value 5.
B. There is a sample point at which 𝑋 has value greater than 5.
C. There is a sample point at which 𝑋 has a value greater than equal to 5.
D. None of the above.

132. A die is rolled three times. The probability that exactly one odd number turns up among the three
outcomes is
A. 1/6
B. 3/8
C. 1/8
D. 1/2
We can have exactly one odd number.
We can get (odd,even,even ) + (even,odd,even) + (even,even,odd)
Favourable case = 3x3x3+3x3x3+3x3x3
Total sample space=216
Probability=3(3x3x3)/216  which gives 3/8

133. The probability that it will rain today is 0.5. The probability that it will rain tomorrow is 0.6. The
probability that it will rain either today or tomorrow is 0.7. What is the probability that it will rain today and
tomorrow?
A. 0.3 C. 0.35
B. 0.25 D. 0.4  0.7 = 0.5 + 0.6 - p

134. The probability that top and bottom cards of a randomly shuffled deck are both aces is
A. 4/52×4/52 C. 4/52×3/51 in 52 cards , there are 4 aces
B. 4/52×3/52 D. 4/52×4/51

135. Two dice are thrown simultaneously. The probability that at least one of them will have 6 facing up is
A. 1/36 C. 25/36
B. 1/3 D. 11/36  1- (5/6 * 5/6 )

136. A bag contains 10 white balls and 15 black balls. Two balls are drawn in succession. The probability
that one of them is black and the other is white is:
A. 2/3 C. 1/2  (10/25 * 15/24) + (15/25 * 10/24)
B. 4/5 D. 1/3

137. The probability that a number selected at random between 100 and 999 (both inclusive) will not
contain the digit 7 is:
A. 16/25 C. 27/75
B. (9/10)3 D. 18/25
 (8*9*9) / (9* 10* 10)

138. Let 𝐴 and 𝐵 be any two arbitrary events, then, which one of the following is TRUE?
A. 𝑃(𝐴∩𝐵)=𝑃(𝐴)𝑃(𝐵)
B. 𝑃(𝐴∪𝐵)=𝑃(𝐴)+𝑃(𝐵)
C. 𝑃(𝐴∣𝐵)=𝑃(𝐴∩𝐵)𝑃(𝐵)
D. 𝑃(𝐴∪𝐵)≤𝑃(𝐴)+𝑃(𝐵) and P(A intersection B) >=0

139. Seven (distinct) car accidents occurred in a week. What is the probability that they all occurred on the
same day?
A. 1/77
B. 1/76  7 days in a week  7/ 77
C. 1/27
D. 7/27