PRISM+ Remastered

PRISM PLUS
THE REMASTERED
EXTERN MANUAL
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Sample History Checklist:
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AJM Sheets: Diabetic Foot Infection Work-Up
The Diabetic Foot Infection work-up is arguably the most important concept that you can
study during the interview process because it is the one topic that you are almost guaranteed of
being asked at some point. My thought process during interviews was that if I’m certain that I will
be asked about it, I’m going to spend extra time and energy knowing everything possible on the
subject. Every student at interviews is going to get something along these lines; therefore it’s
important to be the most prepared and best able to “wow” the attendings when asked. So I put
together a collection of AJM Sheets (totaling about 20 pages) that goes through an in-depth work-
up of a diabetic foot infection.
This topic is also a classic example of hitting as many “check marks” as possible during the
interview by having a standardized way of going through a work-up. The way this situation is often
presented at interviews is for them to simply ask you:
“There is a diabetic patient in the ED with a suspected foot infection. What do you want to
know about the patient, and what do you want to do?”
By having a standardized way of going through this work-up (or any work-up), you will
seem more prepared during the interviews, hit more check marks, and won’t stumble about
thinking what to ask next. The basics of this work-up can be applied to any clinical situation.
This work-up also highlights taking an active approach and going on the offensive during
the interview process. Take control of the interview from the interviewers. Do not simply ask if the
patient has diabetes; ask specific questions about the patient’s knowledge, management and
known complications of diabetes. This will show that you really understand the concepts and
pathogenesis of the disease process.
This section has a lot of the same information presented in a number of different ways,
giving you a couple ways to study. While there is certainly no shortage of material to study this
information from, my favorite article on the topic is a must-read: Lipsky BA, et al. Diagnosis and
Treatment of Diabetic Foot Infections. IDSA Guidelines. CID 2004; 39: 885-910. You also certainly
should read: Frykberg RG, et al. Diabetic foot disorders. A clinical practice guideline (2006
revision). J Foot Ankle Surg. 2006 Sep-Oct; 45(5 Suppl): S1-66. And finally, the June 2006
Supplement of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery is a fantastic resource covering a wide variety of
diabetic foot issues, mostly from the Georgetown perspective.
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AJM Sheet: Diabetic Foot Infection Subjective History
Subjective
CC: Pt’s can present with a wide variety of complaints ranging from the systemic signs of infection
to increased ulcer drainage to a change in mental status. Infection should always be in your
differential diagnosis dealing with any situation.
HPI: Ask the patient at least the following questions:

• OPPPQRST of chief complaint
• Systemic signs of infection: Nausea, vomiting (quantity and quality), fever, chills, night
sweats, ague, loss of appetite, change in mental status, diarrhea (quantity and quality),
constipation, change in sleep patterns, headache, shortness of breath, chest pain, etc.
• Local signs of infection: Patient reported increases in pain, erythema, swelling,
temperature, drainage (quantity and quality), odor, etc.
• Ulcer specific questions if applicable: Duration of ulcer, changes in size/depth/color,
dressing changes, dressing change schedule, wound care products, last formal evaluation,
primary wound care specialist, previous treatments, any history of hospitalization for
infection, etc.
-Remember: The patient probably knows their ulcer better than you!
• Previous antibiotic therapy: It is extremely important to get an antibiotic history from the
patient.
• Are they taking any antibiotic therapy currently (including dosage and last dose)?
• When was the last time they were prescribed an antibiotic?, etc.
• This information can provide useful information with respect to the development of
resistant organisms. Specific risk factors include: antibiotic use in the last 6 months,
any fluoroquinolone use, and hospitalization in the last 6 months.
• Richard et al. Risk factors and healing impact of multidrug-resistant bacteria in
diabetic foot ulcers. Diabet Metab. 2008 Sep.
• Hartemann-Heurtier et al. Diabetic foot ulcer and multidrug-resistance
organisms: risk factors and impact. Diabet Med. 2004 Jul.
• Kandemir et al. Risk factors for infection of the diabetic foot with multi-
antibiotic resistant microorganisms. J Infect. 2007 May.
• Tetanus Status
• NPO Status
PMH: What are the present comorbidities and how well controlled are they?
• THE CHADS
• DM: Complete DM history including length of disease, previous complications, glucose
monitoring schedule, normal glucose readings, HbA1c values, medications, last podiatric
evaluation, last internal medicine evaluation, implemented preventative measures,
evaluation of patients level of understanding of pathogenesis of disease, evaluation of
patients role in self-treatment, etc.
• Any known complications of diabetes with interventions/treatment: cardiac
disease, peripheral vascular disease, hypertension, retinopathy, end-stage renal
disease with HD.
• Specifically ask about renal disease and liver disease (antibiotic implications).
• Any other immuno-compromising conditions.
• Any other PMH issues.
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PSH:
• Specifically any previous amputations, foot/ankle surgeries and diabetes-related surgeries
or interventions.
Meds:
• Detailed list of drugs, dosages, and patient compliance to schedule.
All:
• True allergies and reactions to drugs, food, products, etc.
SOCH: Very important and not to be overlooked.

• Work: line of work, quantity of WB and ambulation hours, ability of the patient to take time
off or take it easy, worker’s compensation issues, etc.
• Diet and exercise.
• Smoking, alcohol, drug use.
• Home support network. Includes assessment of patient compliance and family
understanding/education/compliance.
• House structure: stairs, bathrooms, pets.
• Other wound contamination risk factors.
FH: Anything applicable.
ROS: Anything applicable.
***Diabetic foot infections are one of the most challenging aspects of podiatric surgery that will
take up a lot of your time, energy, and stress if you dedicate yourself to the side of limb salvage.
Taking a complete history will give you an idea of how compliant you can expect the patient to be
and how actively involved you can expect the patient to be in their care.
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AJM Sheet: Diabetic Infection Objective Physical Exam
Objective
Vital Signs:
• Temperature: Hyperthermia is a non-descript sign of infection. It is important to monitor
temperature on a regular basis, and follow both current and maximum temperatures.
Keep in mind however that Armstrong has documented that 82% of patients admitted for
osteomyelitis were afebrile on admission (JFAS.1996 Jul-Aug; 35(4): 280-3). It has also
been suggested that diabetic patients, particularly those with ESRD, are not able to mount
an effective immunologic response to the invading pathogen.
• Blood Pressure: Hypotension is a sign of sepsis and non-descript measure of infection.
• Heart Rate: Tachycardia is a sign of sepsis and non-descript measure of infection.
• Respiratory Rate: Increased respiratory rate is a sign of sepsis and non-descript measure
of infection.
• Pain Level: Important to document and follow. Has been deemed the “5th vital sign” by
JCAHO.
• Glucose Levels: AJM considers blood glucose level the “6th vital sign” and can be one of
the most important quantitative measurements of infection and response to therapy.
Research indicates that the immune system is significantly impaired and essentially not
working at levels as high as 150-175 ml/dL. (The Portland Diabetic Project is a good place to
start reading about this. Also see Inzucchi SE. Management of Hyperglycemia in the Hospital Setting.
NEJM. Nov 2006. 355;18: 1903-11). Also see the Sheet on “Glycemic Control” on page 72.
• Ins and Outs: Important in patients with renal disease.
Physical Exam
• Derm:
• Wound Characteristics: There are several classification systems you need to know
for describing wounds including:
• Wagner Classification
• University of Texas Health System Classification
• PEDIS Classification used by the Infectious Disease Society of America
• Liverpool Classification used by the Musculoskeletal Infectious Disease
Society
• Regardless of classification, you absolutely must document certain wound
characteristics and know proper wound terminology:
• *Acronym 3D MOBB (depth, diameter, drainage, measure, odor, base,
border)
• Base:
• Exact length, width and depth and consistency (estimate percentages for
mixed)
• Red/granular
• Yellow/fibrotic
• black/necrotic.
• Depth:
• Probe to bone? [Grayson JAMA 1995. 89% positive predictive value for OM].
• But…-Lavery LA. Probe-to-Bone Test for Diagnosing Diabetic Foot
Osteomyelitis. Reliable or relic? Diabetes Care. Feb 2007; 30(2): 270-274.
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• Wound Edges:
• Consider hyperkeratotic, macerated, necrotic, clean, bleeding, epithelial.
• Is there any: undermining or tunneling?
• Drainage:
• Consider serous, sanguinous, purulent (describe color), combination, etc.
• How much: mild, moderate, severe/heavy
• Describe any odor (This is probably Dr. Attinger’s most important variable)
• Periwound skin:
• Consider normal, erythematic (document/draw boarders), streaking, stasis
changes, trophic changes.
• Vascular: possibly think vascular consult/intervention for more healing potential

• Describe extent (anatomic level) and nature (pitting vs. non-pitting) of any edema.
• Pulses (DP, PP, PT, Pop, and Fem every time for a new patient if needed)
• Always doppler if non palpable at each level
• CFT, Pedal Hair
• ABI: Be wary of elevated values secondary to vessel calcification
• Values >0.9 associated with good healing potential
• Values 0.5-0.9 associated with PVD and delayed healing
• Values <0.5 associated with ischemia and problematic healing
• TcPO2: [Mars M. Transcutaneous oxygen tension as a predictor of success after an amputation.JBJS-Am.1988;70(9).1429-30.]
• Values >30mmHg associated with good healing potential
• Values <20mmHg associated with microcirculatory problems and delayed or
problematic healing.
• Absolute Pressures:
• Should have 40mmHg at ankle and 20mmHg at the digits for healing
potential.
• Absolute/Relative skin temperature:
• Compare B/L (normal around 94° F).
• Neurologic: Include testing for sensory, motor and autonomic neuropathy

• Sensory testing:
• Posterior column: Vibratory, Proprioception
• Anterior column: Light touch (5.07 SWMF)
• Lateral column: Pain and temperature
• Motor testing:
• Expect intrinsic weakness with advanced neuropathy
• Manual Muscle Testing
• Spinal Reflexes (Achilles, Patellar, Babinski)
• Autonomic:
• Increase in skin temperature
• Lack of sweating leading to xerosis
• Any other relevant neurologic tests (you should be aware of Dellon’s work and the
PSSD).
• Biomechanics:
• Overall foot type: Document foot deformities, especially osseous prominences.
• Expect intrinsic muscle weakness leading to digital deformities.
• Equinus
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AJM Sheet: Specific Wound Classification Systems
• Wagner Classification: [Wagner FW: The dysvascular foot: a system of diagnosis and treatment. Foot Ankle 2: 64–122, 1981]
0: Pre-ulcerative area without open lesion

1: Superficial ulcer (partial/full thickness)
2: Ulcer deep to tendon, capsule, bone
3: Stage 2 with abscess, osteomyelitis or joint sepsis
4: Localized gangrene
5: Global foot gangrene
Modified with the following risk

factors:
A: Neuropathic
B: Ischemic
C: Neuroischemic
• So an infected ulcer with

localized gangrene and
bone exposure on a fully
sensate, ischemic foot is:
Wagner 4B.
• University of Texas San Antonio: [Lavery LA, Armstrong DG, Harkless LB: Classification of diabetic foot wounds. J Foot Ankle
Surg 35:528–531, 1996]
• So an infected ulcer with localized gangrene and bone exposure on a fully sensate,
ischemic foot is: UT-3D.
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• PEDIS System: [Lipsky BA, et al. Diagnosis and Treatment of Diabetic Foot Infections. IDSA Guidelines. CID 2004; 39: 885-910].
• Recommended by the Infectious Disease Society of America.
• PEDIS is an acronym standing for perfusion (measure of vascular supply), extent/size,
depth/tissue loss, infection, and sensation.
• Each of the 5 categories is graded from 0 (minimal) to 2 (severe).
• Based on a 10-point scale with 10 being most serious ulcer with greatest difficulty in
treatment.
• Liverpool Classification System:

• Primary: -Neuropathic
-Ischemic
-Neuroischemic
• Modified with: -Uncomplicated

-Complicated (cellulitis, abscess, OM, etc.)
• Examples of chronic ulcerations
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AJM Sheet: Diabetic Infection Objective Laboratory Results: Basic
• Complete Blood Count (CBC) with Differential:

• Total Leukocyte Count (~4-10 x 10^3 leukocytes/ul)
• Leukocyte is a generalized term for any WBC including neutrophils/granulocytes,
monocytes, lymphocytes, eosinophils and basophils. So an increased leukocyte count can
indicate a rise in any or all of these. This is the reason why a differential is so important.
• Neutrophils/Granulocytes (Usually ~54%; increased >85%)
• Part of the humoral system - would be increased in an inflammatory state.
• PMNs: Mature neutrophils that you would expect to see in an
infection.
• Band cells: Immature neutrophils. Presence indicates active, ongoing
infection.
• A left shift is an increased neutrophil percentage in the presence of
band cells.
• Phagocytic cells in the inflammatory process.
• Normally take 8-14 days to mature.
• Functionally last 1-2 days.
• Half-life 6 hours.
• Monocytes (Usually ~6%)
• Phagocytic, bacteriocidal macrophages in the humoral system.
• Accumulate after neutrophils in acute infection.
• Presence indicates post-inflammatory state or chronic infection.
• Lymphocytes (Usually ~37%)
• Part of the cellular system.
• Produce immunoglobulins and express cellular immunity (T and B cells).
• Not normally increased in bone/soft tissue infections.
• Possibly increased in a foreign body reaction.
• Eosinophils (Usually ~2%)
• Part of the cellular system.
• Generally involved in allergic and immune responses.
• Develop in the same line as lymphocytes.
• Increased with acronym NAACP - (Neoplasm, Allergy, Addison’s, Collagen
vascular disorder, Parasites)
• Basophils (Usually ~0.5%)
• Part of cellular immunity.
• Involved with acute allergic responses and histamine release.
• Leukocytosis is an increased WBC. The absolute count tells you very little, but trending
can be very important. An increased leukocyte count indicates an increased level of
inflammation, not necessarily infection. Keep in mind that there are many other causes of
leukocytosis besides infection.
• [Armstrong DG. Leukocytosis is a poor indicator of acute osteomyelitis of the foot in DM. JFAS 1996 Jul-
Aug; 35(4): 280-3.]
•Drugs: Lithium, Corticosteroids
•Leukopenia is a decreased WBC. This could lead to a normal WBC appearance in the
presence of infection.
•Drugs: Methotrexate, Phenybutase, Dilantin, Salicylates
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•Chem-7/Metabolic Panel
•Little information about specific infection, but insight into general health of patient but
generally:
•General increased concentrations: Dehydrated state
•Acidosis: Non-descript finding in infection
•Increased BUN: Dehydrated state
•BUN/Cr: Renal function which has antibiotic consequences
•Minerals (Ca, Mg, P)

•Abnormal in renal dysfunction with long term vascular consequences.
•Glucose, HbA1c
•Long-term effects of hyperglycemia discussed in pathogenesis section.
•HbA1C: Measure of glycosylated hemoglobin and long-term glucose control:
•1% equals approximately 20 glucose points (7% equals average BS of 140ug/ul)
•Note that the stress of infection will probably cause a hyperglycemic state.
•H&H, Coags
•Essential to know if you are planning surgery.
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AJM Sheet: Diabetic Infection Objective Laboratory Results: Advanced
• Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)

• Normal: <20mm/hr Moderate elevation: 20-60mm/hr Severe elevation: >60mm/hr
• Analyzed using the Westergren method, measures the distance erythrocytes fall per hour
• Sensitive, but not specific for infection as it is increased in any inflammatory state with
increased fibrinogen.
• Also elevated in: Pregnancy, DM, ESRD, CAD, CVD, Malignancy, Age, etc.
• [Karr JC. The diagnosis of osteomyelitis in diabetes using ESR. JAPMA 2002 May; 95(5): 314.]
• [Lipsky BA. Bone of contention: diagnosing diabetic foot osteomyelitis. Clin Infect Dis. 2008 Aug; 47(4): 528-30.]
• C-Reactive Protein (CRP)

• Normal: 0-0.6mg/dl
• Measures a liver protein only present in acute inflammation (not normally found at all).
• Sensitive, but not specific for infection. Elevated in: RA, Malignancy, MI, SLE, Pregnancy
• More expensive and technically difficult to perform compared to the ESR.
• [Jeandrot A. Serum procalcitonin and CRP concentrations to distinguish mildly infected from non-infected
diabetic foot ulcers: a pilot study. Diabetologia. 2008 Feb; 51(2): 347-52.]
• Nutrition Analysis
• Albumin:
• Normal Value: 3.6-5g/dl
• Value decreased with inflammation and malnutrition.
• Transport protein in liver with important functions in catabolism.
• Pre-albumin
• Normal Value: 19-36 mg/dL
• The topic of nutrition is not covered well in PRISM, but I would recommend checking out:
Arnold M. Nutrition and Wound Healing. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2006 Jun; 117(7 Suppl): 42S-58S.
• Wound Culture and Sensitivity

• Wound cultures are still a hotly debated topic due to contamination, colonization and
defensive medicine. Swab cultures are easily contaminated by normal cutaneous flora,
so should be taken as deeply as possible without surface contamination.
• The ideal situation is a deep wound specimen of tissue (not just a swab) following
incision and drainage with pulse lavage before beginning antibiotic therapy.
• Gram Stain (results usually within 24 hours)
• PMNs if present: Do not overlook! Presence indicates inflammation.
• Presence of any organism: essentially irrelevant.
• Preliminary (results usually within 48 hours)
• Gram stain nature (positive/negative) and shape (cocci/bacillus) of any organism
• Clues you into organism much more than the gram stain
• Continue Abx unless you are really off-base
• Final (results usually within 72 hours)
• Should always get sensitivities. --> Allows for conclusive and specific Abx planning.
• Blood Cultures
• Should be drawn from 2 sites; 20 minutes apart. --> Indicates bacteremia/septicemia
• Bone Biopsy: Gold standard for diagnosis of osteomyelitis (discussed further later)
• If patient is a surgical candidate, then consider: CXR & EKG
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AJM Common Laboratory Values Sheet:
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AJM Sheet: IDSA Empiric Recommendations: from Lipsky BA, et al. Diagnosis and Treatment of
Diabetic Foot Infections. IDSA Guidelines. CID 2004; 39: 885-910.
• Uninfected Wound
• Definition: No purulence, inflammatory manifestations, or systemic manifestations
• Empiric Therapy: None
• Mildly Infected Wound

• Definition: 2+ Manifestations of Infection (purulence, induration or erythema/pain/warmth)
• <2cm of erythema
• Limited to skin and subcutaneous tissue
• No systemic complaints
Mild Infection: Empiric Therapy Recommendations

2-PCN Bactrim
Clinda Augmentin
Keflex Levo
• Moderately Infected Wound

• Definition: As above, in a systemically/metabolically stable patient PLUS:
• >2cm cellulitis OR streaking OR involvement of deep tissue
Moderate Infection: Empiric Therapy Recommendations

Bactrim Zyvox + Aztreonam
Augmentin Invanz
Levo Ceftin + Flagyl
2-Ceph Timentin
3-Ceph Zosyn
Daptomycin + Aztreonam Levo/Cipro + Clinda
• Severely Infected Wound

• Definition: Infection as above in a patient with systemic toxicity and metabolic instability
Severely Infection: Empiric Therapy Recommendations

Primaxin Levo + Clinda
Zosyn Vanco + Fortaz
Cipro + Clinda Vanco + Fortaz + Flagyl
MRSA Likely: Empiric Therapy Recommendations

Zyvox Daptomycin + Aztreonam
Zyvox + Aztreonam Vanco + Fortaz
Daptomycin Vanco + Fortaz + Flagyl
• To cover all bases: Vanco + Aztreonam + Flagyl
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AJM Sheet: Gram Stain Results with Common Infective Agents:
Category Pathogen DOC Tx. recommendation
Staph aureus Keflex (1st Gen. Cephalosporin)
Staph epi Keflex (1st Gen. Cephalosporin)
MRSA Vancomycin
MRSE Vancomycin
Enterococcus Augmentin (4th Gen. Penicillin)

Aerobic Gram Positive Cocci
VRE Zyvox
Strept pyogenes (Group A) Keflex (1st Gen. Cephalosporin)
Strept agalactiae (Group B) Keflex (1st Gen. Cephalosporin)
Strept bovis (Group D) Keflex (1st Gen. Cephalosporin)
Strept Viridans Keflex (1st Gen. Cephalosporin)
Anaerobic Gram Positive Cocci Peptostreptococcus Clindamycin
Bacillus anthracis Ciprofloxacin
Aerobic Gram Positive Rods Corynebacterium diphtheriae Erythromycin
Listeria Monocytogenes Amoxicillin (3rd. Gen. Penicillin)
Clostridium perfringens Vancomycin
Anaerobic Gram Positive Rods Clostridium difficile Vancomycin/flagyl
Clostridium tetani Clindamycin
Pseudomonas Ciprofloxacin
E. coli Ciprofloxacin
Enterobacter Bactrim
Proteus Keflex
Vibrio Ciprofloxacin
Y. pestis Bactrim
Aerobic Gram Negative Rods
Shigella Bactrim
Salmonella Ciprofloxacin
Klebsiella Ceftazidime
Serratia Ceftazidime
E. Corrodens Augmentin
P. multicide Doxycycline
Anaerobic Gram Negative Rods Bacteroides fragilis Flagyl
Aerobic Gram Negative Cocci Neisseria Ceftriaxone
Treponium pallidum Penicillin V (1st Gen. Penecillin)

Spirochetes
Borrelia burgdorferi Penicillin V (1st Gen. Penecillin)
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AJM Sheet: Common Infective Agents and Treatment Alternatives:
Pathogen Common Tx. Options
Staph aureus 1-Ceph, Vanco, Clinda, Azithromycin
Staph epi PCN, 4-PCN, 1,2-Ceph, Vanco
MRSA Vanco, Bactrim, Cubicin, Zyvox, Clinda
MRSE Vanco, Zyvox, Cubicin, Synercid
Enterococcus 3-PCN, Vanco, Tetracyclines, Quinolones
VRE Zyvox, Macrobid, Cubicin, Chloramphenicol
Strept pyogenes (Group A) 3-PCN, 4-PCN, 1,2-Ceph, Vanco, Clinda
Strept agalactiae (Group B) 3-PCN, 4-PCN, 1,2-Ceph, Vanco, Clinda
Strept bovis (Group D) 3-PCN, 4-PCN, 1,2-Ceph, Vanco, Clinda
Strept Viridans 3-PCN, 4-PCN, 1,2-Ceph, Vanco, Clinda
Peptostreptococcus Clinda, 3-PCN, 4-PCN, Carbapenems
Bacillus anthracis Cipro, 3-PCN, Vanco, Clinda
Corynebacterium diphtheriae Macrolide, Clinda
Listeria Monocytogenes 3-PCN, Vanco, Bactrim, Carbapenems
Clostridium perfringens Ertapenam, Vanco, Clinda, 4-PCN, Tetracyclines
Clostridium difficile Flagyl, Vanco
Clostridium tetani Clinda, Flagyl
Pseudomonas Zosyn, 1,2-Quin, Aztreonam, Primaxin
E. coli 3-Ceph, 4-PCN, Bactrim, Quinolones
Enterobacter Bactrim, Quinolone, Aztreonam, Carbapenems
Proteus 3-PCN, 3-Ceph, 4-PCN, Bactrim, Quinolones
Vibrio Tetracyclines, Bactrim, Cipro
Y. pestis Aminoglycosides, Bactrim, Cipro
Shigella Cipro, Bactrim, Amp, 4-PCN
Salmonella Cipro, 3-PCN, 4-PCN, Bactrim
Klebsiella 3-Ceph, 4-PCN, Bactrim, 2-Quin, Aminoglycosides
Serratia 3-Ceph, Zosyn, Bactrim, Aztreonam, Quin
E. Corrodens Augmentin, Tetracyclines
P. multicide Doxycycline, Bactrim, 3-PCN
Bacteroides fragilis Ertapenam, Clinda, Flagyl
Neisseria Rocephin, 3-PCN, Quinolones
Treponium pallidum 1-PCN, Tetracyclines, Macrolides
Borrelia burgdorferi 1-PCN, Amox, Macrolides
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AJM Sheet: Common Situational Bugs Treatment
Staph Aureus (SA) (if no streaking present)
Cellulitis with an open wound Strept (with streaking and palpable border) Keflex
Usually monomicrobial
SA
Infected ulcer in Abx naïve patient Strept Levoquin
Usually polymicrobial
SA
Chronically infected ulcer in Abx naïve Strept
Levoquin + Clindamycin
ptatient Enterobacter
Pseudomonas
Macerated infected ulcer Ciprofloxacin
SA MRSA
Staph epi Enterococci
Chronic, non-healing ulcer with Bactrim
VRE Diptheroids (Corynebacterium)
prolonged Abx therapy Vancomycin IV if needed
Enterobacter Pseudomonas
Extended GNR Usually polymicrobial
Resistant Gram positive cocci
Mixed GNR
Fetid Foot with necrosis and gangrene Bactrim + Clindamycin
Anaerobes
Polymicrobial
SA
Osteomyelitis with hemodialysis Enterobacter Ciprofloxacin
Pseudomonas
SA
Osteomyelitis with IVDA Enterobacter Ciprofloxacin
Pseudomonas
Osteomyelitis with Decubitus Ulcer Gram Negatives Doxycycline
Osteomyelitis with hemoglobulinopathy

Salmonella Ciprofloxacin
(sickle cell)
Haemophilus, Actinobacillus, Cardiobacterium hominis,

Human mouth pathogens (HACEK) Ceftriaxone
Eikenella corrodens, Kingella kingae
Vibrio
Water exposure Aeromonas hydrophila Ciprofloxacin
Mycobacterium
Puncture through a shoe Pseudomonas Ciprofloxacin
Any dirt/soil Clostridium Clindamycin
Cate bite Pasteurella multocida Augmentin
Dog bite Strept viridans, Capnocytophaga canimorsus Augmentin
Immunocompromised pt Gram negatives Bactrim
Septic bursitis SA Dicloxacillin
Gas gangrene Clostridium Vancomycin IV
Post-op infection following implant Staph epi Ancef IV
Fruity odor/green hue Pseudomonas Ciprofloxacin
Foul smelling discharge Anaerobes Clindamycin
Creamy yellow discharge SA Augmentin
White discharge Staph epi Augmentin
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AJM Sheet: Diabetic Foot Ulcer Pathogenesis
• The pathogenesis of the diabetic foot ulcer can be described via three mechanisms: neuropathy,
trauma and impaired healing.
• Neuropathy
• 30-50% of diabetics have some form of sensory, motor and/or autonomic neuropathy.
• Sorbitol accumulation in Schwann cells leads to hyperosmolarity of the nerve cells in turn
leading to swelling and cellular lysis. This leads to decreased nerve signal conduction.
Microvascular damage to the nerve (described later) also impairs healing of the damaged
nerve.
• Sensory Neuropathy
• Loss of light touch/protective sensation
(anterior spinothalamic tract)
• Loss of vibratory/proprioception
mechanisms (posterior tract)
• Loss of pain/temperature sensation (lateral
tracts)
• The patient has no warning of current,
developing or impending trauma.
• Motor Neuropathy
• “Intrinsic Minus” foot-type with wasting of
the intrinsic muscles and extensor
substitution.
• Undetected excess plantar pressures
develop.
• Autonomic Neuropathy
• Damage occurs in the sympathetic ganglion
• AV shunting occurs with global LE edema
not relieved by diuretics or elevation.
• Increased skin temperature predisposes to
ulceration (Armstrong)
• Decreased sweating leads to xerosis and
fissuring (portal for infection)
• Trauma leading to Ulceration

• Abnormal anatomy: extrinsic and intrinsic
abnormalities secondary to motor neuropathy and
tendon glycosylation.
• Decreased joint mobility: secondary to non-
enzymatic glycosylation and excess collagen cross-
linking of tendons, ligaments, joint capsules
(especially at the STJ and the MTPJ).
• Equinus: Increased cross-linking of collagen in
the Achilles tendon (leads to increased
forefoot pressures).
• Skin stiffness: secondary to glycosylation of keratin.
• Intrinsic skin weakness: trophic changes associated with PVD.
• All lead to increased plantar pressures, which is the driving force behind ulceration.
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• Impaired Wound Healing
• Can be thought of as increased inflammation, decreased vasculature and decreased
catabolism.
• Increased Inflammation
• The inflammatory phase of the healing process actually lasts longer than necessary.
• Inflammation initially not as effective due to decreased leukocyte adhesion and
morphologic changes to the macrophages.
• Prolongation occurs due to decreased chemotaxis of growth factors and cytokines.
• MMPs increase their activity and continue to produce an “inflammatory soup.”
• All contribute to a wound “stuck” in the inflammatory phase.
• Decreased Vasculature
• Macroangiopathy: Atherosclerotic obstructive disease of large vessels due to LDL
oxidation.
• Microangiopathy: Thickened basement membrane decreases diffusion at capillary
level.
• Mechanism behind neuropathy, nephropathy and retinopathy
• Think of it in terms of a decreased TcPO2
• Endothelial dysfunction:
• Decreased nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin to promote vasodilation
• Decreased smooth muscle cell relaxation to promote vasodilation
• AV shunting secondary to autonomic neuropathy
• Decreased vasodilation and membrane permeability in response to trauma/
damage/inflammation:
• Usually regulated by substance P and vasomodulators from damaged
cells and nociceptors.
• Overall leads to a “sluggish” vasculature with decreased inflow, diffusion,
outflow and angiogenesis.
• Decreased Catabolism
• Decreased collagen synthesis, both in peptide production and post-translational
modification
• Morphologic changes to keratinocytes
• Decreased angiogenesis
Further Reading:
• Shaw JE, Boulton AJ. The
pathogenesis of diabetic
foot problems: an overview.
Diabetes. 1997 Sep; 46 Sep;
Suppl 2:S58-61.
• Rathur HM, Boulton AJ. The

diabetic foot. Clin Dermatol.
2007 Jan-Feb; 25(1): 109-20.
• Boulton AJ, et al. The global

burden of diabetic foot
disease. Lancet. 2005 Nov
12; 366(9498): 1719-24.
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AJM Sheet: Imaging in Diabetic Foot Infections
This isn’t exactly the right place for this, but while we have a little extra room, let’s talk about
“describing” radiographs. You can never actually “see” Charcot or Osteomyelitis (or even infection
or a fracture for that matter) on radiographs. These are all diagnoses. What you can “see” or
“describe” is radiologic evidence of each of these things. For each different type of imaging
modality, there are actually very few descriptive terms that you should be using to describe what
you see before you make a diagnosis:
Everything that you see on a radiograph can be described using these terms. So while you may
not be able to “see” a fracture, you can describe an area of radiolucency within bone consistent
with a fracture. And while you may not be able to “see” an infection, you can describe an area of
radiolucency within the soft tissue consistent with emphysema.
• Plain Film Radiography:

• Increased or Decreased
• Radiolucency or Radiodensity
• MRI: Increased or Decreased signal intensity
• Bone scans: Increased or Decreased signal uptake
• Ultrasound: Hyperechoic or Hypoechoic
• Plain Film Radiographs

• Soft Tissue:
• Infection characterized by radiolucent area. One should be able to see a soft tissue
deficit if an ulcer is present. It is very important to rule out emphysema (gas in the
tissues) with a plain film.
• Can also appreciate soft tissue edema.
• Osseous Tissue:
• Early Osteomyelitis (OM) signs: No reliable ones. Rarefaction and periostitis are
possible.
• Subacute OM signs: Brodie’s abscess (lytic lesion surrounded by sclerotic rim).
• Chronic OM: Lysis, Malformation, Involucrum, Cloaca, Sequestra.
• Plain film radiographs are 67% specific, 60% sensitive for OM [Termaat, JBJS 2005]
OM destruction
Gas in soft tissue
Brodie's
abscess
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• MRI
• Cellulitis:
• T1: Diffuse and infiltrative decreased signal intensity as inflammation replaces fat.
• T2 and STIR: Increased signal
intensity.
• Abscess:
• T1/T2/STIR: Homogeneous
increased signal intensity.
• Note that pus/necrotic tissue has a
decreased intensity compared to
inflammatory fluid.
• OM:
• T1: Decreased signal intensity,
cortical lysis and intramedullary
changes.
• Increased signal intensity in
known OM indicates healing
as fat infiltrates.
• T2: Increased signal intensity, cortical lysis, and intramedullary changes.
• Rim sign: thin layer of active infection surrounding normal bone.
• 60% Specificity, 85% sensitivity per Termaat.
• Bone Scans:
• A radio-isotope is injected into the patient and imaged at specific intervals.
• Phases:
1. Immediate Angiogram (1-3sec): Essentially an arteriogram.
2. Blood Pool (3-5min): Demonstrates blood pooling in capillaries and veins.
3. Delayed (2-4 hours): Increasingly specific to activity patterns and pathology
4. 4th Phase (varying times): Increasingly specific to activity patterns and pathology.
• Technetium-99MDP Bone Scan (bone turnover)

• Binds to calcium hydroxyapatite and measures osteoblast/osteoclast activity.
• Half-life: 6 hours
• Excreted through kidneys which will show homogenous control signal.
• Mucomyst 600mg PO q12 day before and of surgery as renal ppx.
• Cellulitis: Focal uptake in blood pool; Negative in delayed phase.
• OM: Diffuse uptake in blood pool; Hot increased uptake in delayed phases.
• 45% Specificity; 86% sensitivity (per Termaat)
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• WBC Scans: Same principles & phases as bone scan, but WBCs are tagged and followed instead.
• Gallium-67 Citrate (infection, inflammation, tumors)

• Uptake by siderophore complex (direct bacteria) and lactoferrin (protein-released
by bacteria)
• Scan taken 48-72 hours after injection or done in triphasic manner.
• Has longer half-life
• 42% Specificity; 80% Sensitivity per Termaat.
• Indium-111 Oxime (infection)

• WBCs isolated from blood sample, labeled and re-injected.
• Scan at 24 hours. Half life: 67 hours.
• Predominantly uptaken by neutrophils, so it demonstrates acute infections better
than chronic infections.
• Technetium-99m HMPAO (inflammation and infection)

• WBCs isolated from blood samples, leukocytes tagged and re-injected. Scan at 3
hours.
• Tagged molecule is HMPAO (hexamethylpropyleneamine oxime you will get asked
this!)
• Technically easier with less radiation than indium.
• Technetium-99m Sulfur Colloid Marrow Scan (sickle cell or osteomyelitis)

• Specific for bone marrow and neutrophil production (reticuloendothelial cells)
• Has shown promise in differentiating OM from Charcot
• Combination Sequential Technetium-Gallium Scans

• Scan at 4 hours, then at 48-72 hours. Based on half-lives.
• Increased specificity for infection if gallium has higher uptake then technetium.
• Can use any other combination.
Sulfur colloid MDP HMPAO

Scan type
(marrow turnover) (3rd phase bone turnover) (WBC presence)
Osteo Negative Positive Positive
Charcot Positive Positive Negative
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• Computed Tomography (CT scans)
• Radiograph altered by computer to highlight specific “windows”. You can isolate soft
tissue or different aspects of bone, for example.
• Soft tissue infection: Exact locations and anatomy of abnormal soft tissue density.
• OM: Increased density in the marrow.
• CT scans can be combined with contrast.
• Positron Emission Tomography (PET scans)

• A tracer is injected/inhaled into the patient which releases radioactive positrons. The
positrons collide with electrons and produce gamma rays.
• >90% Sensitivity and Specificity (per Termaat(best in study).
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AJM Sheet: Diabetic Foot Infection Functional Anatomy
From: Essential Questions for Surgical Intervention of Diabetic Foot Infections (http://www.podiatrytoday.com/article/8134)
Dedicating yourself to the side of limb salvage in the fight against diabetic foot disease is a
demanding and personally challenging enterprise. In the face of infection, it often seems as
though all variables are against the surgeon and the patient as together, you struggle against
proximal amputation and limb loss. In fact, it often appears as though the only constant is the
unpredictability of the disease progression. But one constant always on the side of the surgeon is
anatomic knowledge. The infection can only work with the anatomy that it is given, and this is
certainly something that can be used to your advantage. Your expert knowledge in lower extremity
anatomy is one of the most valuable tools that you have in your fight. It is a constant, and it is
predictable.
There are different anatomic paradigms that must be considered in terms of the evaluation of the
infection source. Certainly depth is one of these paradigms. Absolute depth measurements offer
very little clinical information when compared to a functional view of depth from the surgical layers
of dissection. An infection should be evaluated in terms of whether it extends through the dermis,
superficial fascia, deep fascia, musculotendinous structures or to the level of bone (Table 1). From
this general information, specific anatomic structures can then be identified as being within the
path of the infection.
Infections tend to develop and travel along the path of least resistance. This implies that an
infection will stay within the potential space of a given surgical layer or plantar compartment
before extravasation into another layer or compartment. Often, this involves proximal extension
along the relatively avascular tendon sheaths or fascial planes between muscular layers. The
studies that have been used to define the number and boundaries of plantar foot compartments
have also given information about relatively consistent fascial clefts where communication between
different layers and compartments is likely. These have involved pressurized injection imaging
studies where a known compartment is infiltrated with a contrast medium and the extravasation
into other compartments can be mapped. The findings of these studies are summarized in Table 2.
These communications are obviously numerous and complex. The important concept to realize is
that an infection is likely to initially develop within the potential space of a single layer or
compartment. There is a tendency for the infection to move proximally and distally before
communicating with another layer or compartment. Note however, that patterns of communication
are present along known anatomic structures such as tendons and neurovascular structures to each
of the other compartments, as well as the dorsum of the foot and plantar superficial fascia. Intra-
operative investigation of an infection should focus on these structures to trace the extent of
plantar involvement. Also note the majority of these communications are found in the forefoot
around MPJ level, so distal infections have an increased likelihood of multi-compartment
involvement.
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Table 1: Surgical Layers of Dissection Used for Diabetic Ulcer Depth Measurement
• Skin
• Superficial Fascia - First Dissection Interval
containing superficial neurovascular structures
• Deep Fascia - Second Dissection Interval containing
muscular & deep neurovascular structures
• Periosteum - Third Dissection Interval
• Bone
Table 2: Intercompartmental Communications Medial Compartment
Communication to central compartment via:

1. Adductor Hallucis tendon
2. Flexor Hallucis Longus tendon
3. Peroneus Longus tendon
4. Neurovascular structures penetrating the
medial IM septum
5. NV structures penetrating medial IM
septum
Communication to distal deep leg via:

1. Flexor Hallucis Longus tendon
2. Long flexor tendon to 5th digit
Lateral Compartment
Communication to central compartment via:

1. Long flexor tendon to 5th digit
2. Short flexor tendon to 5th digit
3. Lumbrical muscle to 5th digit
4. Plantar interosseous muscle to 5th digit
6. Neurovascular structures penetrating
Central Compartment lateral IM septum
Communication to medial compartment via: Communication to distal deep leg via:

1. Adductor Hallucis tendon 1. FHL tendon
2. Flexor Hallucis Longus tendon 2. FDL tendon
Communication to dorsum of foot via:
Communication to lateral compartment via: Interosseous muscles
1. Short flexor tendon to 5th digit
2. Lumbrical muscle/tendon to 5th digit Communication to plantar superficial fascia
3. Plantar interosseous muscle to 5th digit via:
4. Peroneus Longus tendon MPJ communications
5. NV structures penetrating lateral IM
septum
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AJM Sheet: Osteomyelitis General
Osteomyelitis is a complicated issue dealing with diabetic foot infections both in diagnosis and
treatment. However, there are several definitions, classification systems, diagnostic modalities and
treatment tenets that you should be aware of.
Brodie’s Abscess (1832): Chronic abscess

Osteitis: inflammation of the cortex
Periostitis: inflammation of periosteum in bone surrounded by sclerosis
Involucrum: sheath of bone

surrounding pus/inflammation
Osteomyelitis: Inflammation of the

Cloaca: tract through an
medullary canal
involucrum Sequestrum: piece of dead bone
floating in pus/inflammation
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AJM Sheet: Osteomyelitis Classifications
• Waldvogel and Lew [Osteomyelitis. NEJM. 1997; 336(14): 999-1007.]

• The classic Waldvogel and Lew article is NOT a classification, rather a serious of
definitions. However, it can be turned into a stratified classification based on their
definitions.
• Acute Osteomyelitis: Systemic clinical signs of infection
• Chronic Osteomyelitis: Subacute clinical signs of infection
• Contiguous/Direct Extension: spread of infection to bone from exogenous source
or adjacent tissue. This can be described as an “outside-in” spread invading the
cortex and proceeding to the medullary canal.
• Hematogenous Spread: Infective agent reaches medullary canal of bone from the
vascular supply. This can be described as an “inside-out” infection invading the
medullary canal first and spreading to the cortex.
• Vascular Impairment: Decreases the effectiveness of the inflammatory response
and Abx delivery.
• Others have done a little better job of differentiating acute vs. chronic OM:
• Weiland: Describes chronic OM as lasting > 6months.
• Schauwecker: Describes chronic OM as lasting > 6 weeks and one failed episode of tx.
• Cierny-Mader-Penninck Classification [A clinical staging system for adult osteomyelitis. CORR. 2003; (414): 7-24.]
• This is described as a classification, but never made much sense to AJM.
• Anatomic Stage
• Type 1: Medullary: infection of only
the medullary canal
• Type 2: Superficial: infection of only
the superficial cortex
• Type 3: Localized: infection of only the
cortex
• Type 4: Diffuse: infection of both the
cortex and medullary canal
• Physiologic Stage
• A: Normal Host
• Bs: Compromised Host with systemic
risk factors (ex. DM)
• Bl: Compromised Host with local risk
factors (ex. smoking)
• C: Treatment worse than the disease
• So a smoking DM patient with infection of

only the superficial portion of the cortex is:
2Bs
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AJM Sheet: Osteomyelitis Diagnosis and Treatment
• Subjective Findings (See Diabetic Infection Work-up)

• Objective Findings (Diabetic Infection Work-up)
• Probing to bone 89% positive predictive value (Grayson JAMA 1995).
• Gold Standard: Bone biopsy. This is ideally performed when the patient has been free of
antibiotics for 2 weeks.
• Imaging Studies: Review plain films, MRI, Bone Scans, WBC scans, CT, PET in Diabetic
Infection Imaging Sheet.
• These all add evidence, but are rarely exclusively diagnostic.
• Blood Cultures: Hematogenous OM diagnosed with positive BCx and positive bone scan.
• Treatment
• There is much controversy regarding long-term Abx:
• PO vs. IV vs. PMMA vs. Surgical Debridement.
• The Cierny-Mader Classification makes some general recommendations:
• CM Type 1: 2 weeks IV + 2-4 weeks PO Abx
• Medullary osteomyelitis w/endosteal nidus.
• Does not necessarily require bone grafting.
• CM Type 2: Surgical Debridement + 2 weeks IV Abx
• Superficial osteomyelitis, affecting outer surface of bone.
• Examples include: an infected plate in a healed frx, bone exposure 2nd to soft-
tissue loss, or an adjacent soft-tissue abscess abutting cortex.
• Usually soft tissue compromise is common.
• Treatment involves:
• Hardware removal and debridement of avascular outer cortex (down to
bleeding bone - "paprika sign")
• Antibotic beads.
• Bone grafting.
• CM Types 3&4: Surgical Debridement + 4-6 weeks IV Abx
• Type 3
• Well marginated sequestration of cortical bone.
• Can be excised w/o creating instability.
• Treatment involves:
• Stabilization
• Debridement
• Antibiotic beads
• Coverage
• Bone grafting
• Type 4
• Permeative destructive lesion causing instability (infected tibial non union).
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• Antibiotic administration options
• Long-term Abx (4-8 weeks) is a conservative option because many people believe you can
never cure OM and that it can reactivate at any time for years to come.
• PO administration:
• Doxycycline and Ciprofloxacin are reputed to have the best bone penetration.
• Keep in mind that most ID docs would never substitute coverage for bone
penetration.
• Your Abx choices should be culture driven.
• IV administration:
• Culture driven
• Access options: IV, PICC, Infusion pump, etc.
• PMMA beads
• PMMA = polymethylmethacrylate
• PMMA is a combination of monomer (liquid) and polymer (powder).
• Comes in 20g, 40g and 60g packets.
• 7% elusion in the first 24 hours with activity noted for 14 days.
• Demonstrates exponential release.
• Cierny proposes a 1:5 ratio of Abx:PMMA.
• Another common standard is 4-8g:40-60g.
• Increased Abx concentration means increased elution, but decreased bead
hardening.
• Smaller beads means increased overall surface area and increased elution.
• The Abx must be heat-labile:
• Gentamycin, Tobramycin, Vancomycin, Ticarcillin, Cefazolin, Moxalactam,
Cefotaxime
Antibiotic Administration Timeline
Severity or extent of infection Route Duration
Soft Tissue Only
Mild Topical or oral 1-2 weeks, up to 4 weeks
Moderate Oral 2-4 weeks
Severe Initial parenteral, then switch to oral 2-4 weeks
Bone or Joint
No residual infection Parenteral or oral 2-5 days
Residual infected soft tissue Parenteral or oral 2-4 weeks
Residual infected (but viable) bone Initial parenteral, then switch to oral 4-6 weeks
Residual dead bone post-operatively Initial parenteral, then switch to oral >3 months
IDSA General Treatment Recommendations [Lipsky BA, et al. Diagnosis and Treatment of Diabetic
Foot Infections. IDSA Guidelines. CID 2004; 39: 885-910.]
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AJM Sheet: Charcot Neuroarthropathy
• Definition: Neuropathic osteoarthropathy first described by Musgrave in 1703 and named for
Jean Marie Charcot in 1868.
• Pathogenesis:
• Neurovascular or French Theory, Theory of Charcot
• Trophic centers in the anterior horn of the spinal cord maintain nutrition to joints.
• Trauma to these trophic centers leads to increased blood flow and with this,
increased osteoclastic activity (increased bone breakdown).
• Evidence for the Neurovascular Theory:
• Autonomic neuropathy in DM leads to increased AV shunting, edema and
skin temperature.
• Boulton: Increased PO2 in venous system of Charcot pts (63mmHg vs.
46mmHg), shows increased perfusion in neuropathic diabetics
• Edmonds: Increased blood velocity in neuropathic diabetics
• Gough: Increased osteoclastic activity in Charcot patients
• Young: Decreased bone density in patients with decreased nerve
conduction velocities
• Cundy: Decreased bone density in Charcot patients
• Neurotraumatic or German Theory, Theory of Virchow and Volkmann
• Repeated trauma from biomechanical stresses during ambulation on an insensate
foot.
• Evidence for the Neurotraumatic Theory:
• Eloesser and Johnson: Trauma is the necessary predisposing factor, not
underlying bone weakness, to create Charcot changes in a neuropathic limb.
• Common sense
• Two opposing, fighting theories (with two opining blowhards on either side getting red-
faced) Probably just a little bit of both.
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•Differential Diagnoses for Charcot:
• OM, AVN, inflammatory arthritis, PVS, septic arthritis,
Etiology CPPD, neoplasm, etc.
Anything that causes neuropathy!
•Clinical Findings: Presents similar to infection
• First described: Tabes Dorsalis • Red, hot, swollen, deformed foot +/- pain
(Charcot 1868) • Neuropathic foot
• Most common: • Readily available pulses (often described as bounding)
1. DM
• 3 most common: •Radiographic Findings: (be aware of both types)
1. DM 1. Atrophic
2. Syringomyelia • With osteopenia, pencil & cup deformities,
3. Tabes Dorsalis resorption of bone ends
• Congenital: • Without osteophytes, sclerosis, fragmentation, soft
1. Myelomeningocele tissue debris
2. Spina Bifida 2. Hypertrophic
3. CMT • With joint space narrowing, fractures,
4. MS fragmentation, ST debris, periosteal rxn,
5. CP subluxation
6. Syringomyelia • Without osteoporosis
7. Congenital insensitivity
• Metabolic: •Classification Systems (described in detail later on)
1. DM • Eichenholtz Classification
2. Alcoholic neuropathy • Brodsky Classification
3. Uremia • Schon Classification
4. Pernicous Anemia
• Iatrogenic: •Treatment by Eichenholtz phase
1. Tabes Dorsalis 1. Acute
2. Polio • Strict and immediate NWB and immobilization for
3. Leprosy 12-16 weeks.
4. TB • Edema control (Jones cast, ACE inhibitors,
• Neurological: Diuretics, Posterior splint, Elevation, Ex Fix, etc.)
1. Tumors in brain • Education and family support
2. Spinal cord tumor • Follow up x-rays every 4-6 weeks with relatively few
3. Peripheral nerve tumor cast changes
• Trauma: 2. Transition
1. Trauma to brain • Transition to WB (CAM walker, CROW, Bracing,
2. Trauma to spinal cord MAFO, Shoes, etc.)
3. Trauma peripheral nerve 3. Permanent
• Drugs: • Surgical correction of underlying deformity
1. Indomethacin • Consider TAL, Arthrodesis, Wedging osteotomies
2. Intra-articular corticosteroids or Amputation
3. Phenylbutazone 4. Adjunctive
• Bone stimulators
• Bisphosphonates:
• Pamidronate (Aredia): 60-90mg over 24h, 3
doses in 2 weeks.
• Alendronate (Fosamax): 5mg PO q24h.
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AJM Sheet: Charcot Classifications
• Eichenholtz Classification (1966)

• Based on plain film radiographic findings
• Originally described Stages 1 through 3, but Stage 0 was added later
• (Yu given credit, but really Schon). [Yu GV, Hudson JR. Evaluation and treatment of stage 0
Charcot’s neuroarthropathy of the foot and ankle. JAPMA. 2002; 92(4): 210-20.]
Diagnostic Stage 0: Stage 1: Stage II: Stage III:

Description Highrisk Pre-Charcot Acute/Developmental Coalescence Reconstruction
- Fusion of bone
- Periarticular bone - Decreased sclerosis
fragments with callus
debris formation. with rounding and
- Normal x-rays with no formation and bone
- Subchondral bone smoothing of bone
deformity. sclerosis.
Imaging fragmentation. fragments.
- MRI could show bone - Fragments and
Findings - Subluxation, - Boney consolidation,
edema and stress boney debris
dislocation and joint collapse and
fractures. absorbed
fracture. permanent foot
- With increased
- With deformity. deformity.
boney deformity.
- Sudden onset of non-

pitting edema, calor,
erythema, with or - No erythema or
without pain, - Subjectively warmth.
- Increased red, hot,
bounding pulses, decreased red, hot, - Decreased joint
Clinical swollen foot.
intrinsic atrophy. swollen foot. mobility and
Findings - With joint laxity and
- Skin temperature can - Still with joint laxity increased
instability.
increase by 12F. and instability. stabilization with
(Normal temp: 94F) fixed foot deformity.
- Uptake in all 3 phases
of Tc-99 bone scan.
Examples
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• Brodsky Classification (1992) - [Brodsky JW. The diabetic foot. In: Coughlin and Mann’s 1992 edition.]
• Describes the location and incidence of the deformity
(9%)
(30-35%)
(27-60%)
Type 1 Type 2 Type 3A Type 3B Type 4 Type 5

Chopart's joint Posterior Multiple
Lisfranc Joint Ankle joint The forefoot
& STJ calcaneus combinations
• Schon Classification - [Charcot neuroarthropathy of the foot and ankle. CORR. 1998; 349: 116-131.]
• Describes location and severity of condition
I: Lisfranc Pattern
- Increasing deformity to medial rockerbottom and ulceration.
II: Naviculocunieform Pattern
- Increasing deformity to lateral rockerbottom and ulceration.
III: Perinavicular Pattern
- Lateral rockerbottom, Talar AVN and ulceration.
IV: Transverse Tarsal Pattern
- Increasing deformity to central rockerbottom and ulceration.
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AJM Sheet: Differentiating Osteomyelitis from Charcot
• Please keep in mind that these are not mutually exclusive and both can be present!
• The gold standard is a bone biopsy which would show infection in OM and not in Charcot.
Subjective
• OM: Constitutional signs and symptoms of infection, infectious risk factors, history of infection.
• Charcot: Uncontrolled DM, history of Charcot, history of recent trauma.
Objective
• OM: Necrosis, purulent drainage, elevated white count, cultures, positive bone biopsy.
• Charcot: Increased joint laxity, non-pitting edema, bounding pulses, rockerbottom deformity,
negative bone biopsy.
Imaging
• Not enough evidence yet, but some believe that OM is positive on bone scans and WBC scans
for greater than 24 hours whereas Charcot neuroarthropathy is only positive during the first 24
hours.
• The Tc99 Sulfur Colloid scan would also theoretically be positive for infection, but not for
Charcot.
Not too much here, but check out some further reading:
• Soysal N, et al. Differential diagnosis of Charcot arthropathy and osteomyelitis. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2007 Oct; 28(5):
556-559.
• Shank CF, Feibel JB. Osteomyelitis in the diabetic foot: diagnosis and management. Foot Ankle Clin. 2006 Dec; 11(4):
775-89.
• Ledermann HP, Morrison WB. Differential diagnosis of pedal osteomyelitis and diabetic neuroarthropathy: MR Imaging.
Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. 2005 Sep; 9(3): 272-83.
• Berendt AR, Lipsky B. Is this bone infected or not? Differentiating neuron-osteoarthropathy from osteomyelitis in the
diabetic foot. Curr Diab Rep. 2004 Dec; 4(6): 424-9.
• Yu GV, Hudson JR. Evaluation and treatment of stage 0 Charcot’s neuroarthropathy of the foot and ankle. J Am Podiatr
Med Assoc. 2002 Apr; 92(4): 210-20.
• Schon LC, et al. Charcot neuroarthropathy of the foot and ankle. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1998 Apr;(349): 116-31.
• Berendt AT, Peters EJ, et al. Diabetic foot osteomyelitis: a progress report on diagnosis and a systemic review of
treatment. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2008; 24(S1): S145-S161.
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AJM Sheets: Trauma
Trauma is another area that is often highlighted during the interview process. This section first
details a trauma-specific work-up, and then goes through some specific traumatic conditions. In
terms of the interview, you generally will be expected to work-up, diagnose and classify based on
radiographs, CTs and MRIs. While you should certainly have an understanding of treatment
interventions and protocols, this will probably be less emphasized than diagnosis and
classification.
A lot of these classifications are very visual (and I don’t have room for that in 100 pages), so I’ve
tried to include a lot of specific references with pictures of the classifications (mostly to McGlamry’s
and Gumann’s texts).
I’ve also tried to include a lot of references to “classic” articles and review articles. Textbooks with
good trauma information for additional reading include specific ones (Gumann’s, Scurran’s, Rang’s,
etc), but also general ones (McGlamry’s, Myerson’s, Hansen’s, etc).
I said that while I was studying for the Diabetic Foot Infection work-up, I tried to learn as much as
possible on the topic and really tried to “wow” the attendings at the interview. However, my
strategy was different when dealing with trauma and the specific surgical work-ups. Here I tried to
demonstrate “competence” as opposed to “mastery” of the material. With specific surgeries,
you’re really not supposed to have strong, pre-formed opinions as a student or as an intern. That’s
what your residency is for; developing surgical opinions. If you already know what to do in every
surgical situation, then what’s the point of doing a residency? So while on externships and at the
interview, you should really try to walk a fine line between:
1. Displaying competence in knowledge of the baseline material
2. Displaying that you still have a lot to learn, and that you are eager to learn it
Contents:
-The Trauma Work-Up (page 37)
-General Trauma Topics (page 39)
-Digital Fractures (page 45)
-Sesamoid Trauma (page 4)
-Metatarsal Fractures (page 47)
-5th Metatarsal Fractures (page 50)
-Metatarsal Stress Fractures (page 52)
-LisFranc Trauma (page 53)
-Navicular Trauma (page 57)
-Talar Fractures (page 59)
-Calcaneal Fractures (page 62)
-Ankle Fractures (pages 66)
-General Tendon Trauma (page 72)
-Achilles Tendon Work-up (page 74)
-Achilles Tendon Treatment (page 76)
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AJM Sheet: Trauma Work-up
• The Trauma Work-up is very similar to the regular patient work-up, but with a few things added.
You still need to go through the CC, HPI, PMH, PSH, Meds, Allergies, SH, FH, ROS and complete
physical exam in that order. In addition, there are three other topics that you need to address on
every trauma patient for every work-up:
1. ABCDE’s of the Primary Survey

• Airway: Three common forms of airway obstruction are cervical spine injury, swollen
tongue and facial fracture.
• Breathing: Note how this is different than an established airway. Someone can have an
airway, but still not be breathing.
• Circulation: Assess vascular status in all four extremities. Two large-bore (18-gauge) IV’s
should be started immediately if fluid replacement is considered necessary.
• Deficits (Neurological): There are two ways to assess this.
• AVPU
• Alert, responds to Verbal stimuli, responds to Painful stimuli, Unresponsive
• Glasgow Coma Scale
• Based upon three criteria: eye opening, verbal response, motor response.
• Based on scale of 0-15 with a higher score indicating a better prognosis.
• 13+ associated with a good prognosis; 7- associated with a poor prognosis.
• Exposure: Complete exposure of the patient to evaluate further, unknown damage.
• Secondary Survey: This is when you go through a normal history including HPI, PMH, etc.
and a comprehensive physical exam.
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2. Tetanus Status
• Clostridium tetani is a racquet-shaped gram-positive bacillus. It releases an exotoxin
causing a pre-sympathetic blockade.
• Triad of tetanus symptoms: Trismus, Risus Sardonicus, and Aphagia.
• Characteristics of a tetanus-prone wound: greater than 6 hours old, clinical signs of
infection, deep, devitalized tissue, contamination, traumatic mechanism of injury, etc.
Basic Tetanus Algorithm:
Clean wound Give the toxoid; Hold the TIG

Unknown tetanus status
Tetanus-prone wound Give the toxoid; Give the TIG
Clean wound Give the toxoid; Hold the TIG

Incomplete tetanus status (No
booster within 5 years)
Tetanus-prone wound Give the toxoid; Give the TIG
Clean wound Hold the toxoid; Hold the TIG

Complete tetanus status
(Booster within 5 years)
Tetanus-prone wound Hold the toxoid; Hold the TIG
- Toxoid: 0.5ml
Dosages
- TIG (tetanus immunoglobulin): 250-300 units
3. NPO status
• All trauma patients are potential surgical candidates, so get this information for the weenie
anesthesiologists (Always remember that lunch is for doctors, not for surgeons; while
coffee breaks and crossword puzzles are for anesthesiologists).
• Traditional guidelines recommend:
• Nothing by mouth after midnight the night before elective surgery
• Nothing by mouth within 6-8 hours of any type of surgery
• These strict guidelines are in the process of changing however, particularly with regard to
allowing the ingestion of small amounts of clear liquids up to the time of surgery. If
interested, please read:
• [Brady M, Kinn S, Stuart P. Preoperative fasting for adults to prevent perioperative
complications. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003; (4): CD004423.]
• [Murphy GS, et al. The effect of a new NPO policy on operating room utilization. J Clin
Anesth. 2000 Feb; 12(1): 48-51.]
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AJM Sheet: General Trauma Topics
• In addition to having a good trauma work-up, there are a few other things that are helpful to
know regarding foot and ankle trauma.
1. Podiatric Surgical Emergencies

• Infection with emphysema (gas gangrene)
• Open fracture/dislocation
• Compartment syndrome
• Necrotizing Fasciitis
• General Neurovascular compromises
2. Mangled Extremity Severity Score (MESS) - based on 4 criteria (score points)

• Skeletal / soft-tissue injury
(1) Low energy (stab; simple fracture; pistol gunshot wound)
(2) Medium energy (open or multiple fractures, dislocation)
(3) High energy (high speed MVA or rifle GSW)
(4) Very high energy (high speed trauma + gross contamination)
• Limb ischemia
(1) Pulse reduced or absent but perfusion normal*
(2) Pulseless; paresthesias, diminished capillary refill*
(3) Cool, paralyzed, insensate, numb*
• Shock
(0) Systolic BP always > 90 mm Hg
(1) Hypotensive transiently
(2) Persistent hypotension
• Age (years)
(0) < 30
(1) 30-50
(2) > 50
* A (score) of 7+ has an increased likelihood of amputation.

* (Score) doubled for ischemia > 6 hours
* Based on a (score) from 1-11 with a higher score leading to an increased incidence of
amputation.
• [Helfet DL, et al. Limb salvage versus amputation. Preliminary results of the Mangled Extremity Severity Score.
CORR 1990; 256: 80-6.]
• [Bosse MJ, et al. A prospective evaluation of the clinical utility of the lower-extremity injury-severity scores. JBJS-
Am 2001; 83(1): 3-14.]
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3. Open Fractures
• Note that 30% of lower extremity open fractures are associated with polytrauma.
• Mainstays of treatment: Aggressive incision and drainage with copious lavage.
• It is generally recommended to never primarily close an open fracture until devitalized
soft tissue has demarcated
• This certainly isn’t always the case in practice. In fact, the Ortho Trauma service at
Inova routinely primarily closes open fractures following I&D with ORIF.
• Gustilo-Anderson Classification of Open Fractures [Gustilo RB, Anderson JT. Prevention of infection
in the treatment of one thousand and twenty-five open fractures of long bones: retrospective and prospective
analyses. JBJS-Am. 1976; 58(4): 453-8.]
Gustilo-Anderson Classification
Fracture
Wound Size Features Energy Infection Probability Abx. Choice
Type
Wound 0% - 2%
Type I Clean Low - Ancef
<1cm minimal contamination
Wound Minimal soft tissue 2% - 7% - Ancef

Type II Moderate
1.0-5.0cm damage moderate contamination - Clindamycin
Moderate damage
Wound 7%
Type IIIA but adiqute soft High
>5.0cm severe contamination
tissue coverage
- Ancef
Wound 10% - 50% - Clindamycin
Type IIIB Periosteal stripping High
>5.0cm severe contamination - Aminoglycosides
Arterial damage
Wound 25% - 50%
Type IIIC requiring primary High
>5.0cm severe contamination
repair
4. Fracture Blisters
• Location: Subepidermal
• Note that the fluid is sterile. Fracture blisters are histologically similar to 2nd degree burns.
• Most common LE etiology? Secondary to high-energy trauma such as ankle fx, calcaneus
fx or Lisfranc injury.
• 2 Common Types of Fracture Blisters
1. Clear fluid: Most common (75%). Very tense in appearance.
2. Hemorrhagic: Most severe. Roof is flaccid. Takes longer to re-epithelialize.
• Treatment is controversial, but the conservative approach is to never incise through a
fracture blister and to delay surgery until re-epithelialization.
• [Strauss EJ, et al. Blisters associated with lower-extremity fracture: results of a prospective treatment
protocol. J Orthop Trauma. 2006 Oct; 20(9): 618-22.]
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5. Shock
• Signs/Symptoms of Shock
• Tachycardia
• Tachypnea
• Delayed capillary refill
• Decreased pulse pressure
• Change in mental status
• Decreased systolic pressure
• Decreased urinary output
• Decreased H&H.
• Types of Shock:
1. Hypovolemic: most common; defined as the acute loss of circulating blood. Treatment
is aggressive fluid replacement.
2. Cardiogenic: induced by myocardial dysfunction.
3. Neurogenic: secondary to decreased sympathetic tone from head and spinal cord
injuries.
4. Septic: shock secondary to infection.
• Goal of Treatment: restore organ perfusion.
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AJM Sheet: General Trauma Topics
• Foreign Bodies/Puncture Wounds

• When should a foreign body be removed?
• Clinical signs of infection, known contaminated object, pain, object close to NV
elements, intra-articular
• Recommended imaging studies for a foreign body?
• Plain film radiography (no oblique views!)
• Fluoroscopy
• CT
• MRI
• US
• How will wooden objects appear on US?
• Hyperechoic with a hypoechoic dark shadow
• How large must a glass foreign body be to be visible on plain film radiography? Does
leaden matter?
• A piece of glass, regardless of whether it is leaden, must be >5mm to be visible
• Classification for foreign bodies?
• Resnick Classification [Resnick CD. Puncture wounds: therapeutic considerations and a new
classification. J Foot Surg. 1990 Mar-Apr; 29(2): 147-53.]
- I. Superficial/cutaneous: usually visible without signs of infection.
- II. Subcutaneous or articular without signs of infection.
- IIIA. Subcutaneous or articular with signs of infection.
- IIIB. Bone penetration without signs of infection.
- IV. Bone penetration with known osteomyelitis.
• Patzakis Classification [Patzakis MJ. Wound site as a predictor of
complications following deep nail punctures of the foot. West J Med. 1989
May; 150(5): 545-7.]
• Zone 1: Toes to met head
• (50% incidence of osteomyelitis)
• Zone 2: Midfoot
• Zone 3: Calcaneus
Puncture wounds common bugs Abx. Treatment
Most common Staph Aureus Keflex
2nd most common Beta-hemolytic strept Augmentin

Puncture through
Pseudomonas Ciprofloxacin
shoe gear
Puncture involving
Clostridia Clindamycin
soil or farm
Human bite Eikenella corrodens Augmentin
Cat bite Pasturella multocida Augmentin

Enterobacter, Staph,
Dog bite Augmentin
Pseudomonas, Bacillus
Foreign body/puncture wound treatment:
- Tetanus status, antibiotics, aggressive I/D with copious lavage
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• Gun Shot Wounds (Ordog classification for gunshot wounds)
• High velocity GSWs are characterized by speeds >2500 ft/s. This is significant because
high velocity GSWs have a tendency to yaw and tumble leading to increased cavitation.
• Cavitation: Large wound is created under a situation of negative pressure. This
negative pressure “sucks” outside contaminants into the wound.
[Holmes GB. Gunshot wounds of the foot. CORR. 2003 Mar; (408): 86-91.]
Example of gun
shot wound
cavitation
• Compartment Syndrome
• First described by Volkmann. Myerson has good articles/chapters on this topic.
• [Perry MD, Manoli A. Foot compartment syndrome. Orthop Clin North Am. 2001 Jan; 32(1):
103-11.]
• [Myerson M, Manoli A. Compartment syndromes of the foot after calcaneal fractures. Clin
Orthop Relat Res. 1993 May: 142-50.]
• Results when interstitial pressure exceeds capillary hydrostatic pressure, so the
microcirculation shuts down.
• The foot has anywhere from 3-11 compartments depending on who you read:
1. Intermetatarsal Compartments X 4: Contains the interossei muscles
2. Medial Compartment: Abductor Hallucis
3. Lateral Compartment: Abductor digiti minimi
4. Superficial Central Compartment: FDB
5. Deep Central Compartment: Adductor Hallucis
6. Calcaneal Compartment: Quadratus Plantae and lateral plantar artery
7. Dorsal Compartment: EHB and EDB
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• 7 P’s of Compartment Syndrome (These are very generalized)
• Pain out of proportion and not controlled by analgesics
• Paralysis
• Pain with passive dorsiflexion of the toes
• Pulselessness
• Paresthesia
• Pressure
• Pallor
• Diagnosis
• Normal compartment pressure? 0-5mm Hg
• When do you start getting worried? 20-30mm Hg
• When do you consider surgical intervention? >30-40mm Hg
• How is diagnosis made? Wick or slit catheter to measure compartment pressures
• Treatment
• Decompression via fasciotomy, debridement of necrotic tissue, copious lavage and
delayed closure
• Incision approaches: Consider dorsal vs. medial approaches
• Complications: permanent loss of function with structural deformity (Volkmann
contractures), myoneural necrosis, sensory loss, chronic pain
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AJM Sheet: Digital Fractures
• Even suspected digital fractures should be worked up according to a standard, full trauma work-
up during the interview if the case is presented as a trauma. The following describes unique
subjective findings, objective findings, diagnostic classifications and treatment.
Subjective
• History of trauma. “Bedpost” fracture describes stubbing your toe while walking at night. Also
common are injuries from dropping objects on the foot.
Objective
• Edema, erythema, ecchymosis, open lesions, subungual hematoma, and onycholysis should all
be expected.
• Any rotational/angulation deformities should be identified on plain film radiograph series.
Diagnostic Classifications
• Rosenthal Classification [Rosenthal EA. Treatment of fingertip and nail
bed injuries. Orthop Clin North Am. 1983; 14: 675-697.]
• Zone I: Injury occurs with damaged tissue completely
distal to the distal aspect of the phalanx.
• Zone II: Injury occurs with damaged tissue completely
distal to the lunula.
• Zone III: Injury occurs with damaged tissue completely
distal to the most distal interphalangeal joint.
• Treatment of digital fractures

• Zone I Injuries
• If injury involves no exposed bone and a total tissue loss less than 1cm squared,
then: Allow to heal in by secondary intention.
• If injury involves a total tissue loss greater than 1cm squared, then: A STSG or FTSG
should be used depending on weight-bearing position.
• Zone II Injuries
• Flaps and Skin Grafts generally employed:
1. Atasoy flap: plantar V --> Y advancement
• [Atasoy E. Reconstruction of the amputated fingertip with a triangular volar flap. JBJS-Am 1970; 52: 921-926.]
2. Kutler flap: biaxial V --> Y advancement
• [Kutler W. A new method for fingertip amputation. JAMA 1947; 133: 29-30.]
• Zone III Injuries
• Usually requires distal amputation (Distal Symes amputation)
• Miscellaneous Notes
• Hallux fracture is regarded as the most common forefoot fracture.
• Digital fractures without nail involvement and displacement/angulation/rotation can be
treated conservatively with immobilization.
• If subungual hematoma is present, there is 25% incidence of underlying phalanx fracture.
• If a subungual hematoma covers >25% of the nail, then the nail should be removed.
• Only 1mm squared of free space from onycholysis is necessary for hematoma
development.
• For proper nail function and adherence, there should be no onycholysis within 5mm of the
lunula.
• A Beau’s line is a transverse groove often associated with nail trauma.
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AJM Sheet: Sesamoid Trauma
• The following describes unique subjective findings, objective findings, diagnostic classifications
and treatments.
Subjective
• History of trauma is very important in this case. You want to differentiate between acute and
chronic conditions involving the sesamoids. Be careful to elicit any neurologic complaints that
could be present.
Objective
• Expect edema, erythema, ecchymosis and open lesions. Take the time for proper palpation.
• Joplin’s neuroma is irritation of the medial plantar proper digital nerve.
• Associated with rigidly plantarflexed first metatarsals, anterior cavus, etc.
• One of the most difficult things to differentiate is an acute sesamoid fracture from a bipartite
sesamoid. There are several generic plain film radiographic characteristics found in acute
fractures:
1. Jagged, irregular and uneven spacing
2. Large space between fragments
3. Abnormal anatomy
4. Bone callus formation
5. Comparison to a contra-lateral view
• Also useful are:
• HISTORY of acute incident
• Bone scan - would show increased osteoblastic/
osteoclastic activity with acute fracture.
• Jahss Classification [Jahss MH. Traumatic dislocations of the first
metatarsophalangeal joint. Foot Ankle. 1980 Jul; 1(1): 15-21.]
• Type I Treatments
• Mechanism: Dorsal dislocation of the hallux • Conservative
• Intersesamoid ligament: Intact • Immobilization (NWB SLC,
• Fracture?: No sesamoid fracture PWB SLC, Surgical Shoe,
• Treatment: Requires open reduction CAM Walker, etc.)
• Type IIA • Dancer’s Pad
• Mechanism: Dorsal dislocation of the hallux • Surgical
• Intersesamoid ligament: Ruptured • Excision of the fractured
• Fracture?: No sesamoid fracture fragment or entire sesamoid
• Treatment: Closed reduction/Conservative Care Miscellaneous Notes
• Type IIB • Ilfeld’s Disease: Agenesis of the
• Mechanism: Dorsal dislocation of the hallux fibular sesamoid [Ilfeld FW, Rosen V.
• Intersesamoid ligament: Ruptured Osteochondritis of the first metatarsal sesamoid.
CORR 1972; 85: 38-41.]
• Fracture?: Fracture of at least one sesamoid
• Incidence of Bipartite Sesamoid in
• Treatment: Closed reduction/Conservative Care
Population:
• Type II Variant
• As much as Kewenter: 35.5%
• Mechanism: Dorsal dislocation of the hallux
• As few as Inge: 10.7% with
• Intersesamoid ligament: Ruptured
75% of cases being unilateral
• Fracture?: Separation of a bipartite sesamoid
• Treatment: Closed reduction/Conservative Care
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AJM Sheet: Metatarsal Fractures
and treatments.
• Subjective and Objective

• Will point to some form of traumatic injury. Common injuries leading to metatarsal
fracture include direct blunt trauma, shearing, ankle sprains, etc.
• Most important in your work-up will be how you read the plain film radiographs.
Remember that at least two views are necessary to accurately describe displacement/
angular/rotational abnormalities.
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• First Metatarsal Fractures
• MOI: Direct trauma (MVA, fall from height, crush, etc.) and indirect trauma (torsional,
twisting, avulsions, etc.)
• Radiographic findings:
• Variable
• Examine for distal intra-articular fractures
• Examine for avulsion-type fractures
• Treatment:
• Conservative:
• SLC 4-6 weeks with non-displaced fractures
• Be wary of closed reduction because extrinsic muscles may displace after
apposition.
• Surgical:
• Various ORIF techniques detailed above
• Percutaneous pinning and cannulated screws are option in first metatarsal
• ORIF should be utilized if intra-articular fracture involves >20% of articular
surface
• Metatarsal Head/Impaction Fractures

• MOI: Direct or indirect trauma
• Examine for evidence of displacement/angulation/rotation.
• Expect a shortening mechanism.
• Examine for intra-articular nature of fracture
• Treatment:
• Conservative:
• Closed reduction generally unsuccessful
• Surgical:
• ORIF with fixation of K-wire, screws or • General Information:
absorbable pins. Metatarsal neck fractures often
• Immobilization for 4-6 weeks and NWB involve multiple metatarsals due to
• Follow-Up: the mechanism of injury. Multiple
• Early passive ROM suggested. fractures are very unstable due to
• Subsequent arthrosis is a common loss of function of the deep
complication. transverse metatarsal ligament,
which usually prevents
• Metatarsal Neck Fractures displacement.
• MOI: Shearing forces or direct trauma
• Vassal Principle:
• Expect elements of shortening, plantarflexion
Adjacent fractures generally
and lateral displacement of the distal segment.
improve alignment after reduction
• Treatment:
of the initial fracture because soft
• Conservative:
tissue structures are returned to
• Closed reduction generally unsuccessful
their normal position through
• Surgical:
traction.
• ORIF effective in restoring and
maintaining alignment with K-wires, IM
pinning and plates.
• Follow-up:
• NWB in SLC for 4-6 weeks
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• Midshaft Metatarsal Fractures
• MOI: Result of direct, blunt or torsional injuries
• Expect oblique fracture line, but transverse, spiral and comminuted are all possible.
• Expect elements of shortening, plantarflexion and lateral displacement of the distal
segment.
• Treatment:
• Based on displacement and fracture type
• Non-displaced fractures:
• NWB SLC 4-6 weeks
• Fractures with >2-3mm of displacement & >10 degrees of angulation:
• ORIF
• Transverse displaced fractures:
• Consider buttress plate, compression plate, IM percutaneous pinning,
crossed K-wires
• Long oblique or spiral fractures:
• Consider screws, plates, IM pinning, cerclage wiring
• Comminution:
• Consider screws, plates, cerclage wiring, K-wires and external fixation
• Metatarsal Base Fractures

• MOI: Direct trauma (MVA, fall from height, etc.) Usually associated with Lisfranc’s trauma.
• Generally remain in good alignment/angulation because of surrounding stable
structures.
• Treatment:
• Conservative:
• NWB SLC 4-6 weeks with good alignment
• Surgical:
• ORIF with displacement/alignment/angulation
Head fx. Neck fx. Midshaft fx. Base fx.
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AJM Sheet: 5th Metatarsal Base Fractures
and treatments.
• Subjective and Objective

• All will point to some form of traumatic injury. Common injuries leading to metatarsal
fracture include direct trauma, blunt trauma, shearing, ankle sprains, etc.
• Most important in your work-up will be how you read the plain film radiographs.
Remember that at least two views are necessary to accurately describe displacement/
angular/rotational abnormalities.
1. Torg Classification [Torg JS, et al. Fractures of the base of the fifth metatarsal distal to the tuberosity. JBJS-Am. 1984;
66(2): 209-14.]
• Radiographic classification of Jones fractures describing potential for non-union development.
Group Description Radiography Treatment
Narrow fracture line without

Type I Acute injuries NWB with Bone stimulator
intra-medullary sclerosis
Widened fracture intersurface
Type II Delayed Union NWB, ORIF
with evidence of IM sclerosis
Complete sclerotic obliteration

Type III Non-Union NWB, ORIF, Grafting
of the IM canal
• The Jones Fracture

- Stewart Type 1 fracture first
described by Sir Robert Jones
in 1902 from injuring himself
while ballroom dancing. [Jones
R. Fracture of the base of the fifth
metatarsal bone by indirect
violence. Ann Surg. 1902; 35(6):
776-82.]
- Very unstable fracture with high
incidence of non-union or
delayed union secondary to
variable blood supply.
Remember that the diaphysis
and metaphysis are generally
supplied by two different
arterial sources. [Smith JW. The
intraosseous blood supply of the
fifth metatarsal: implications for
proximal fracture healing. Foot
Ankle. 1992 Mar-Apr; 13(3):
143-52.]
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2. Stewart Classification - [Stewart IM. Jones fracture: Fracture of the base of the fifth metatarsal bone. Clin Orthop.
1960; 16: 190-8.]
Group Description MOI Radiography Treatment
- Extra-articular fx at - Usually oblique or

- Internal rotation of the - NWB SLC 4-6 weeks for non-
metaphyseal- transverse fx at
Type I forefoot while the base displaced fractures
diaphyseal junction metaphyseal-
of 5th met remains fixed - ORIF with displacement >5mm
(True Jones Fracture) diaphyseal junction
- Shearing force caused

- 1 or 2 fracture lines, - NWB SLC 4-6 weeks for non-
- Intra-articular avulsion by internal twisting with
Type II Intra-articular in displaced fractures
fracture contracture of
nature - ORIF with displacement >5mm
peroneus brevis tendon
- NWB SLC 4-6 weeks for non-

displaced fractures
- Reflex contracture of
- Extra-articular; - ORIF (pins, screws, tension-band
- Extra-articular avulsion peroneus brevis with
Type III Involvement of wiring) for displacement >5mm
fracture ankle in plantarflexed
styloid process - Consider excision of fragment and
position
reattachment of peroneus brevis
tendon
- NWB SLC 4-6 weeks for non-

- Intra-articular, - Crush injuries with base displaced fractures
Comminuted fracture of 5th met stuck - Multiple fragments; - ORIF with displacement
Type IV
(high rate of non or between cuboid and joint involvement - Consider bone grafting and
delayed union) the external agent fragment excision with severe
comminution
- Extra-articular avulsion - Note that this can only occur in

- Similar to types II
Type V fractures of the - Similar to types II and III children (similar to a Salter-Harris
and III
epiphysis Type I fracture)
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AJM Sheet: Stress Fracture Work-up
• Also called: March fx, Hairline fx, Fatigue fx, Insufficiency fx, Deutschlander’s dz, Bone
exhaustion, etc.
Subjective
• CC: Patient presents complaining of a diffuse foot and ankle pain. Classic patient is a military
recruit or athlete.
• HPI:
• Nature: Pain described as “sharp with WB” or “sore/aching.” May have element of
“shooting” pain.
• Location: Described as diffuse, but can be localized with palpation. Common areas
include dorsal metatarsal or distal tib/fib.
• Course: Subacute onset. Usually related to an increase in patient’s physical activity.
• Aggravating factors: Activity
• Alleviating factors: PRICE
• PMH: Look for things that would weaken bone (eg. Osteoporosis)
• SH: Look for recent increases in physical activity or a generally
active patient
• PSH/Meds/All/FH/ROS: Usually non-contributory
Objective
• Physical Exam
• Derm:
• Generalized or localized edema
• Ecchymosis is rare
• Vasc/Neuro: Usually non-contributory
• Musculoskeletal:
• Painful on localized palpation (positive pinpoint
tenderness)
• Possible pain with tuning fork
• Imaging
• Plain Film Radiograph:
• Localized loss of bone density and bone callus formation are hallmark signs
• Note that there must be a 30-50% loss of bone mineralization before radiographic
presentation of decreased bone density. This generally takes 10-21 days in a stress
fracture.
• Bone Scan: Increased uptake in all phases regardless of time of presentation
General Stress Fracture Information

• Between 80-95% of all stress fractures occur in the LE with the most common site the
metatarsals [20%] with 2nd metatarsal most commonly involved [11%] and the distal tib/fib.
• Stress fractures can occur via two mechanisms:
• Chronic strain upon a normal bone
• A chronic, normally benign strain upon a weakened bone
Stress Fx. Treatment

• Conservative treatment is mainstay:
• Immobilization and NWB for 4-6 weeks (SLC, Unna boot, surgical shoe, etc.)
• Anatomic position importance: no angulation/rotation/displacement (very uncommon)
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AJM Sheet: Lisfranc Trauma
• History
• Dr. Jacques Lisfranc was a French gynecologist who was called into the service of
Napoleon’s army where he served as a trauma surgeon in the 1820’s and 30’s. He also
served under Dr. Dupuytren during this time.
• Del Sel first described Lisfranc dislocations following equine injuries (JBJS 1955).
• Anatomy
• Tarsometatarsal joint: 9 bones, ~13 joints, 7 weak
dorsal ligaments, 5 strong plantar ligaments, the
Lisfranc ligament (+2 other interosseous
ligaments)
• Myerson described three functional columns of
the Lisfranc joint. Ouzounian and Shereff
described the sagittal plane motion of each of
these columns.
• Medial Column: 1st met and medial
cuneiform: 4mm of motion in the sagittal
plane.
• Central Column: 2nd/3rd mets and central/
lateral cuneiforms. 1mm of motion in
sagittal plane.
• Lateral Column: 4th/5th mets and cuboid.
10mm of motion in the sagittal plane.
• Mechanism of Injury
• Accounts for 0.2% of all traumatic injuries. Most common in MVA and sports injuries.
• Occurs either by direct crushing (i.e. dropping something on the foot) or indirectly (usually
a plantarflexed and abducted foot).
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• Diagnosis
• Clinical
• Midfoot pain and tenderness.
Possibly exacerbated with
pronation, abduction or
plantarflexion.
• Plantar ecchymosis
• Be wary of compartment
syndrome! Always check
neurovascular status.
• Plain Film Radiography
• Pathognomonic “fleck sign” representing an avulsion fx in the 1st IM space.
• Look for deviations from normal in the AP, MO and Lat views. Normal is:
• AP: Medial border of the 2nd met continuous with the medial border of the
central cuneiform. Lateral border of the medial cuneiform continuous with
the medial border of the central cuneiform.
• MO: Medial border of the 4th met continuous with the medial border of the
cuboid. Lateral border of the 3rd met continuous with the lateral border of
the lateral cuneiform.
• Lat: No sagittal displacement. Look for lateral column shortening with a
“nutcracker fracture” of the cuboid.
• “Lisfranc variant” is fracture damage extending proximally into the cuboid-
navicular region.
• Consider stress radiographs with the foot in plantarflexion or abduction.
• CT scan required for full diagnostic work-up and peri-operative planning!
Displacement of the Sagittal plane displacement

second metatarsal of the second metatarsal
on the intermediate
cuneiform
Fleck sign
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Classifications
• Classification originally described by Quenu and Kuss, then modified by Hardcastle, then
modified by Myerson. The Myerson Classification is listed with the Quenu and Kuss equivalent in
parentheses.
Myerson-Hardcastle Quenu and Kuss
Type A Total incongruity in any plane Homolateral
Partial - B1: 1st met goes medial

Type B Isolateral
incongruity - B2: Lesser mets go lateral
- C1: Partial (only 1st and 2nd mets involved)

Type C Divergent Divergent
- C2: Total (all mets involved)
Treatment
• Literature strongly favors ORIF with any displacement (>2mm between the 1st and 2nd mets).
Exact anatomic reduction is the key to prognosis.
• Non-operative
• If plain film and stress radiographs show no displacement, then NWB SLC for 6
weeks with films q2 weeks looking specifically for displacement.
• Operative
• Goal: Reduction and stabilization of the medial and central columns. You must
reduce the lateral column, but it is usually left unfixed because of the pronating
mobile adapter mechanism. The medial and central columns do not have as much
sagittal plane motion, but you still don’t want excess compression with associated
chondrolysis to develop.
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• Incisions:
• Usually longitudinally over the dorsal-medial 1st
• Proximal 2nd interspace (for access to 2,3)
• Proximal 4th interspace.
• Fixation:
• 1st met to medial cuneiform
• 2nd met to central cuneiform
• 3rd met to lateral cuneiform:
• Crossed 0.062” K-wires (removed at 8 weeks)
• cannulated cancellous screws (removed at ~12
weeks) or 3.5mm corticals.
• Consider putting a notch 1.5cm distal to the joint for
screw to prevent stress risers. Drill the hole for the
screw in the superior aspect of the notch and not
the base to prevent splitting the base.
• Consider 4th met to cuboid and 5th met to cuboid with a
single 0.062” K-wire
• Lisfranc Screw: Medial cuneiform to 2nd met base, screw in a
lag fashion
• Length of the lateral column must be restored following a
“nutcracker fracture.” Consider using an H-plate or external
fixation.
Post-Operative
• NWB SLC for 8 weeks transitioned to PWB SLC for 4 weeks transitioned to rehab.
High impact activity can usually be resumed at 6 months.
Complications
• ARTHROSIS! Essentially everyone develops post-traumatic arthritis to some extent.
Additional Reading:
- [Myerson M. The diagnosis and treatment of injuries to the Lisfranc joint complex. Orthop Clin North Am.
1989; 20(4): 655-64.]
- [Hardcastle PH, et al. Injuries to the tarsometatarsal joint. Incidence, classification, and treatment. JBJS-Br. 1982; 64(3):
349-56.]
- [Desmond EA, Chou LB. Current concepts review: Lisfranc injuries. Foot Ankle Int. 2006; 27(8): 653-60.
56 of 140
AJM Sheet: Navicular Trauma
• Suspected navicular trauma should be worked up with a primary and secondary survey. The
following describes unique subjective findings, objective findings, diagnostic classifications and
treatments.
Subjective
• History of trauma ranges from contusions to ankle sprains to forced abduction/plantarflexion of
the forefoot.
Objective
• Manual muscle testing (MMT) of the posterior tibialis tendon is important in these cases.
• Multiple view plain film radiographs are extremely important because of the possible obliquity of
some fractures. CT scans and MR images may also be necessary for complete visualization and
analysis of stress fractures.
Relevant Anatomy
• The navicular is surrounded by a number of joints of varying stability. The TNJ proximally is very
mobile, while the distal NCJ and lateral NCJ are very stable. The navicular is also very stable
medially because of the insertion of the PT tendon.
• Vascular anatomy to the navicular can be extremely important as described by Sarrafian:
• It has been demonstrated that the central 1/3 of the navicular is relatively avascular.
• The dorsalis pedis artery adequately supplies the dorsal and medial aspects.
• The medial plantar artery adequately supplies the plantar and lateral aspects.
• The central 1/3 has variable, radially-projecting branches from anastomosis of these
arteries.
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Navicular Trauma Diagnostic Classification
Watson-Jones Classification Description Treatment
- Occur secondary to eversion and

- Displacement <5mm:
posterior tibialis contracture
- Conservative immobilization
- Watch for associated “nutcracker
TYPE I - Displacement >5mm consider:
fracture” of cuboid and anterior
Navicular Tuberosity Fractures - Excision of fragment with
calcaneal process fractures
reattachment of tendon
- Must be differentiated from accessory
- ORIF with a cancellous screw
navicular
- Occur secondary to plantarflexion/

frontal plane mechanisms.
TYPE II - Must differentiate from os - Generally treated with conservative
Dorsal Lip Avulsion Fractures supranaviculare and os supratalare immobilization
accessory ossicles.
- Generally intra-articular
Principles of ORIF for Type III fractures:

- Must achieve 60% reapproximation of
- IIIA: Coronal Plane Fracture with no proximal joint space
angulation - Incision placed dorsal-medial,
- ~100% successful reduction between the TA and TP
usually achieved - Complications involve post-traumatic
- IIIB: Dorso-lateral to Plantar-medial arthritis and/or AVN
fracture with adduction of the Fixation Options using 3.5mm Cortical
TYPE III
forefoot Screws:
Navicular Body Fractures
- 67% successful reduction - Two screws directed lateral to medial
usually achieved - Two crossed screws directed proximal
- IIIC: Comminution with abduction of to distal
the forefoot - One screw directed proximal-medial
- 50% successful reduction to distal-lateral into the middle
usually achieved cuneiform
- Consider FDL transfer in the presence
of a weakened PT tendon
- Generally occurs secondary to

running
- Torg describes typical stress fracture
TYPE IV occurring in central 1/3 of body in the - Generally treated with conservative
Stress Fracture of the Navicular sagittal plane. immobilization
- DDx: Tibialis anterior tendonitis
- Usually plain films, CT and bone scans
are necessary to diagnose
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AJM Sheet: Talar Fractures
Talar fractures are generally associated with high energy trauma, and a standard evaluation with
primary and secondary surveys should precede any specific talar evaluation. The following
describes unique subjective findings, objective findings, diagnostic classifications and treatment
considerations.
Subjective
• History of trauma with a high incidence of MVC. The classic description of a talar neck fracture
comes from a forced dorsiflexion of the foot on the ankle (“aviator’s astragulus”). Talar fractures
account for approximately 1% of all foot and ankle fractures.
Objective
• Important to verify neurovascular status, and rule out dislocations and compartment syndromes.
• Imaging:
• Canale View: Plain film radiograph taken with the foot in a plantarflexed position. The
foot is also pronated 15 degrees with the tube head orientated 75 degrees cephalad. This
view allows for evaluation of angular deformities of the talar neck.
• CT scan is essential for complete evaluation and surgical planning.
Relevant Anatomy
• An intimate knowledge of the vascular supply to the talus is essential with regard to avascular
necrosis (AVN):
• [Aquino’s. Talar neck fractures: a review of vascular
supply and classification. J Foot Surg. 1986; 25(3):
188-93.]
• Dorsalis Pedis:
• Supply the superior aspect of the head and
neck (artery of the superior neck)
• Anastomoses with the peroneal and
perforating peroneal arteries
• Artery to the sinus tarsi:
• Supplies the lateral aspect of the talar
body
• Forms an anastomotic sling with the artery
of the tarsal canal
• Posterior Tibial Artery:
• Deltoid branch: medial aspect of the talar
body
• Artery of the canalis tarsi: majority of the
talar body
• Forms an anastomotic sling with the
artery of the tarsal sinus
• Also sends branches to the posterior
process
• Peroneal/Perforating Peroneal Artery: supplies
posterior and lateral aspects of the talar body
• Anastomoses with the dorsalis pedis artery
branches
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Talus Trauma Classifications/Named Fractures
Hawkins Classification - Talar neck fractures
Type I Non-displaced [13% AVN]
Type II STJ dislocation [50% AVN]
Type III STJ and Ankle dislocation [95% AVN]
STJ/Ankle/TN dislocation [above 95% AVN]

Type IV
Added by Canale and Kelly
Sneppen Classification - Talar body fractures
Group I Osteochondral fracture
Group II Sagittal, Coronal, Transverse body fracture
Group III Posterior tubercle fracture
Group IV Lateral process fracture
Group V Crush fracture
Berndt and Harty - Talar dome fractures
Type I Chondral Depression
Type II Partial chondral fracture, seen on MRI
Type III Nondisplaced complete osteochondral fx.
Type IV Displace complete osteochondral fx.
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Modified Hawkins Classification - lateral talar process
fractures
Type I Simple bipartite fracture
Type II Comminuted fracture
Type III Chip fracture of anteroinferior lateral process
Other Named Fractures:

- Shepherd’s fracture: Acute fracture of posterolateral talar
process
- Cedell’s fracture: Acute fracture of the posteromedial talar
process Other Named Fractures:
- Snowboarder’s fracture: lateral process
fractures
Treatment
• NWB in SLC 6-8 weeks versus ORIF depending on nature of
fracture and degree of displacement.
• Titanium hardware may be used so that MRI evaluation may be
used in post-operative period to evaluate for AVN!
• Hawkins sign: radiolucency of the talar body noted at 6-8
weeks after fracture. This sign is indicative of intact
vascularity. However, the absence of this sign does not
indicate that osteonecrosis and talar collapse are
eminent.
Additional Readings:
- Talar fractures are relatively uncommon in the medical literature. Most studies are case reports or small retrospective
reviews leading only to Level IV or V evidence.
- [Ahmad J, Raikin SM. Current concepts review: talar fractures. Foot Ankle Int. 2006 Jun; 27(6): 475-82.]
- [Golano P, et al. The anatomy of the navicular and periarticular structures. Foot Ankle Clin. 2004 Mar; 9(1): 1-23.]
- [Berndt A, Harty M. Transchondral fractures of the talus. JBJS-Am. 1959; 41: 988-1020.]
- [Canale ST, Kelly FB. Fractures of the neck of the talus. Long-term evaluation of seventy-one cases. JBJS-Am. 1978 Mar;
60(2): 143-56.]
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AJM Sheet: Calcaneal Fractures
The standard trauma work-up again applies with primary and secondary surveys. The following
considerations.
Subjective
• Demographics:
• Men > Women: Age range generally 30-60
• Account for ~2% of all fractures: 2-10% are bilateral
• 10% associated with vertebral fracture (most commonly L1)
• 1% associated with pelvic fracture and urethral trauma.
• Common mechanisms of injury: Direct axial load, vertical shear force/fall from height, MVC,
gastroc contraction, stress fracture, ballistics, iatrogenic surgical fracture
Objective
• Physical Exam:
• Pain with palpation to heel
• Short, wide heel
• Mondor’s Sign: characteristic ecchymosis extending into
plantar medial foot
• Hoffa’s sign: less taut Achilles tendon on involved side
• Inability to bear weight
• Must rule out compartment syndrome
• Imaging:
• Plain film Imaging: demonstrate loss of calc. height/width
• Bohler’s Angle: normally 25-40 degrees.
[Decreased with fracture]
• Critical Angle of Gissane: normally 125-140 degrees
[Increased with fracture]
• Broden’s View: Internally rotated oblique views to view
the middle and posterior facets
• Isherwood Views: 3 oblique views to view all facets
• Calcaneal Axial View: demonstrates lateral widening
and varus orientation
• CT Scan:
• Gold standard for evaluation and surgical planning
• The coronal view forms the basis of the Sanders
Classification
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Calcaneal Fracture classifications and descriptions
Sanders Classification:
Uses widest view of posterior facet on semicoronal CT cut
A A
Non-displaced intraarticular fracture regardless of C B
Type 1 B
fracture line number C
One fracture line that courses through the lateral

Type 2A
aspect of the posterior facet
One fracture line that courses through the central

Type 2B
aspect of the posterior facet
One fracture line that courses through the medial

Type 2C aspect of the posterior facet associated with a
transverse fracture of the calcaneal body
- Type # describes the fragment number
Two fracture lines that courses through the lateral - A, B and C represent fracture lines and
Type 3AB
and central aspects of the posterior facet further describe the involvement off the
calcaneus (described lateral to medial)
Two fracture lines that courses through the lateral
Type 3AC
and Medial aspects of the posterior facet
Associated readings:
- [Koval KJ, Sanders R. The radiographic evaluation of
Two fracture lines that courses through the central
Type 3BC calcaneal fractures. CORR. 1993 May; 290: 41-6.]
and medial aspects of the posterior facet - [Sanders R. Displaced intra-articular fractures of the
calcaneus. JBJS-Am. 2000 Feb; 82(2): 225-50.]
Three or more fracture lines with greater than - See page 1845 of McGlam’s, or 224 of
Type 4
2mm of articulate displacement Gumann’s for actual pictures.
2A 2B 2C
3AB 3AC 3BC

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Rowe Classification of calcaneal fractures
Plantar tuberosity fractures

Type 1A
(medial more common than lateral)
Sustentaculum tali fracture(remember FHL:

Type 1B
Pt. will have pain with hallux PROM)
Anterior process fractures (remember your

anatomy: bifurcate ligament)
Type 1C
further divided into three parts by
Degan Classification
Extra-articular “beak” fracture of posterior-superior

Type 2A
calcaneal body
Intra-articular “tongue-type” Achilles avulsion Associated Readings:

Type 2B - [Rowe CR, et al. Fractures of os calcis: a long term follow-
fracture
up study of one hundred forty-six patients. JAMA 1963;
184: 920-3.]
Type 3 Extra-articular calcaneal body fracture - [O’Connell F, Mital MA, Rowe CR. Evaluation of modern
management of fractures of the os calcis. CORR 1972; 83:
Type 4 Intra-articular joint depression fracture 214-23.]
- See page 1830 of McGlam’s or page 223 of
Type 5 Intra-articular comminuted fracture Gumann’s for pictures.
Essex-Lopresti Classification
• Extra-articular (~25%)
• Intra-articular (~75%)
• Tongue-type
• Joint depression
fractures
• Both intra-articular fractures
have the same primary
force, but different
secondary exit points.
[Essex-Lopresti P. The mechanism, reduction
technique, and results in fractures of the os
calcis. Br J Surg 1952; 39: 395-419.]
Zwipp Classification
• Assigns 2-12 points based on:
• Number of fragments
• Number of involved joints
• Open fracture or high soft
tissue injury
• Highly comminuted nature, or
associated talar, cuboid,
navicular fractures
[Rammelt S, Zwipp H. Calcaneus fractures: facts,
controversies and recent developments. Injury
2004; 35(5): 443-61.]
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Treatment of calcaneal fractures
• Appreciate the debate in the literature between cast immobilization vs. percutaneous reduction vs.
ORIF vs. primary arthrodesis. Possible use of delta frame to allow for closed reduction and balancing
of soft tissue swelling pre operatively.
• [Barei DP, et al. Fractures of the calcaneus. Orthop Clin North Am. 2002 Jan; 33(1): 263-85.]
• Goals of therapy are to:
• Restore calcaneal height
• Decrease calcaneal body widening (reduce lateral wall blow-out)
• Take calcaneus out of varus
• Articular reduction.
• Review the lateral extensile surgical approach
• [Benirschke SK, Sangeorzan BJ. Extensive intraarticular fractures of the foot. Surgical management of calcaneal
fractures. CORR. 1993 Jul; 292: 128-134.]
• Complications: Wound healing, arthritis, lateral ankle impingement, malunion, nonunion, etc.
• [Benirschke SK, Kramer PA. Wound healing complication in closed and open calc fractures. J Orthop Trauma.
2004; 18(1): 1-6.]
• [Cavadas PC, Landin L. Management of soft-tissue complications of the lateral approach for calcaneal fractures.
Plast Reconstr Surg. 2007; 120(2): 459-466.]
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AJM Sheet: Ankle Fracture Evaluation
The standard trauma work-up again applies with primary and secondary surveys. The following
considerations.
Residents and attendings love to ask questions about ankle fractures for whatever reason, so this is
certainly a subject where you should know the classification systems cold, and do a lot of the
additional readings. We’ll keep it brief here.
• Relevant Anatomy to Review (not just for this topic; think lateral ankle instability, peroneal
tendonopathy, sprains, etc.):
• Ankle Ligaments:
• Lateral: ATFL, CFL, PTFL
• Medial (Deltoid):
• Superficial: superficial talotibial, naviculotibial, tibiocalcaneal ligaments
• Deep: anterior talotibial and deep posterior ligaments
• Syndesmotic Ligaments:
• AITFL, PITFL (and inferior transverse tibiofibular ligament), Interosseous ligament
• Bassett's ligament represents the deep portion of the AITFL
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Ankle Fracture Classifications:
• Ottawa Ankle Rules

• [Stiell IG, et al. A study to develop clinical decision rules for the use of radiology in acute ankle injuries. Ann Emerg
Med. 1992; 21(4): 384-90.]
•Developed by ED docs to minimize unnecessary radiographs following ankle sprains. X-
ray only required if:
1.Bone tenderness along distal 6cm of posterior edge of fibula or tibia
2.Bone tenderness at tip of fibula or tibia
3.Bone tenderness at the base of the 5th met
4.Bone tenderness on the navicular
5.Inability to bear weight/walk 4 steps in the ED
• Lauge-Hansen Classification
Stage I Stage II Stage III Stage IV
Supination Lateral collateral Near vertical medial

Adduction ligament tear/ malleolar fx - -
(Weber A) avulsion fibular fx (Mueller D)
Transverse avulsion Short, oblique lateral

AITFL syndesmotic
Pronation Abduction fx medial malleolus/ malleolus fracture
rupture or avulsion -
(Weber B) deltoid rupture Transverse on lateral
of its insertion
(Mueller B) radiograph
Spiral lateral Transverse avulsion

Supination External AITFL syndesmotic PITFL syndesmotic
malleolus fracture fx medial malleolus/
Rotation rupture or avulsion rupture or avulsion
Long, posterior spike deltoid rupture
(Weber B) of its insertion of its insertion
on lateral radiograph (Mueller B)
Transverse avulsion
Pronation External AITFL syndesmotic Oblique or spiral PITFL syndesmotic
fx medial malleolus/
Rotation rupture or avulsion fibular fracture rupture or avulsion
deltoid rupture
(Weber C) of its insertion suprasyndesmotic of its insertion
(Mueller B)
Pronation Dorsal Tibial Lip Posterior avulusion/

Deltoid rupture High fibular fracture
Dorsiflexion fracture fracture
- First submitted as a doctoral thesis [Lauge-Hansen N,

Anklebrud I. 1942]. Co-authored with a guy named “Ankle”-
brud
- [Lauge-Hansen N. Fractures of the ankle: analytic, historic survey
as the basis of new experimental roentgenologic and clinical
investigations. Arch Surg 1948; 56: 259.]
- The problem with the Lauge-Hansen

classification: This was an experimental/
laboratory study looking at the result of forced
talar movement on a fixed tibia-fibula. But most
ankle fractures in real-life occur when a moving
tibia-fibula acts on a fixed foot.
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• Danis-Weber/AO Classification for lateral malleolar fractures (From AO Group)
AO Type A: Infrasyndesmotic Type B: Transyndesmotic Type C: Suprasyndesmotic
1 Isolated Isolated Simple diaphyseal fibular fx
With medial malleolar fx or

2 With medial malleolar fx Complex diaphyseal fibular fx
deltoid rupture
With medial lesion and

3 With posterior-medial fx Proximal fibular fx
posterior-lateral tibial fx
• Mueller Classification for medial malleolar fractures (From AO group)
A B C D
Transverse at level of
Avulsion Oblique Near vertical
mortise
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AJM Sheet: Ankle Fracture Treatment
• Additional named fractures associated with the ankle:

• Tillaux-Chaput fx: AITFL avulsion from the anterolateral tibia
• Wagstaffe fx: AITFL avulsion from the anteromedial fibula
• Volkmann fx: PITFL avulsion from the posterior-lateral tibia
• Bosworth fx: PITFL avulsion from the posterior-medial fibula
• Maisonneuve fx: Weber C-type proximal fibular fracture that occurs within 10cm of the
fibular neck
• Pott’s fx: Generic term for a bimalleolar ankle fracture
• Destot fx: Generic term of a trimalleolar ankle fracture
• Dupuytren fx: At least a bimalleolar fracture when the talus gets lodged up between the
tibia and fibula
• Posterior Malleolar Fractures: Different than an avulsion fracture of the PITFL; this is a true
fx involving a portion of the tibial plafond cartilage. CT is usually done to estimate a
percentage of the involved joint space. The rule of thumb (although certainly not proven)
is that fractures involving >25-30% of the joint space require ORIF.
Chaput tubercle Wagstaffe tubercle Volkman tubercle
• Principles of Fixation:
This is one area where there is a lot of controversy in the medical literature. There are certainly
some things you want to accomplish besides the generic concept of “anatomic reduction”. I
can’t get too much into it in this limited space, but I will try and give you a couple sides of the
argument and some reading to do. The question you are really trying to answer is: “How
reduced is reduced enough?” Then we’ll briefly cover some specific aspects of the surgeries
themselves. One thing to appreciate is that most of these arguments are made about SER
fractures (because they are the most common):
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Fixation:
• Restore fibular length
• Most people agree that the fibular fracture is the
dominant fracture. In other words, if you
adequately reduce the fibula, then the other
fractures and dislocations more or less fall into line
because of the soft tissues (poor man’s definition
of the Vassal Principle). It doesn’t mean that the
other fractures don’t require fixation, but it means
there’s no real sense in fixating the other fractures
unless you have the dominate fracture fixated (or
at least reduced).
• Dime sign: The most useful radiographic signs of fibular length is described on the
AP view as an unbroken curve connecting the recess in the distal tip of the fibula
and the lateral process of the talus when the fibula is out to length. A broken dime
sign represents the fibula malreduced in a shortened position.
• The other concept is that a fixed fibula is essentially acting as a buttress, keeping the
talus within the ankle mortise.
• The fibula is generally shortened in ankle fractures, so you want to get the full length
back with your reduction (generally visibly seen by reduction of the posterior spike
on a lateral view).
• [Yablon IG, et al. The key role of the lateral malleolus in displaced fractures of the ankle. JBJS-Am.
1977; 59(2): 169-173.]
• Restore the ankle mortise (medial clear space and the syndesmotic gap)
• This goes back to the fibula keeping the talus in the ankle mortise. The classic
article you need to know is Ramsey and Hamilton that showed a 42% decrease in
the tibiotalar contact area when the talus was displaced 1mm laterally. From this,
people inferred that if the talus isn’t perfectly reduced back into the mortise, then
gross instability occurs.
• This is assessed by:
• Medial clear space: Should be ~4mm or less after reduction
• Tib-Fib Overlap: Approximately >10mm on AP view at 1cm superior to the
joint line
• Talar Tilt: <10 degrees absolute, or <5 degrees compared to other side
• [Ramsey PL, Hamilton W. Changes in tibiotalar area of contact caused by lateral talar shift. JBJS-Am. 1976;
58(3): 356-7.]
• [Park SS, et al. Stress radiographs after ankle fracture: the effect of ankle position and deltoid status on
medial clear space measurements. J Orthop Trauma. 2006; 20(1): 11-18.]
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• Fix the syndesmosis?
• Another area of controversy where there is no clear
answer is when and how to fixate the syndesmosis with
internal fixation. One point is clear: the purpose of
placing internal fixation across the syndesmosis is to
stabilize the fibula against the tibia to prevent lateral
migration of the talus and instability. If the fibula is stable
against the tibia with all of your other fixation, then you
don’t really need any additional fixation.
• How can you tell? Radiographic findings and the Cotton
hook test for instability intra-operatively.
• Other questions where people have opinions, but no
clear answers are: What type of screws? How many
screws? How many cortices? How far above the ankle?
Temporary vs. permanent fixation? Weight-bearing? etc.
• Lateral Malleolus:
• Fracture is primarily reduced and fixated with a single 2.7
or 3.5mm cortical screw with interfrag compression.
• Then a generic 1/3 tubular plate or a specialized
contoured plate is used for buttress stabilization.
• Attempt for 6 cortices proximal to fracture with 3.5
bicortical screws
• Get as many distal screws as you can. 3.5 bicortical
if above the ankle joint. 4.0 unicortical if not.
• Proximal fibular fractures still amendable to 1/3 tubular
plating, but may need to double-stack the plates.
• Should appreciate the concept of lateral vs. posterior anti-
glide plating.
• Medial Malleolus:
• Several options including 4.0 cancellous, K-wires, plating, cerclage, etc.
- Additional Reading:
- [Mandi DM, et al. Ankle fractures. Clin Podiatr Med Surg. 2006 Apr; 23(2): 375-422.]
- [Mandracchia DM, et al. Malleolar fractures of the ankle. A comprehensive review. Clin Podiatr Med Surg. 1999 Oct;
16(4): 679-723.]
- [Kay RM, Matthys GA. Pediatric ankle fractures: evaluation and treatment. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2001; 9(4):
269-78.]
- [Jones KB, et al. Ankle fractures in patients with diabetes mellitus. JBJS-Br. 2005; 87(4): 489-95.]
- [Espinosa N, et al. Acute and chronic syndesmosis injuries: pathomechanics, diagnosis and management. Foot
Ankle Clin. 2006 Sep; 11(3): 639-57.]
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AJM Sheet: General Tendon Trauma
• Mechanism of Injury
• Tendon is actually the strongest part of the muscle-tendon-insertion system. It is much
more likely for the complex to fail at the myotendinous junction or at the tendinous
insertion, but acute tendon injuries do occur. They are usually the result of direct trauma,
or overload on an intrinsically weakened tendon.
1. Tension overload on a passive muscle
2. Eccentric overload on an actively contracting muscle
3. Laceration
4. Blunt Trauma
• Factors which can intrinsically weaken tendons

• Increased age:
1. Increased cross-linking of collagen fibrils decreases tendon elasticity
2. Decreased reaction time and muscular contraction speed
3. Decreased vascularity
• Sex: M>F
• Systemic inflammatory process: RA, SLE, Gout, etc.
• Underlying endocrine dysfunction: Xanthoma (hyperbetalipoproteinemia), DM,
Hyperparathyroidism secondary to renal failure, hyperthyroidism, infection, intratendinous
calcifications, etc.
• Medications: Fluoroquinolones, Corticosteroids
• Tendon Healing
• As with most tissue, there is a generalized inflammation, reparative and remodeling phase.
• Week 1: Severed ends fill in with granulation tissue
• Weeks 2-3: Increased paratenon vascularity; collagen fibril alignment
• Week 4: Return to full activity without immobilization
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• Imaging in Diagnosis of Acute Tendon Injury
• May see avulsions, soft tissue swelling, accessory bones/calcifications
• Tenograph:
• Radiopaque dye injected into tendon sheath and viewed on plain film
radiograph
• Technically difficult with many false positives and negatives
• Ultrasound:
• Tendon normally appears hyperechoic to muscle on US.
• Look for discontinuity of fibers, possible alternating hyperechoic/
hypoechoic bands, and an area of intensely hyperechoic hematoma.
• It is very important that the US head is held perpendicular to
the long axis of the tendon.
• CT:
• Tendon normally appears as a homogenous, well-circumscribed oval
surrounded by fat on CT. It normally has a higher attenuation than
muscle.
• Will be able to appreciate discontinuity on CT with injury.
• MRI:
• T1: Tendons normally have a uniform low-intensity (very black). Will
be uniform with variable high-intensity signal with injury.
• T2: Tendons are normally relatively low-intensity. Will light up with
high-intensity signal with injury.
• Remember the magic angle phenomenon. Any MRI signal shot at 55
degrees to the course of the tendon will show a false-positive
damage signal. Very common in the peroneals.
• [Mengiardi B, et al. Magic angle effect in MR imaging of ankle tendons: influence of foot
positioning on prevalence and site in asymptomatic patients and cadaver tendons. Eur
Radiol. 2006 Oct; 16(10): 2197-2206.]
• Principles of Repair
• It is possible, but rare to get acute tendon injury to any of the long tendons
of the leg. An Achilles tendon work-up will be featured in another AJM
sheet, but realize there are some basic principles that apply to any tendon.
• One is generally able to primarily repair the tendon. Non-absorbable
suture is preferred.
• Special attention should be paid to vascular supply. Remember that the
majority of a tendon’s vascularity comes from the mesotenon, and therefore
should be preserved as much as possible.
• If primary repair is not possible,
consider using lengthening tendon
slides, tendon grafts, tendon
transfers and biomaterials such as
Graft-Jacket (allograft dermal tissue
matrix) or Pegasus (equine
pericardium) to restore the integrity
of the tendon.
• The goal of treatment should be to
allow early PROM without gapping
of the tendon.
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AJM Sheet: Achilles Tendon Rupture Work-Up
Subjective
• CC:
• Typical complaint is pain, weakness and swelling in the back of the leg following an acute
injury. The typical patient is the “weekend warrior” type. This is a 30-50 y/o male
participating in a strenuous athletic activity after a generally inactive lifestyle.
• HPI:
• Nature: Pain, weakness and swelling. Pain is surprisingly non-intense allowing the patient
to ambulate. The patient may relate an audible “pop” or “snap”. They may also relate
feeling like they were “kicked or shot” in the back of the leg.
• Location: Distal posterior leg. The left leg is more affected. Some people theorize that
this has to do with the majority of people having right-handedness and a greater strength
and proprioception of the RLE.
• Duration, Onset, Course: Acute onset with gradually progressive increase in swelling and
edema.
• Mechanism of Action - Three classic MOA are described:
1. Unexpected dorsiflexion with triceps contraction
2. Pushing off during WB with the leg extended (tennis lunge)
3. Violent dorsiflexion on a plantarflexed ankle
4. Also consider lacerations and blunt trauma
• Previous History: obviously more likely to re-rupture
• PMH:
• Inflammatory conditions: RA, SLE, Gout
• Endocrine dysfunction: DM, Renal failure with hyperparathyroidism, hyperthyroidism,
Xanthoma (hyperbetalipoproteinemia)
• Infection: Syphilis
• Meds:
• Corticosteroid injection
• Long term Fluoroquinolone use
• SH:
• Smoking
• Sedentary lifestyle with weekend activity
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Objective
• Derm:
• Posterior, Medial and Lateral Ecchymosis
• Open lesion associated with laceration
• Vasc: Posterior, Medial and Lateral edema
• Neuro: Sural Neuritis
• Ortho:
• Palpable gap (“hatchet sign”), Positive Thompson squeeze test, Negative Jack’s test
• Pain in the area, Increased PROM ankle dorsiflexion, Decreased AROM ankle
plantarflexion
• Retraction of proximal gastroc belly
• Apropulsive gait
• Other specific tests:
• Mattles test: Foot should be in plantarflexed position with patient prone and knee at 90°
• Simmonds’ test: Foot should be in plantarflexed position with patient prone
• Various needle tests (O’Brian, Cetti)
• Toygar’s skin angle: Normally 110-125 degrees. Increases to 130-150 degrees with
rupture.
• Imaging:
• Plain film:
• r/o Rowe Type IIB avulsion fracture
• Radiodense gap
• Obliteration of Kager’s triangle
• Soft tissue edema Disruption
of Kager's
• US:
triangle
• Alternating hyperechoic and
hypoechoic bands
• Hyperechoic hematoma
• MRI:
• TI: Ill-defined low-intensity with
mixed high-intensity signal
• T2: High-intensity signal from
hematoma
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AJM Sheet: Achilles Tendon Rupture Treatment
• Anatomy Review
• Muscles of the Triceps Surae (origins,
insertions, NV supply, action)
• Plantaris (origins, insertions, NV supply,
action)
• Segmental Blood Supply of Tendon
• “Twisting” of tendon
• Specific Information regarding the Watershed

• Lagergren and Lindholm
• Used microangiographic technique
on human cadavers
• Found decreased vascularity 2-6cm
proximal to insertion
• Theorized this was secondary to
atrophy from inactivity
• Conflicting information from laser Doppler
flowmetry studies
• Found uniform vascularity
throughout tendon
• Found decreased vascularity with
age and in men
• Found decreased vascularity with
physical loading/stress of tendon,
specifically at insertion
• Leadbetter
• Found increased stress/strain at the watershed area regardless of vascularity
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• Kuwada Classification of Achilles Tendon Ruptures: [Kuwada GT. Classification of tendo Achilles repair with
consideration of surgical repair techniques. J Foot Surg. 1990; 29(4): 361-5.]
Type Injury Treatment
Partial tear involving <50% of tendon. Note that in a partial

1 Achilles tear, the posterior fibers are torn first. So the direction Non-operative treatment
of the tear/rupture is from posterior to anterior.
2 Complete tear with <3cm deficit End-to-end anastomosis
Tendon graft flap, possible synthetic

graft, V-Y advancement, Bosworth
3 Complete tear with a 3-6cm deficit
turndown, tendon transfer, or
combination
Gastrocnemius recession, turndown,

4 Complete tear with a >6cm deficit tendon transfer, free tendon graft,
synthetic graft or combination
• Puddu Classification of Chronic Achilles Pathology: [Puddu G, et al. A classification of Achilles tendon
disease. Am J Sports Med, 1976]
Stage Definition Histological findings Clinical signs & symptoms
Inflammation of the
surrounding tissues, not the Inflamitory cells in paratenon Cardinal inflammitory signs:
tendon itself. This pain will or peritendinous areolar swelling, pain, crepitation,
Peritendonitis
remain stationary as the tendon tissue, local tenderness, local tenderness, warmth,
is taken through a range of warmth dysfunction
motion.
Noninflammatory
Intra-tendinous degeneration. intratendinous collagen
Often palpable tendon
This pain will move proximally degeneration with fiber
nodule that is asymptomatic;
Tendonosis and distally as the tendon is disorientation, hypocellularity,
swelling of tendon sheath is
taken through a range of scattered vascular ingrowth,
absent
motion. occasional local necrosis, or
calcification
Loss of tendon collagen, fiber

disorientation, scattered Palpable tendon nodule,
Peritendonitis Combination of the two
vascular ingrowth, but no swelling, and inflammatory
with tendonosis pathologies.
prominent intratendinous signs
inflammation
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The podiatric surgeon is faced with three options: do nothing, cast immobilization and surgical
repair. There’s a lot of information out about this in the medical literature now, particularly with
open repair vs. immobilization and when to start weight-bearing/PT.
1. Do nothing
• Gap will eventually fill in with fibrotic scar tissue
• Usually requires later surgical intervention
2. Cast Immobilization
• AK cast versus SLC
• Some are proponents of AK casting
• Knee should be in a 20 degree flexed position
• General recommendations:
• Gravity equinus cast x 4 weeks
• Reduction of 5 degrees every 2 weeks to a neutral ankle position (~4-6 weeks)
• Heel lift and PT until normal ankle PROM
• Return to full activity at approximately 6 months
3. Surgical Repair
• Surgical approach
• Midline to medial incision to avoid superficial neurovascular structures
• Pt in a prone or supine frog-legged
position
• Use full-thickness flaps with emphasis on
atraumatic technique
• Primary Open Repair
• Keith needles with non-absorbable
suture (or fiberwire) with absorbable
sutures to reinforce
• There are three common stitches used:
A. Krakow: Interlocking stitch
B. Bunnell: Figure of 8 or weave stitch
C. Kessler: Box stitch
• Augmented Open Primary Repair A B C
• Lynn: Plantaris is fanned out to reinforce
• Silverskoild: 1 strip of gastroc aponeurosis brought down & twisted 180 degrees
• Lindholm: Utilizes multiple strips of gastroc aponeurosis
• Bug and Boyd: Strips of fascia lata are used to reinforce
• V to Y lengthening of the proximal segment with primary repair
• Reinforcement with FHL (for strength and more for vascular supply)
• Graft Jacket, Pegasus, etc.
• Percutaneous Primary Repair
• Ma and Griffith described a percutaneous Bunnell-type approach
• May be associated with high re-rupture rates
• Post-Op Treatment
• SLC in gravity equinus with gradual reduction over 6-10 weeks
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AJM Sheets: Peri-Operative Medicine and Surgery Contents
Peri-Operative Medicine
- Admission Orders (page 80)
- Electrolyte Basics (page 82)
- Glucose Control (page 84)
- Fluids (page 86)
- Post-Op Fever (page 88)
- DVT (page 89)
- Pain Management (page 91)
General Surgery Topics

- AO (page 92)
- Plates and Screws (page 94)
- Suture Sheets (page 96)
- Surgical Instruments (page 98)
- Power Instrumentation (page 99)
- Biomaterials (page 101)
- External Fixation (page 104)
- Bone, Bone Healing and Wound Healing (page 105)
Specific Surgery Topics

- How to “Work-Up” a Surgical Patient (page 108)
- Digital Deformities (pages 111)
- Lesser Metatarsals (page 115)
- 5th Ray (page 117)
- HAV (page 119)
- HAV Complications (page 124)
- HL/HR (pages 126)
- Pes Plano Valgus (pages 130)
- Cavus (pages 134)
- Equinus (page 137)
This particular section is intended to be more general, as opposed to a specific surgical

study guide. In other words, you should absolutely not be doing all of your specific surgical
preparation for externships and interviews from the PRISM. Many of the Sheets from the Specific
Surgery Topics section are simply summarizations of the 3rd edition of McGlamry’s chapters for
example. This may be an area where you feel the PRISM could be updated in the future.
Again, I said that while I was studying for the Diabetic Foot Infection work-up, I tried to
learn as much as possible on the topic and really tried to “wow” the attendings at the interview.
However, my strategy was different when dealing with trauma and the specific surgical work-ups.
Here I tried to demonstrate “competence,” as opposed to “mastery” of the material. With specific
surgeries, you’re really not supposed to have strong, pre-formed opinions as a student or as an
intern. That’s what your residency is for, developing surgical opinions. If you already know what to
do in every surgical situation, then what’s the point of doing a residency? So while on externships
and at the interview, you should really try to walk a fine line between:
1. Displaying competence in knowledge of the baseline material
2. Displaying that you still have a lot to learn, and that you are eager to learn it.
Page ’s “How to Work-Up a Surgical Patient” gets into this concept a little deeper.
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AJM Sheet: Admission Orders - ADC VANDILMAX
(Note: If I wanted to be mean during an interview, I would have you write out a set of admission or post-op orders as I was
asking you other questions.)
Admission: Ex. Pt is admitted to general medical floor on the Podiatric Surgery Service under "Dr"
- Most patients on the podiatric surgery service are admitted to the general medical floor or a
surgical floor. Any pts admitted to a critical care unit or telemetry unit will probably be on a
medicine service with a podiatric surgical consult.
Diagnosis: Ex. Infection of bone of right 2nd toe

- Always use terminology that everyone in the hospital can understand, be as specific as possible.
Condition: [Listed as] -Stable -Fair -Guarded -Critical

- Podiatric surgery pts will generally always be in stable or fair condition.
Vitals: Ex. Vitals recorded q8 hours per nursing.

- Always designate how often you want them recorded. Also common is “q-shift.”
- Consider neurovascular checks to the affected limb if indicated.
Ambulatory Status: [Consider]

- CBR (Complete bed rest) - NWB or PWB
- As tolerated - OOB to chair
- Always designate which leg the order is for. Be specific with PWB status (“toe-touch” or “heel-
touch”). If order is for CBR, consider DVT ppx and a bed pan order. If the order is OOB, specify #
of times and length per day.
- Also consider Physical Therapy and/or Occupational Therapy orders here.
Nursing Instructions: [Consider]

- Accuchecks (how - Off-loading instructions - Dispense Post-op shoe/
often and when?) - Wound Care Crutches
- Ice and elevation - Dressing Instructions - Spirometry
- Bedside Commode - Drain management
Diet: [Consider]
- Regular diet - Renal diet - Decreased Na
- ADA 1800-2200kcal - Cardiac diet - Decreased K+
- Mechanically soft - NPO
Ins/Outs/IVs: [Consider]
- Measurement and recording of Ins and Outs (especially dialysis pts): foley and IV Fluids
Labs: [Consider]
- CBC with diff - D-Dimer - Hba1c
- Chem-7/Met Panel - Type and Screen - CRP
- Coags - Wound/Blood cultures - ESR
- Always detail when the labs should be done. For example, initial CBC and Chem-7 should be
taken “upon arrival to the floor.” Additionally, 2 sets of blood cultures should be taken from 2
different sites.
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Medications: [Write out all at-home medications in full]
- Pain medication - DVT ppx - Fever reduction
- Antibiotics - Constipation - Throat lozenges
- Insomnia - Diarrhea - Anti-pruritic
- Anti-emetics - Sliding Scale Insulin
- Be as specific as possible. SSI needs to be written out in full. Many medications require hold
parameters. For example, fever medications should not be given unless the temperature reaches
101.5° F. Anti-HTN agents should be held if the blood pressure or heart rate drops too low.
Ancillary Consults: [Consider]

- General Medicine - PT/OT - Renal
- Infectious Disease - PM&R - Social Work
- Vascular Surgey - Pulmonary - Home Care
- Cardiology - GI - Case Manager
X-rays/Imaging: [Consider]
- Plain film - US Doppler - Bone Scans
radiographs - MRI - Vascular Studies
- CT scans - CXR - EKG
Sample General Post-operative Orders: Outpatients

• Patient to recovery for post-op care
• Monitor vitals q15 minutes until stable, then routine
• Monitor circulation for foot q15 minutes until stable, then routine
• Apply ice to ankle for pain and edema
• Elevate foot on two pillows with pillow support under knee for pain and edema
• Rx drug name, # given, sig directions (pain meds, antibiotics)
• Dispense crutches with training
• Patient ambulation instructions
• Patient to keep dressing clean, dry, and intact
• Post-op labs and radiographs
• D/C IV when patient is stable and taking oral fluids
• Patient to see Dr. on (date and time) for recheck—call sooner if there are problems • Patient to be discharged
to home when stable, alert, and oriented
Sample General Post-operative Orders: Inpatients

• Admit patient to hospital under the service of Dr. Name for postoperative care • Monitor vitals q15 minutes
until stable, then routine
• Monitor circulation to foot q15 minutes until stable, then routine
• Apply ice to ankle for pain and edema
• Elevate foot on two pillows with pillow support under knee • Saline lock IV when stable and taking oral fluids
• Post-op labs and radiographs
• Pain management
• Mild-moderate pain: give Vicodin ES, one tablet PO q4-6h as needed
• Severe pain: give morphine via PCA- 2 mg loading dose, 2 mg interval dose, 6 minute lockout time,
not to exceed 20 mg per hour
• Diet: liquid to ADA/low salt/renal diet as tolerated
• Ondansetron (Zofran) 10 mg IV q6h as needed for nausea
• Ambulation instructions, e.g. complete bed rest x 24 hours. Dispense crutches with training in morning, non
weight-bearing on right foot. May begin bathroom privileges with assistance in the morning
• Patient to room when stable, alert, and oriented
• Notify Dr. when patient reaches room
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AJM Sheet: Electrolyte Basics
Sodium State Manifestation Treatment
- Restrict water intake and promote water

Primarily neurologic, lethargy, headache, loss
Hyponatremia
confusion, obtundation - Correct underlying disorder
- Replace Na+ deficits
- Replace water loss and promote sodium
Change in mental status, weakness,
excretion
Hypernatremia neuromuscular irritability, focal
- Water deficit = ([Na+]-140)/140 x Total
neurologic deficits, coma, seizures
Body Water in liters
Rapid correction of either of these disorders is dangerous due to rapid shifts of water in and out of brain cells. It
should therefore be corrected slowly over 48-72 hours. Aim correction at 0.5 mEq/L/hr with no more than a 12
mEq/L correction over the first 24 hours.
Potassium State Manifestation Treatment
- Minimize outgoing loss

Fatigue, myalgia, muscular weakness,
- Treat underlying cause
Hypokalemia cramps, arrhythmia’s, hypoventilation,
- Correct K+ deficit via oral or IV means (K+
paralysis, tetany
riders added to fluid, oral KCL, etc.)
- Increase cellular uptake of K+
- Insulin (10-20 units) with 50 g IV glucose
- IV NaHCO3 (3 ampules in 1L of 5%
dextrose)
- Albuterol (5-10mg nebulized over 30-60
minutes)
Cardiac toxicity (peaked T waves, prolonged - Increase K+ excretion
Hyperkalemia PR, tornadoes de pointes), muscle weakness, - Loop diuretic, Thiazide diuretic
paralysis, hypoventilation - Kayexalate (cation exchange resin)
(25-50mg mixed with 100ml 20% sorbitol
to prevent constipation)
- Dialysis
- Calcium Gluconate (10ml of 10% solution
over 2-3 minutes emergently to reduce
membrane excitability)
An abnormal potassium level is a major reason a surgery will be cancelled and/or delayed. You should have a
specific understanding how to raise and lower potassium levels in the peri-operative setting.
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Chloride and Carbon Dioxide
• Not going to talk much about this, but you should have a basic understanding of Acid-Base
Regulation.
• Equation for determining Anion Gap: Anion gap (all units mmol/L) = (Na + K) - (Cl + [HCO3-])
• Normal gap (~8-20mmol/L)
• Negative/lowered gap (<8mmol/L): Alkalotic state
• Positive/elevated gap (>20mmol/L): Acidotic state
• MUDPILES algorithm: methanol/metformin, uremia, diabetic ketoacidosis, propylene glycol,
infection, lactate, ethanol, salicylate/starvation
BUN and Creatinine

• Measures of kidney function and hydration status
• BUN (Blood Urea Nitrogen):
• Protein metabolism waste product eliminated by the kidneys. This can be increased if your
kidneys aren’t eliminating it properly, or in a dehydrated state where it’s a relatively high
concentration.
• Creatinine:
• A more direct measure of kidney function from elimination of this skeletal muscle waste
product.
• Creatinine clearance and estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) with an equation.
• Cockcroft-Gault Equation:
• [(140-Age in years) x Weight in kg] / [72 x Serum creatinine] x 0.85 if female
• GFR < 60 ml/min indicates chronic kidney disease; < 15 indicates kidney failure
• Antibiotics and other drugs should be dosed appropriately in these
situations
• Renal protective agents are utilized prior to procedures that are known to
affect the kidneys in patients with kidney disease. A common example of this
is an angiogram with dye to evaluate the vascular status of a patient with
diabetic foot disease.
• Pre-procedural hydration: Mucomyst (N-acetylcysteine) (also used for
acetaminophen OD)
• Sodium Bicarb Protocols
• [Lawlor DK. Prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy in vascular pts. Ann Vasc Surg. 2007 Sep: 593-7.]
• Glucose covered in another AJM sheet
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AJM Sheet: Blood Glucose and Glycemic Control
- The importance of in-patient management of blood glucose cannot be overstated. This is an

area however where medicine tends to be very passive with regard to intervention. Rigid control
of blood glucose in the in-patient setting has been definitively shown to:
- Reduce mortality
- Reduce in-patient complications
- Reduce infection rates
- Decrease length of stay
- Reduce hospital costs
- Specifically with regards to diabetic foot disease, a single blood glucose level higher than
150-175mg/dl significantly limits the function of the immune system for a period of days,
particularly cytokine activation and recruitment.
- My favorite article of the 2006-7 academic year was Inzucchi SE. Management of Hyperglycemia in the
Hospital Setting. NEJM. Sep 2006; 355: 1903. It is a must-read on this topic. I also strongly recommend
obtaining a FREE copy of the Yale Diabetes Center Diabetes Facts and Guidelines 2006. They will mail it to
you (FOR FREE!) by calling 203 737-1932 or emailing silvio.inzucchi@yale.edu. An online version is also
available at http://info.med.yale.edu/intmed/endocrin/yale_diab_ctr.html. You are a complete sucker if you
don’t take advantage of this resource. And if you are really interested in this topic, research the work of the
Portland Diabetic Project.
Oral Agents
- Sulfonylureas: Bind to β-cell receptors stimulating insulin release
- Glyburide (Micronase) - Glipizide (Glucotrol) - Glimepiride (Amaryl)
- Biguanides: Decrease production of glucose in the liver
- Metformin (Glucophage)
- Thiazolidinediones: Increase peripheral cellular response to insulin
- Rosiglitazone (Avandia) - Pioglitazone (Actos)
- α-glucosidase inhibitors: Reduce intestinal carbohydrate absorption
- Acarbose (Precose) - Miglitol (Glyset)
Insulin Type Onset Peak Duration
Rapid Acting
10-15 minutes 1-2 hours 3-5 hours
Lispro (Humalog)
10-15 minutes 1-2 hours 3-5 hours
Aspart (Novolog)
Short Acting
0.5-1hr 2-4 hours 4-8 hours
Regular
Intermediate Acting
1-3 hours 4-10 hours 10-18 hours
NPH
2-4 hours 4-12 hours 12-20 hours
Lente
Long Acting
2-3 hours None 24+ hours
Glargine (Lantus)
1 hour None 24 hours
Detemir (Levemir)
Combinations
0.5-1 hour 2-10 hours 10-18 hours
(70% NPH/30% Regular)
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In-patient Recommendations
• There is increasing data that sliding scales are completely inefficient at in-patient glucose
management. Sliding scales are passive, reactionary scales that compensate after a
hyperglycemic incident occurs. Inzucchi recommends the following, instead of a sliding scale:
• Basal Rate: Lantus or other long acting
• Start 0.2-0.3 Units/kg/day; then increase 10-20% q1-2 days prn
• Prandial Coverage: Novolog or other rapid acting
• Start 0.05-0.1 Units/kg/day; then adjust 1-2 Units/dose q1-2 days prn
Diabetic NPO Recommendations

• Type 2 DM:
• 1/2 the normal dose of long acting if they get any
• BG checks q6 hours with short acting agent available for coverage
• D5W or D5-1/2NS at 50-75cc/hr while NPO
• Type 1 DM:
• Strongly consider an insulin drip
• 1/2 – 2/3 normal dose of long acting agent
• BG checks q6 hours with short acting agent available for coverage
• D5W or D5-1/2NS at 75-100cc/hr while NPO
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AJM Sheet: Fluids
• Fluid management is a difficult topic to cover because it can be used for a variety of different
problems/purposes. It can be used to maintain fluid balance in a patient who is NPO, correct
electrolyte disturbances, and/or provide glucose to name just a few examples. This sheet will
cover the basics of short-term maintenance therapy and show differences in electrolyte
concentrations between the most common fluids.
• Maintenance therapy for the NPO patient
• An NPO patient is still losing water that needs to be replaced to ensure homeostasis.
Sources of water loss include:
• Urine output: At least 500ml/day
• Insensible water losses (Skin and Respiration): At least 500ml/day
• This can increase by 150ml/day for each degree of body temperature above
37°C.
• Gastrointestinal losses: Extremely variable
• Direct blood volume loss from the surgery itself
• Electrolytes are also lost to varying degrees. In the short term, it is usually only necessary
to replace Na+, K+ and glucose. The other electrolytes usually do not need replacement
until around 1 week of parenteral therapy.
• Pediatric Considerations:
• Pediatric patients should be aggressively rehydrated after a surgical procedure for
two reasons:
1. They will lose a higher percentage of total fluid volume during a procedure.
2. They have a tendency to “third space” and shift fluid balances in the
perioperative period.
• To determine the total intravascular volume of a pediatric patient:
• The first 10kg of body weight account for about 80ml/kg.
• So a 7kg kid would be (7x80) = 560ml
• The next kg’s account for about 70ml/kg
• So a 25kg kid would be (10x80 + 15x70) = 1850ml
• General Recommendations:
• At the very least you should replace fluid to account for water loss. This is at least
1L/day, but you can certainly increase this and lose the excess through the urine.
• It is also recommended to provide some electrolyte supplementation:
• Na+: 50-150 mEq/day
• K+: 20-60 mEq/day
• Glucose: 100-150g/day to minimize protein catabolism and ketoacidosis
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Common parenteral solutions:
IV Solution Osmolality (mOsm/kg) Glucose (g/L) Na+ (mEq/L) Cl- (mEq/L)
D5W 278 50 0 0
D10W 556 100 0 0
D50W 2778 500 0 0
0.45% NaCl 154 5% available 77 77
0.9% NaCl 308 5% available 154 154
3% NaCl 1026 0 513 513
Lactated Ringer's 274 5% available 130 109
LR also contains 4 mEq/L K+, 1.5 mEq/L Ca2+, and 28 mEq/L lactate
Common administrations:
• Normal adult: NS or 1/2 NS or LR at 75-120ml/hr +/- 20mEq KCl
• Diabetic patients: D5-1/2NS at 50-100ml/hr +/- 20mEq KCl while NPO
- There usually isn’t a need to deliver extra glucose (D5) to diabetic patients while they are PO.
- The key to fluid management is an understanding and knowledge of exactly why you are giving
fluids in the first place, what you hope to accomplish, what substances you are giving in the fluid
and how much you are giving.
- Obvious care needs to be taken with diabetic patients, those with renal pathology, and those with
CHF.
Additional Reading:
- [Grocott MP, et al. Perioperative Fluid Management and Clinical Outcomes in Adults. Anesth Anal. 2005 Apr; 100(4):
1093-106.]
- [Paut O. Recent developments in the perioperative fluid management for the paediatric patient. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol.
2006 Jun;19(3):268-77.]
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AJM Sheet: Post-Op Fever
General Information
• When dealing with a fever work-up, always note what the baseline temperature of the
patient is and the method of measurement.
• Fever in most institutions is defined as greater than 101.5° F.
• Temperatures between 98.6-101.5° are low-grade fevers.
Intra-operative causes of fever

• Inflammatory process of the surgical procedure itself
• Pain
• Transfusion Reaction
• Malignant Hyperthermia
• Pre-existing Sepsis
The 5 “W’s” of Post-Operative Fever Timeline General Guide

• Wind: Atelectasis, aspiration • 0-6 hours post-op: Pain, anesthesia
pneumonia, PE rxn, rebound from cold OR, endocrine
• Wound: Surgical site infection, causes (thyroid crisis, adrenal
thrombophlebitis (IV site), pain insufficiency)
• Water: UTI, dehydration, constipation • 24-48 hours post-op: atelectasis,
• Walk: DVT aspiration pneumonia, dehydration,
• Wonder Drugs: Virtually any drug can constipation
cause fever, but the most common are • 72+ hours: infection (3-7 days), DVT,
antimicrobials and heparin. UTI, drug allergy, thrombophlebitis
Temperature General Guide (in degrees F)

• 107: Anesthetic Hyperthermia • 103: Atelectasis; pneumonia; drug
• 106: - reaction; liver disease
• 105: Blood transfusion reaction • 102: Wound infection
• 104: Closed abscess • 101: Draining abscess
• 100: Benign post-op fever; post-
anesthesia overshoot
General Knowledge
• Usually only two infectious agents can cause a fever within a few hours of surgery:
• Group A Strep (GAS)
• Clostridium perfringens
• Dialysis patients typically run approximately 1 degree F cooler than the normal population,
so a fever for HD patients wound be defined as 100.5° F. This is hypothesized to be due
to a resetting of the hypothalamic set point.
• The majority of causes of fever are non-infectious. AJM always carries with him a copy of
the DDX of fever copied from Harrison’s text (it’s 2 pages long!). Common non-infectious
causes of post-op fever include:
• Surgical site inflammation • Hematoma
• Seroma • Pain
• The purpose of any fever work-up is to find the source!
• If you are thinking infection, then infection from where: Surgical site? Pulmonary? Urine?
Blood? Does the patient have any peripheral vascular access lines?
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AJM Sheet: Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)
Signs and Symptoms

• Pain
• Homan’s Sign: Pain in
calf with dorsiflexion of
the ankle
• Pratt’s Sign: Pain with
compression of the calf
• Edema
• Fever
• SOB
• Calor
• Palpation of clot
Risk Factors
• Virchow’s Triad:
1. Hypercoagulable state
2. Immobilization
3. Vessel Wall Injury
• There is also the acronym I AM CLOTTED: Immobilization, Afib/CHF, Malignancy/MI,

Coagulopathy, Longevity (age), Obesity, Trauma, Tobacco, Estrogen/BCP/HRT, DVT/PE history.
Also consider the following risks:

• History of DVT • Infection • Hormone Replacement
• Collagen Vascular Dz • Vessel Wall Injury Therapy
• Family History of DVT • Oral Contraceptives • Malignancy
• Trauma • Post-partum • Obesity
• Immobilization • Age > 75 • HIV/AIDS
• Pregnancy
Diagnosis
• Compression Ultrasound: can actually visualize the clot
• D-Dimer > 500μg/ml: Not sufficient as a stand alone
test
• Maybe full coagulation work-up for hypercoagulable
states
• Contrast venography
• Impedance plethysmography
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DVT Treatment
• Goals of Treatment:
1. Prevent pulmonary embolis
2. Prevent clot extension
3. Prevent recurrence
• Immediate Anti-Coagulation
• IV Unfractionated Heparin - Law of 8018
• Initial Dose 80mg/kg IV bolus and then 18mg/kg/hour
• PTT should be checked q6 until it stabilizes at 1.5-2.5X normal (46-70s)
• Goal is to get PTT in this range
• LMWH may also be used
• Enoxaparin (Lovenox): 1mg/kg subcutaneous q12
• Heparin Dosing Guide

• Initial Dose: Law of 8018 with PTT checks q6
• If PTT <35s: 80 units/kg IV bolus, then increase infusion rate by 4 units/kg/hr
• If PTT 35-45s: 40 units/kg IV bolus, then increase infusion rate by 2 units/kg/hr
• If PTT 46-70s: No change to dosing. Continue with 18mg/kg/hour infusion rate
• If PTT 71-90s: Decrease infusion rate by 2 units/kg/hr
• If PTT >90s: Hold infusion for 1 hour, then decrease infusion rate by 3 units/kg/hr
• Continued Anti-Coagulation
• Warfarin (Coumadin)
• Load at 10mg or 7.5mg PO qdaily for 2 days
• Decrease/adjust dose to a target INR=2.5
• DO NOT stop heparin infusion until INR reaches 2.5
• INR should be maintained at 2.5 for 3-12 months
• Consider placement of IVC filter (inferior vena cava)
Pulmonary Embolism (PE)

• PE occurs when a clot from a peripheral location embolizes to the pulmonary vasculature
• <25% of deep vein thromboses distal to the iliac veins go on to develop PE.
• The more proximal the clot, the more likely it is to develop into a PE.
• “Classic Triad” of signs and symptoms of a PE: Dyspnea/SOB, Chest Pain, Hemoptysis
• Please note that less than 14% of patients experience the classic triad
• Diagnosis of a PE
• Gold standard: Pulmonary Angiography, Spiral CT
• V/Q study
• CXR
• Treatment of PE
• Thrombolytic Therapy:
• Urokinase: 4400units/kg IV over 10 min, then 4400units/kg/hr for 12 hr.
• Streptokinase: 1.5 million units IV over 60 minutes
• Pulmonary Embolectomy
• Various filters
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AJM Sheet: Pain Management
• Pain Management is a subject that you will be dealing with a lot during residency, but something
that you won’t receive much formal education on. Honestly, you probably won’t get many
interview questions about it either, but it’s something that I think is important. This is a shameful
plug, but Clinics in Podiatric Med and Surg had a whole edition to the subject (July 2008) that is
worth reading. Specifically for the residency interview, read Articles 1, 5 and 8. I also wrote the
“Perioperative Pain Management” chapter in the 4th edition of McGlam’s.
• Acute Operative Pain Physiology “Attack Points” (In Clinics: The Physiology of the Acute Pain Pathway)
Attack Point Physiology Intervention
Stimulus: Noxious stimuli resulting - Resolution/Limitation of Stimuli

in tissue damage to superficial and - Prevention of secondary
deep somatic structures. aggravation Multimodal Approach to
- Anti-Inflammatory Active Pain Management
Transduction: Nociceptor activation Pharmacologics - A passive unimodal
by chemical, mechanical or thermal - NSAIDs
therapy like Percocet has
means. Carboxylic Acid Derivatives
very little total effect on
Proprionic Acid Derivatives
Post-Injury Inflammatory Response: Acetic Acid Derivatives the physiology of pain.
Stimulus Normal response to cellular Fenamates - Opioids and
damage with the chance to develop Enolic Acid Derivatives acetaminophen influence
into the pathophysiologic Naphthylkanones small portions of the
mechanism of peripheral COXII Selectives
modulation attack point,
sensitization. - Non-NSAIDs
but essentially do not
- Anti-histamines
- Topical Agents influence any of the other
- Local Anesthetics attack points.
- Anti-Inflammatory - A multimodal approach
physiotherapeutics actively intervenes at
Peripheral sensory afferents Local Anesthetics several attack points with
carrying the action potential of the several therapies to
noxious stimulus from the periphery Sodium Channel Blockers interrupt the known
to the CNS. physiologic and
-Normally controlled by pathophysiologic
myelinated A-delta and
Transmission mechanisms.
unmyelinated C fibers.
-Allodynia is a pathophysiologic
state of sensitization when A-beta
fibers transmit light touch as Pre-emptive Analgesia (In
painful. Clinics: Perioperative Pain
Management)
Spinal Cord Dorsal Horn - Opioids - The concept of pre-dosing
-Peripheral Excitatory Signals - Calcium Channel Blockers pain medications before
Modulation -Peripheral Inhibitory Signals - NMDA Receptor Antagonists surgery to interrupt pain
-Central Excitatory Signals - Beta-adrenergics
pathways before they start
-Central Inhibitory Signals - Anti-Inflammatories
Ascending Central Processes - Anxiolytics

Perception Descending Central Processes - Anti-Depressants
Patient Emotional Response - Patient Education
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AJM Sheet: AO
• AO stands for: Arbeitsgemeinschaft fur Osteosynthese fragen

• History
• Plates and screws for fx fixation first described by Alain Lambotte in 1907.
• Robert Danis (Belgium surgeon) published “The Theory and Practice of Osteosynthesis” in
1949.
• Described use of compression plate called a coapteur.
• Maurice Müller, a pupil of Danis, founded AO with other Swiss surgeons in 1958.
• Principles of AO (you will be asked this)

1. Atraumatic surgical technique with emphasis on preservation of blood supply.
2. Accurate and precise anatomic reduction of fracture fragments (especially in joints).
3. Rigid/Stable fixation
4. Early mobilization
- The “Guide to Internal Fixation” by the AO group is a great book that reads fairly quickly. You
should also read the text “Internal Fixation of Small Fractures” and “AO Principles of Fracture
Management” from the AO group. General notes from these books are included throughout the
following sheets dealing with specific traumatic fractures.
• General Principles of the Lag Technique

• Why? Generates compression. So? Compression leads to lack of motion and therefore
primary bone healing. Motion disrupts angiogenesis, increases chances of infection,
decreases oxygen tension levels and inhibits osteogenesis.
• So, it is the lack of motion and NOT the compression that is osteogenic.
• Screw placement is important in force reduction
• Orientation of the screw 90° to the fracture line obtains optimal compression.
• >20° displacement from perpendicular is significant
• Weakest in translation from axial loading
• Orientation of the screw 90° to the long axis optimally prevents displacement with axial
loading.
• Weak in compression
• Ideal screw placement for a long, oblique fracture:
• One central anchor screw 90° to the long axis
• One proximal and one distal compression screw 90° to the fracture line
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• Principles of Insertion 1
• AO Recommendations:
1. Overdrill proximal cortext
2. Underdrill distal cortex
3. Countersink
4. Measure
5. Tap (if not self tapping screw, look for flutes at tip)
6. Screw 2
• Some underdrill before overdrill
• Some don’t overdrill until after tapping
• Two finger tightness = 440-770lbs.
• To prevent thermal necrosis:
• Sharp tip
• Fast advancement (2-3mm/sec)
• Slow drill speed (300-400rpm) 3
• Firm force (20-25lbs)
• Screw Pull-out:
• Directly proportional to screw diameter, screw length and
bone strength (cortical nature).
• Indirectly related to pilot hole diameter.
• To increase screw pull-out, maximize bone-screw contact.
4
• Fairly Irrelevant Definitions
• Stress: pressure on a material
• Strain: measurable deformation following a given stress
• Stress-Strain Curve/Load Deformation Curve

• Elastic Range:
• Non-permanent strain/deformation with a given stress
• Proportional stress and strain (Hook’s Law)
• Slope of the line is the stiffness (Young’s Modulus of
Elasticity)
• Yield Point: Past this point, a given stress causes non-proportional increase in strain.
• Plastic Range: Permanent deformation past the yield point
• Ultimate Failure Point
• Fatigue Failure: failure from repetitive cyclic loading
• Creep: temperature dependant permanent deformation of a metal
• Stress Shielding: Internal fixation absorbs physiologic stress from bone and results in
bone resorption per Wolff’s Law.
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AJM Sheet: Screws and Plates
Screws
• Screw Anatomy/Definitions
• Head: more efficient hexagonal vs. cruciate
• Land: underside of the head which contacts the near cortex. Want
as much land-bone contact as possible to reduce stress at any one
location. This is the same principle as washers and countersinking.
• Shank: unthreaded portion of the screw
• Run-out: junction between the shank and the threads. Represents
the weakest portion of the screw.
• Thread diameter: diameter of threads + core (major diameter)
• Core diameter: diameter without the threads (minor diameter)
• Pitch: distance between threads
• Tip: can be round, trocar or fluted
• Axis: central line of the screw
• Rake Angle: thread to axis angle
• Thread Angle: angle between the threads
• Cortical and Cancellous Screws

• Please memorize Table 1, page 76 in McGlamry
• Cortical: tighter pitch designed for hard cortical bone (1.25mm)
• Cancellous: higher pitch designed for metaphyseal and epiphyseal bone (1.75mm)
• Self-Tapping Screws
• Fluted tip that clears debris as it is advanced
• Require larger pilot holes, have decreased thread-bone contact and have the ability to cut
its own path different from the underdrill
• Cannulated Screws
• Classically 3.0, 4.0, and 7.3mm, but really have just about any size available now
• Advantages: self-drilling, self-tapping, good for hard to visualize fractures, avoids skiving
of cortical bone on insertion and has definite co-axial nature with K-wire.
• Disadvantages: hollow core, decreased thread-core ratio, decreased pull-out strength
• Herbert Screws
• Proximal and distal threads separated by a
smooth shaft. Headless.
• Leading threads have increased pitch, so it
draws the trailing threads.
• Does generate interfragmental
compression, but not a lot.
• Interference Screws
• FT, headless screw
• Prevents axial displacement.
• Does not generate compression.
• Malleolar Screws
• Essentially a self-cutting, PT cortical screw.
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AJM Sheet: Screws and Plates
Plates
• General:
• First described by Dr. Hansmann in Germany, 1886
• Quarter Tubular Plate: For use with screws from the mini fragment set
• One-Third Tubular Plate: For use with screws from the small fragment set
• Many other shapes and sizes of plates are available that specifically fit just about any bone/
situation.
• General Plate Characteristics:

• Dynamic Compression (DCP): Wider/Deeper holes that
allow for eccentric drilling and axial compression
• Limited Contact (LC): Essentially grooves on the
underside of the plate that limit periosteal contact
• Locking: [consider reading]
- Miranda MA. Locking plate technology and its role in osteoporotic fractures. Injury. 2007 Sep;
38 Suppl 3:S35-9.
- Egol KA, et al. Biomechanics of locked plates and screws. J Orthop Trauma. 2004 Sep; 18(8):
488-93.
• General Plate Functions:
1. Neutralization:
• Protect lag screws from bending, shear, & rotation
2. Interfragmentary Compression:
• Applied to tension side of eccentrically loaded bone
• Can produce 600N compression (cf. 2000-4000N compression with lag screw)
• Plate should be overbent to produce compression on far side as well as near cortex
• Inner screws applied first
• Function of grooves on LCDCP
• Improve blood circulation by minimising plate-bone contact
• More even distribution of stiffness through the plate
• Allows small bone bridge beneath the plate
3. Bridge:
• Treatment of multifragmented fractures
• Bridge segment of comminution with indirect reduction & minimal disruption to blood
supply
• Compression occasionally possible
4. Buttressing:
• Physically protects underlying thin cortex
• Often for metaphyseal fractures
5. Tension Band:
• Relies upon compression by the dynamic component of the functional load
• Conversion of tension forces to compression forces
• Allows some load-induced movement
• AO Basic Stabilization Rule: Ideally you want 3 or 4 cortical threads in each main fragment
distally, and 5 or 6 proximally.
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AJM Sheet: Suture Sheet
Absorbable: usually used for deep closure
Type Description Hydrolization
• Pig collagen, sheep intestine, cow

intestine or cat gut
• Digested by lysosomal enzymes in
Natural • May be chromic (treated with
20 days
chromic salts to increase strength
and decrease hydrolysis)
• Hydrolyzed (to CO2 and H20) in
80-120 days
• Braided. May be coated • Vicryl Rapid: Hydrolyzed in 42 days;
Vicryl (Polyglactin 910) (polyglactin 370 or calcium stearate) loses strength in 7-10 days
• 65% tensile strength at 14 days • Vicryl Plus: Coated with broad
spectrum antibiotic Triclosan (also
found in toothpaste)
• Braided. May be coated
Dexon (Polyglycolic acid) • Hydrolyzed in 100-200 days
(polycaprolate 188)
• Monofilament
PDS (Polydiaxonone) • Hydrolyzed in 90 days
• 70% tensile strength at 14 days
• Hydrolyzed in 180 days; Longest
Maxon (Polyglyconate) • Monofilament
lasting absorbable (“Max”-imum)
• Monofilament
Monocril (Poliglecaprone) • Hydrolyzed in 90-120 days
• 20-30% tensile strength at 14 days
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Non-absorbable: usually used for superficial closure/skin sutures
Group Type Description
• Made from silk worm

• Actually very slowly absorbed
Silk
Natural (hydrolyzed in 1 year)
• Very low tensile strength
Cotton/Linen • Weakest suture
• Both monofilament and braided

available
Nylon (Ethilon, Surgilon) • Highest “knot slippage” rate:
monofilaments are at a higher risk of
knot slippage
• Monofilament
• Can be used in contaminated/
infected wounds (Nonabsorbable,
Polypropylene (Prolene, Surgilene)
synthetic, monofilaments best in this
situation). This is the least reactive
suture.
• Strong suture. May be used for

Synthetic
tendon repair.
Polyester (Ethibond, Dacron)
• Braided. May be coated with
silicone.
• Polyethylene multifilament core with

Fiberwire
a braided polyester jacket
• Monofilament or braided (braided

is called Flexon)
• Strongest suture with longest
Stainless Steel absorption rate
• Used for bone fixation and tendon
repair, but may corrode bone at
stress points
Other Notes:
• Some may argue that all suture is eventually absorbable
• Sutures are also classified according to size:
• They can range from 0-0 (very thick) to 9-0 (extremely thin).
• Surgeon’s choice is extremely variable and you usually just work with what you are used to, but
here are some safe bets:
• Capsule closure: 2-0 or 3-0 Vicryl
• Subcutaneous tissue closure: 3-0 or 4-0 Vicryl
• Skin: 3-0 or 4-0 Nylon or Prolene
• Skin sutures are removed at 10-14 days because at this point the tensile strength of the wound
equals the tensile strength of the suture.
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AJM Sheet: Podiatric Surgery Instrumentation
This sheet is simply a summary of the first chapter of McGlamry’s text by Dr. Malay. Refer to tool index in back
General Information
• Surgical Instruments are composed of stainless steel which itself is composed of several different
metals:
• Carbon: gives instrument “hardness”
• Chromium: chromium oxide layer prevents corrosion of instrument
• Tungsten Carbide: extreme “hardness” for grasping surfaces (teeth of needle drivers)
• Nickel
• Molybdenum
• There are two different series of stainless steel depending on how it is manufactured:
• 300 series Austenitic: Implants and internal fixation. Resists corrosion with resilience.
• 400 series Martenitic: Cutting instruments. Hardness maintains sharp edges and jaw
alignments.
Categories of Instruments
• Know how to appropriately handle and identify each instrument if handed it during an interview.
• Surgical Blades
• Most common: 10, 15, 11, 62 on a minihandle
• Purpose: Sharp (blade) and blunt (handle) dissection
• Cutting edge width: 0.015”
• Scissors
• Tissue: Metzenbaum, Mayo, Iris, Crown&Collar (Sistrunk)
• Non Tissue: Suture, Utility, Bandage
• Purpose: Dissection
• Hemostats
• Most common: Mosquito (Halsted), Kelly, Crile
• Purpose: Grasping and holding
• Pick-ups
• Most common: 1-2 (Rat tooth), Adson-Brown, Atraumatic (Potts-Smith)
• Purpose: Grasping and Holding
• Retractors
• Hand Held: Skin Hooks, Senn, Ragnell, Malleable, Army-Navy, Volkmann Rake,
Meyerding
• Self-retaining: Weitlaner, Holzheimer, Heiss
• Purpose: Retraction and exposure
• Elevators
• Most Common: Freer, Sayre, Key, Crego, McGlamry, Langenbeck
• Purpose: Dissection
• Rasps
• Most Common: Joseph, Maltz, Bell, Parkes
• Purpose: Cutting
• Miscellaneous • Curettes
• Osteotomes/Chisels • Bone Handling Clamps
• Gauges • Reduction Forceps (Lewin, Lane,
• Mallets Lowman, Verbrugge)
• Bone-Cutting Forceps • Needle Holders (Mayo-Heger,
• Rongeurs Sarot, Ryder, Halsey, Webster)
• Trephine • Suction-Tip (Frazier)
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AJM Sheet: Power Instrumentation General Information
This sheet is simply a review of McGlamry’s Chapter 2 by Dr. Alfred Phillips.
General Information
• Hardest material in the human body? Teeth Enamel
• Power instrumentation developed by which medical field? Dentistry
Power Sources (3)

1. Pneumatic
• Advantages: Delivers high power and torque, does not overheat, cheap
• Disadvantages: Does not operate at slow speeds, bulky, burdensome, cords prone to
contamination
• General:
• Most commonly driven by compressed nitrogen
• Tank pressure > 500 psi
• Dynamic instrument pressure: 90-110 psi
2. Electric
• Advantages: Light, quiet, small, good for office use
• Disadvantages: Prone to overheating, expensive
• General: Utilizes an alternating current drive
3. Battery
• Advantages: No cords
• Disadvantages: Loses power quickly, bulky handling
• General: Utilizes direct current
• Brands: Stryker, Hall-Zimmer, Microaire
Definitions
• Torque: Measurement of power and force. Units: Newtons/cm^2
• Cortical bone requires more torque to cut through than cancellous bone.
• Speed: Distance per time
• Pod procedures usually require 20,000 rpm.
• Decrease risk of thermal necrosis by decreasing torque and increasing speed.
• Collet: Distal end of a saw where the saw blade attaches
• Stroke: One arc of excursion for a saw blade
• Oscillation: One back and forth motion of a saw blade. (Two strokes equal one
oscillation).
Power Saws
• Types
• Sagittal Saw: Cuts in the same plane as the instrument
• Better for longer and deeper cuts
• 4° arc of excursion
• Blade may be positioned anywhere within a
160-180° arc.
• Oscillating Saw: Cuts in plane perpendicular to
instrument
• 7° arc of excursion
• Blade may be positioned anywhere within a 360°
circle.
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Saw Blades
• Vary by cutting depth, width, thickness, shape and number of teeth
• Shapes: straight (most commonly used), inward flair, outward flair
• The angulation of the teeth and NOT the thickness of the blade determine the thickness
of a cut.
• Blades may contain holes which collect debris, thereby decreasing heat and friction.
Wire Drivers
• K-Wires (Kirshner wire)
Size 0.028" 0.035 0.045" 0.062"

Diameter 0.7mm 0.9mm 1.1mm 1.6mm
• Threaded vs. Non-threaded. Note that the direction of the driver only matters with
threaded wires.
• K-Wires provide splintage (stability, but no compression)
• Steinman Pins
• Sizes: 5/64”-3/16”
• Diameter: 1.6+
Rotary Cutting
• Power Drill Bit Sizes: 1.1, 1.5, 2.0mm
• Burrs
• Shapes: Round, Barrel, Straight, Straight-tapered
• Definitions:
• Shank vs. shaft vs. head
• Flute vs. blade
• Edge angle vs. clearance angle vs. rake angle
Surgical Skills Section

• Surgical skills are something best learned by practice.
• A few hints are listed below:
• The surgeon’s hands provide 3 functions when
operating power instrumentation:
• Control of power of the instrument
• Control of direction of the instrument
• Stability between the instrument and the
surgical site
• Review concepts of:
• Axis guide
• Reciprocal planing
• With a saw or K-wire, always divot perpendicular to the
cortex, and then redirect.
• The spin of a burr should be parallel to the grain of the
cortex or parallel the ridge of bone to be removed.
• Poor man’s ways to practice handling and control of
surgical instruments:
• K-wire through a Nerf ball
• Sagittal saw through a wine cork or wood blocks
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AJM Sheet: Biomaterials
Summary of McGlamry’s Chapter 3 by Dr. Cicchinelli.
• Properties of the ideal implant material:

1. Clinically inert
2. No inflammatory or foreign body response
3. Noncarcinogenic
4. Nonallergenic,
5. Structurally stable,
6. Capable of sterilization
7. Capable of fabrication in desired forms
8. Serve as a scaffold for new bone growth
9. Gradual biodegradation.
• Host Response to Implant

• Cellular Response (Acute)
• Immediately after implantation, implants are covered with a coat of proteins that
denature and elicit an inflammatory response. Denatured fibrinogen accumulates
neutrophils and macrophages.
• Detritic Synovitis: Foreign body reaction to shards of silicone materials in the
lymphatic system.
• Environmental Stress Cracking: Surface defects on polyetherurethane implants secondary
to chronic inflammation. Chronic inflammation results from fragmentation and leads to
intracortical lysis and cyst formation.
• Tissue Remodeling Response: Normal for implants to have fibrous capsule formation.
• Infection Potential
• Susceptible to S. Aureus and S. Epidermidis infections
• Malignancy and Type III hypersensitivity reactions extremely rare
• Biomaterials (screws)
• Increased degradation times are good because it decreases the load the body has to
clear.
• These screws don’t “bite” like metal screws, but swell 2-4% in the first 48 hours.
• Advantages: decreased stress shielding, no second operation for removal.
• Disadvantages: more expensive than metallic screws, but are cheaper in the long run if
you remove >31% of metallic screws in your practice.
• PLLA (Polylactic-L-Acid: L is enantiomer)

• Degrades to lactic acid via hydrolysis
• Retains strength 36 weeks and degrades in 2-3 years
• Available in FT 2.0, 2.7, 3.5 and 4.5mm screws
• PGA (Polyglycolic Acid)
• Degrades to glycolic acid and glycine
• Elliptical. Provides compression secondary to shape.
• Brittle and rigid
• Highest likelihood of FB rxn or complication (<4%)
• PDS (Poly-para-dioxanone)
• Tapered form swaged on metallic wire. Provides compression secondary to shape.
• Flexible and malleable
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• Metallic Implants
• Surgical Stainless Steel
• 316LVM (low carbon vacuum remelting)
• Iron, 17-25% chrome, 10-14% nickel, 2-4% molybdenium, 1% carbon
• Nickel most commonly causes reaction: allergic eczematous dermatitis.
• Titanium
• Very inert, integrates into surrounding bone, resists corrosion, decreased capsule
formation
• Addition of 6% aluminum and 4% vanadium increases the strength similar to steel
• Nitrogen implantation forms a stable oxide layer
• Black metallic wear debris is often seen. No toxicity or malignancy associated with
this.
• Cobalt Chrome and Alloys
• 30% cobalt, 7% chromium, <0.034% moly/carbon
• Used in joint replacement prostheses: good wear
• Corrosion: breakdown of metallic alloys because of electrochemical interactions within

the environment
Smart Toe Implant 1st MPJ hemi-implant
STJ Arthroereisis STAR Ankle Replacement
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AJM Sheet: General External Fixation
Selected History
• 377BC: Hippocrates with wood from a cornel tree
• 1904: Codvilla (Italy) used unilateral fixator for limb lengthening
• 1951-1991: Ilizarov (Siberia, Russia). Father of modern ex-fix and developer of external
ring fixator for WWII vets from old bus parts.
General Principles
• Tension-Stress Effect (Ilizarov)
• Distraction performed at proper rate and in the proper area leads to tissue growth
similar to hormone-mediated growth at adolescent growth plates.
• Too fast: Stretching and traction injuries
• Too slow: Bone callus consolidation preventing future distraction
• An important principle is that all tissues (bone, skin, muscle, NV structures, etc.)
become mitogenically active and grow.
• They proliferate as opposed to “stretching”. Much of this has to do with the
distraction serving as a mechanical stimulus for growth factor release (such as
osteoblastic growth factor) and dramatic increases in vascularity.
• Tension-Stress Effect Influences:
• Stability: increased stability leads to increased osteoblastic activity
• Rate: Ideal is 1mm/day in 4 increments
• Bone Cut: Best to keep medullary canal and as much periosteum intact as possible.
• Best technique is a percutaneous subperiosteal corticotomy with a Gigli saw
or osteotome/mallet.
• Location of Bone Cut: Metaphysis found to be superior to other areas
Behrens Principles of External Fixation

• Avoid and respect neurovascular structures
• Allow access to injured area for future fixation
• Meet mechanical demands of the patient and the injury
• Tajana’s Stages of Callus Development
• Colloidal (0-2 weeks): formation of microreticular network
• Fibrillar (2 weeks-1 month): collagen organization
• Lamellar (1 month-years): formation of compact lamellar tissue and calcification
Advantages of Ex-Fix Complications of Ex-Fix
Decreased soft tissue dissection Pin tract infection vs. irritation
Immobilization of multiple regions pain
Allows for post-operative adjustment Cage rage
Skin grafting and wound debridement available Non-unions
Early ROM Fracture
Early weightbearing N/V injury
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Anatomy
• Knowledge of cross-sectional anatomy is
essential for the application of external
fixation. There are numerous manuals and
tests available demonstrating proper pin
and wire placement in a given location.
• The key is to have solid bone with
avoidance of neurovascular
structures.
• As a general rule, the medial and
anterior aspects of the tibia are safe
locations.
Types of External Fixators

• Unilateral Fixators
• EBI Dynafix and Orthofix
• Can be straight (uniplanar) or
articulated (multiplanar)
• Allow for compression/distraction in a single plane only
• Attached to bone via half-pins
• Rigidity and stiffness determined by half-pins/bone interface. Want pins spread
over a large area.
• Weak in the sagittal plane
• Circular Fixators (Multi-lateral)
• Smith&Nephew
• Generate compression/distraction in multiple planes
• Tensioned wires generate stability; half-pins generate rigidity.
• Best if these are located 90° to each other for optimal stability
• Can be formulated to allow for immediate WB
• Hybrid Fixators
• Orthofix, Dynafix, Smith&Nephew, Rancho
• Combination of unilateral and circular fixators
• Taylor Spatial Frames
• Smith&Nephew
• Allows for reduction of triplanar complex deformities
Brief Indications
• Limb Lengthening/Distraction
• Percutaneous metaphyseal subperiosteal corticotomy with Gigli saw or osteotome/
mallet
• Apply fixation before corticotomy
• Distraction begins 7-14 days after corticotomy at 1mm/day
• Angular Deformities
• CORA principle (center of rotational angulation)
• Double Taylor spatial frame
• Dynamization: release of tension from wires and loosening of half-pins to allow
bone a period of introductory WB
• Fracture
• Ligamentotaxis: pulling of fracture fragments into alignment with distraction
• Arthrodesis
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AJM Sheet: Bone, Bone Healing and Wound Healing
Bone Properties/Variables
• Bone is a two component system consisting of
minerals (increases the yield and ultimate strength
of bone) and collagen (mostly Type II).
• Variables:
• Porosity. Increased porosity leads to
increased compressive strength of bone.
Cortical bone has <15% porosity and
cancellous bone has ~70% porosity.
• Strength. Strength is defined as the amount
of force a material can handle before failure.
Bone can handle a 2% increase in length
before failure. Bone is has the greatest
strength in compression, followed by tension
and is weakest in shear. Strength is affected
by collagen fiber orientation, trabecular
orientation, age, presence of defects and
osteoporosis.
• Stiffness. Cortical bone has 5-10 times the stiffness of cancellous bone.
Vascular Supply to Bone

• Blood supply to bone comes from two sources. A nutrient artery feeds the endosteal and
medullary vessels and supplies the inner 2/3-3/4 of bone. The periosteal vessels supply
the outer 1/3 of bone from muscle and tendon attachments.
• The amount of vascular disruption following a fracture depends on the force/displacement
of the fracture and which vascular systems are disrupted.
Phases of Bone Healing

• Inflammation (10%)
• Hematoma fills the area with fibrin, RBCs, neutrophils, platelets, macrophages,
fibroblasts (from PMNs).
• Mesenchymal cells from the cambium layer differentiate into osteoblasts and
chondrocytes.
• Chemotaxis by growth factors (transforming growth factor beta, platelet derived,
and macrophage derived)
• Reparative/Regenerative (40%)
• Soft callus forms and is replaced by bone.
• Cartilage, fibrocartilage, collagen and hydroxyapatite deposition
• Cartilage replaced by bone like endochondral ossification
• Remodeling (70%)
• Callus completely replaced by bone
• Vascular network is normalized
• Remodels according to Wolff’s Law
• Piezoelectric Effect: appearance of electrical potentials within bone in response to
the application of an external force
• Compression side: electronegative leading to bone production
• Tension side: electropositive leading to bone resorption
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Types of Bone Healing
• Direct Osseous Repair (Primary Intention, Direct Healing)
• No callus formation; no motion
• Cutting cone: Osteoclasts in the front, osteoblasts in the back. Travels across the fx
line (Schenk and Willinegger).
• Gap Healing: Bone deposition at 90° to the orientation of bone fragments
• Indirect Osseous Repair (Secondary Intention)
• Callus formation
• The literature has demonstrated that cyclic loading and dynamization have resulted in decreased
healing times, decreased stiffness, increased torque and increased energy absorption in rabbit
and dog bones. A practical
means to accomplish this in
human subjects hasn’t been
perfected yet.
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Phases of Wound Healing
• Hemostasis (3 hours)
• Platelet aggregation/clotting
• Vasoconstriction and chemokine release
• Inflammation (3 days)
• Inflammation characterized by edema/erythema/calor/dolor
• PMNs start out dominating, but are eventually taken over by macrophages to kill bacteria
• Macrophages release cytokines
• Proliferation (3 weeks)
• Macrophages and fibroblasts provide granulation, contraction and epithelialization of the

wound begins. Myofibroblasts also begin working.
• Requires viable vascular flow
• Maturation (3 weeks - forever)
• Collagen reorganization
• Diminished tensile strength
Additional Readings:
• [Broughton G, Janis JE, Attinger CE. Wound healing: an overview. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2006 Jun; 117(7 Suppl): 1S-32S.]
• [Broughton G, Janis JE, Attinger CE. The basic science of wound healing. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2006 Jun; 117(7 Suppl):
12S-34S.]
• [Hunt TK, Hopf H, Hussain Z. Physiology of wound healing. Adv Skin Wound Care. 2000 May-Jun; 13(2 Suppl): 6-11.]
• [Lawrence WT. Physiology of the acute wound. Clin Plast Surg. 1998 Jul: 25(3): 321-40.]
• [Falanga V. Wound healing and its impairment in the diabetic foot. Lancet 2005; 366: 1736-43.]
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AJM Sheet: How to “Work-Up” a Surgical Patient
With regard to specific surgery and the interviews, it’s always important to “know your program”. In
other words, programs tend to have favorite procedures that they routinely do. For a given bunion
deformity, one program may primarily do Austin-Akins, whereas other programs may never do an
Akin, and still others may always do a Lapidus in the exact same situation. Some people may feel
very strongly in favor of the lateral release, while others may never do it for any situation. This
could even happen between two attendings at the same program in the same room during your
interview! If you give a hard, definitive answer for a procedure choice, one attending may
completely agree with you while another may think it’s completely the wrong choice. So if you are
asked what type of procedure you would do for a given situation, be as general as possible, but
always give the reason/specific indications why you are choosing that procedure or group of
procedures. Name a couple different similar procedures instead of sticking by your guns with one
procedure. Additionally, your interviewers may not expect you to know for sure what procedure to
choose, but they will definitely expect you to be able to completely work-up the patient and know
which procedures are acceptable for which indications.
The two work-ups that you should have down cold are the HAV and flatfoot work-ups. Practice,
practice, practice working through these situations out loud, and practice, practice, practice going
through the radiographic analyses of these deformities out loud. Again, RC and I found it helpful
while studying for interviews to pick up random podiatry textbooks and just flip through the pages,
alternating our description of the radiographs out loud.
There are of course many, many radiographic angles that you can use to describe during either of
these work-ups, so focus the majority of your energy on those that will have the most impact on
your treatment choice. Here’s the way that I think about these deformities. This certainly isn’t the
“right” way; it’s just the way that helped me as I first started doing this out loud:
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HAV Work-up:
• I simply use the radiographic angles to define two aspects of the deformity:
1. Where is the deformity?
• In which bone or bones, and/or which joint or joints is there deformity?
2. Is the deformity mild, moderate or severe?
• Once you have successfully answered these questions in your mind, then the remainder of the
radiographic work-up falls into place. For example, if you identify a deformity at the first
metatarsal-phalangeal joint, then you can use your radiographic angles to define it:
• “In the area of the patient’s presenting complaint I see a (mild, moderate, or severe) hallux
abductovalgus deformity at the level of the metatarsal-phalangeal joint as defined by a
(mildly, moderately, or severely) increased intermetatarsal angle, (mildly, moderately, or
severely) increased hallux abductus angle, and approximate tibial sesamoid position of
(1-7). The PASA and DASA of this joint appear (within normal limits or deviated). There
(does or does not) appear to be a hallux interphalangeus deformity as defined by the
(increased or normal) hallux interphalangeus angle. The overall length of the first
metatarsal appears (normal, shortened, or long) compared to the remainder of the lesser
metatarsal parabola on the AP view. On the lateral view the first metatarsal appears
(dorsiflexed, plantarflexed, or normal) compared to the second metatarsal using Seiberg’s
index. There (is or is not) an underlying metatarsus adductus as defined by the metatarsus
adductus and Engle’s angles. Generally, the rearfoot appears (rectus, pronated, or
supinated) as defined by…”
• Now that you have defined the location and severity of the deformity with your angles, suggest
procedures based on these specific abnormal findings. For every abnormality that you
described, suggest a procedure (or group of procedures) to correct it.
• “I would consider doing a distal metatarsal osteotomy in this case to laterally translate and
plantarflex the capital fragment of the first metatarsal to decrease the intermetatarsal and
hallux abductus angles in addition to reducing the sesamoids.”
• If you described the DASA and interphalangeus angles as normal, then don’t suggest an
Akin procedure! If you described a mild deformity, then don’t suggest procedures that are
indicated for moderate to severe deformities!
• I also use the above questions to classify each and every surgical procedure. For each surgical
procedure I think: This procedure will correct for a (mild, moderate, or severe) deformity of this
bone or at that joint.
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Flatfoot Work-up:
• Here I use a similar approach, but think of it in terms of planal dominance:
• In which plane does the deformity present?

• “Consistent with the patient’s presenting complaint we see a (mild, moderate, or severe)
pes planovalgus deformity. In the sagittal plane I see a (decreased or increased) calcaneal
inclination angle, talar declination angle, talar-calcaneal angle, first metatarsal inclination
angle, Meary’s angle, and medial column fault on the lateral view. I would also evaluate
the patient for equinus using the Silfverskiold test to determine a sagittal plane deformity.
In the transverse plane I see a (decreased or increased) talar-calcaneal angle, cuboid
abduction angle, talar head coverage, talar-first metatarsal angle, metatarsus adductus
angle on the AP view. In the frontal plane we can see the Cyma Line is (anteriorly
displaced, posteriorly displaced or normal) on the lateral view, and that the subtalar joint
alignment, ankle joint alignment and calcaneal position are (normal or abnormal) on the
long leg calcaneal axial views.”
• Now that you have defined the deformity on your own terms, you can now suggest how to fix it
using the same tools.
• “I would consider performing a (Gastroc recession, TAL, Cotton osteotomy, medial column
arthrodesis, etc.) to correct for the sagittal plane deformity, a (Evans osteotomy, CC joint
distraction arthrodesis, etc.) to correct for the transverse plane deformity, and a (medial
calcaneal slide, STJ implant, etc.) to correct for the frontal plane deformity.
• This is a little philosophic, but radiographic angles aren’t real. They only come into reality if you
use them, so only use them as tools to your advantage. You can use them to first define the
deformity on your own terms, and then to show that your intervention was successful.
(A) Talar-first metatarsal angle, (B) Mary's angle, (C) Calcaneal inclination angle, (D) Talar-calcaneal angle,
(E) Talar-declination angle
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AJM Sheet: Digital Deformity Work-Up
Subjective
• CC: Pt can complain of generalized “corns, calluses and
hammertoes.”
• HPI:
• Nature: “Sharp, aching and/or sore” type pain. May have a Heloma molle
“tired feeling” in the feet.

• Location: Usually dorsal PIPJ/DIPJ of the toes or
submetatarsal
• Course: Progressive onset and course.
• Aggravating factors: WB, shoe gear (especially tight shoes)
• Alleviating factors: NWB, wide shoebox, sandals
• PMH/PSH/Meds/Allergies/SH/FH/ROS: Usually non-contributory
Objective
Physical Exam
• Derm:
• Hyperkeratotic lesions can be seen submetatarsal, dorsal PIPJ
or DIPJ of the lesser digits, distal tuft of the lesser digits, or
interdigitally. All can have erythema, calor and associated
bursitis.
• 5th digit is usually dorsolateral at the PIPJ, DIPJ or lateral nail
fold (Lister’s corn). Hyperkeratotic lesion of the adjuvant 4th
interspace may also be present (heloma molle).
• Ortho:
• See discussion on pathomechanics
• Positive Coughlin test: Vertical shift of >50% of the proximal
phalanx base on the met head. Also called the “draw sign” or
Lachman’s test.
• Kelikian push-up test: Differentiate between a soft-tissue and
osseous deformity
• Specific to the 5th digit:
• Toe usually has a unique triplanar deformity (dorsiflexion,
adduction and varus).
• Bunionette, splay foot and equinus may be present
• The 5th digit is in the most susceptible position in terms of a
muscular imbalance deformity because the FDL has such an
oblique pull on the 5th digit as opposed to the relatively axial
pull of the other digits.
Imaging
• Plain film radiograph: “Gun barrel” sign
• Positional deformity
• Radiographic sign of Sagittal plane deformity of lesser phalange.
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Specific Deformities
• Hammertoe: Extension at MPJ level; flexion at PIPJ level,
neutral/extended DIPJ
• Mallet toe: Neutral at MPJ and PIPJ level; flexion at DIPJ
level
• Claw toe: Extension at MPJ level; flexion at PIPJ and DIPJ
level
• Curly toe: Claw/hammertoe deformity with an additional
frontal plane component
• Digitus Adductus: Digital deformity with adduction in the
transverse plane
• Digitus Abductus: Digital deformity with abduction in the
transverse plane
• Heloma Molle: Generally occurs in the 4th interspace with a
curly toe deformity of the 5th digit. Using this example, the
head of the proximal phalanx of the 5th digit abuts the base
of the proximal phalanx of the 4th digit causing a
hyperkeratotic lesion in the proximal 4th interspace.
Pathomechanics
• Digital deformities are thought to occur via one of three potential mechanisms. Each involves a muscular
imbalance at the digital level.
• The way AJM thinks of digits is from distal to proximal. During weight-bearing, the toes cannot function in
propulsive gait to aid in load transfer if the most distal segment is not stabilized. The distal phalanx is
stabilized by the long flexor tendons holding it solidly against the weight-bearing surface. With the distal
phalanx stabilized, the short flexor tendon can hold the middle phalanx against the weight-bearing surface.
With the middle phalanx stabilized, the lumbrical muscles hold the proximal phalanx against the ground.
The lumbrical muscles must work against the extensor tendon complex, but this complex is usually not
actively firing to extend the MPJ during propulsion. The interosseous muscles also stabilize the proximal
phalanx in the transverse plane. When the proximal phalanx has been effectively stabilized against the
weight-bearing surface, the head of the metatarsal can effectively move through its range of motion and
transfer load across the metatarsal parabola. Any disruption in the stabilization process will lead to
abnormal biomechanics and deformity.
- Most common origin of hammertoe deformity

- Occurs when the PT muscle is unable to effectively resupinate the midtarsal and subtalar
joints at the beginning of propulsion. To compensate, the FHL and FDL fire earlier, longer
Flexor Stabilization and with greater force to resupinate the foot. This puts too much force on the distal and
middle phalanges causing the toe to “buckle” in a dorsiflexed position at the MPJ. This
retrograde buckling puts the PIPJ in a vulnerable dorsal position and also pushes the
metatarsal head plantarly.
Occurs when the triceps surae muscle group is unable to effectively

plantarflex the foot during propulsion for whatever reason. To
Flexor Substitution compensate, the muscles of the deep posterior compartment (PT, FHL,
and FDL) again fire earlier, longer and with greater force leading to the
same type of deformity.
Can occur in two ways:

- One way is when the TA is unable to dorsiflex the foot through the swing phase. In this
case the EDL and EHL fire earlier, longer and with greater force than normal and are
actually actively extending the MPJ. This easily overpowers the lumbricals and leads to
Extensor Substitution
retrograde buckling.
- The other way is in a situation with anterior cavus where the EDL is actually at a mechanical
advantage over the lumbricals. Passive stretch of the EDL, rather than active contraction,
overpowers the lumbricals and leads to deformity.
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AJM Sheet: Digital Deformity Treatment
Extensor complex of a lesser toe.

(1) EDL tendon, (2) middle slip of EDL trifurcation, (3) lateral slips of EDL trifurcation, (4) lateral tendons of EDL trifurcation,
(5) terminal EDL tendon, (6) EDB tendon, (7) transverse lamina of extensor aponeurosis of extensor sling, (8) oblique
component of extensor aponeurosis forming extensor hood or wing, (9) triangular ligament, (10)/(11) interossei tendons,
(12) lumbrical tendon, (13) deep transverse metatarsal ligament, (14) interosseous muscle, (15) lumbrical tendon
Conservative
• Do nothing: Digital deformities are not a life-threatening condition and can be ignored if
the patient is willing to put up with it.
• Palliative care: Periodic sharp debridement of hyperkeratotic lesions
• Splints/Supports:
• Metatarsal sling pads
• Silicone devices
• Toe crests
• Orthotics:
• Cut-outs of high pressure areas
• Metatarsal pads to elevate the metatarsal heads
• Correction of the underlying deformity
Surgical Options
• Two approaches to remembering digital surgical options are the acronym HEECAT, and an
anatomic approach thinking of procedures moving from superficial to deep.
• HEECAT
• Head arthroplasty: Post procedure (1882)
• Extensor hood and PIPJ capsule release
• Extensor tendon lengthening
• Capsulotomy (MPJ)
• Arthrodesis (PIPJ)
• Tendon transfer (flexor longus tendon transfer form distal to proximal to
function in MPJ plantarflexion)
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• Anatomic Approach
• Percutaneous tenotomy
• Both the extensor and flexor tendons can be transected through a
percutaneous approach
• Extensor Tendon lengthening
• Done proximal to MPJ level with a Z-lengthening
• Capsulotomy
• Of the PIPJ and MPJ
• Remember the “J” maneuver for release of the collateral ligaments
• Extensor hood release is also usually performed
• Some use the McGlamry elevator in this step to free plantar
attachments
• PIPJ Arthroplasty
• Post procedure 1882
• Resection of the head of the proximal phalanx at the surgical neck
• PIPJ Arthrodesis
• Fusion of the PIPJ using a variety of techniques: table-top, V, peg-in-
hole, etc.
• Fusion maintained with K-wire crossing the MPJ extending into the
distal 1/3 of the metatarsal
• Flexor Tendon Transfer
• Transfer of the FDL tendon dorsally to act as a more effective
plantarflexor of the proximal phalanx
• Girdlestone-Taylor technique: Tendon is bisected, crossed and
sutured on the dorsal aspect.
• Kuwada/Dockery technique: Tendon is re-routed through a distal drill
hole
• Schuberth technique: Tendon is transferred through a proximal drill
hole
• Syndactyly
• Soft tissue fusion of one digit to a normal adjacent digit to help “bring
it down”
• Interposing skin is removed and the digits are sutured together
• You should be able to go through the steps of a Post procedure for an interview.
• Please also review the neurovascular elements for each digit and be able to recite which
cutaneous nerves supply which corner of each digit.
5th digit skin incisions

• It is possible to alter your skin incision to incorporate a derotational element to
your skin closure. While the osseous work can be accomplished using a
longitudinal or lazy “s” incision (proximal medial to distal lateral), those are really
best for uniplanar deformities. 5th digit HT is usually a triplanar deformity.
• Two semi-elliptical incisions directed proximal lateral to distal medial.
• The more oblique the incision is, the greater transverse plane
correction.
• The more longitudinal the incision is, the greater the frontal plane
correction.
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AJM Sheet: Lesser Metatarsal Deformity Work-up
Subjective
• CC: Pt presents complaining of “pain in the ball of my foot.”
• HPI:
• Nature: Generalized pain (aching, sharp, sore, etc.)
• Location: Submetatarsal. Can usually be localized to an exact metatarsal.
• Course: Gradual and progressive onset. “Has bothered me for years.”
• Aggravating factors: WB for long periods, shoe gear, etc.
• PMH/PSH/Meds/All/SH/FH/ROS: Usually non-contributory
Objective: Physical Exam

• Derm: Diffuse or focal hyperkeratotic lesions submetatarsal
• Ortho: Many of the same signs/symptoms as HT digital deformity. HT often present.
• Anterior displacement of the fat pad
• Anterior Cavus foot type
• Equinus
• Hypermobility of the first ray
• Hypermobility of the fifth ray
Objective: Imaging
• Plain film radiograph:
• Look for irregularities of the metatarsal parabola
• Look for excessively plantarflexed or dorsiflexed position on lateral/sesamoid axial views
General Information
• Lesser metatarsalgia has several possible etiologies:
1. Retrograde force from hammertoes. Please see AJM Sheet: Digital Deformities.
2. An excessively long and/or plantarflexed metatarsal leads to increased load bearing
under that particular metatarsal.
3. An excessively short and/or dorsiflexed metatarsal can lead to increased load bearing
on the adjacent metatarsals.
4. Hypermobility of the first ray leads to increased load bearing under at least the second
metatarsal.
5. Hypermobility of the fifth ray leads to increased load bearing under at least the fourth
metatarsal.
6. Anterior cavus and equinus deformities lead to increased pressures across the forefoot.
• Before a surgical option is considered, it is extremely important to understand where the

increased load is coming from. The goal of treatment should be to restore a normal parabola
and weight-bearing function to the foot. Failure to correct the underlying deformity will
dramatically increase the rate of recurrence and transfer lesions.
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Treatment: Conservative
• Do nothing: Lesser metatarsal deformities are not a life-threatening condition.
• Metatarsal sling pads
• Toe crests
• Silicone devices
• Orthotics:
Treatment: Surgical
• Structural correction of lesser metatarsals
• Distal metatarsal procedures
• Duvries: plantar condylectomy on both sides of the MPJ
• Jacoby: “V” shaped cut in the metatarsal neck to allow for
dorsiflexion of the head
• Chevron: “V” shaped cut similar to a Jacoby, but with
removal of a wedge of bone to obtain metatarsal
shortening as well.
• Dorsiflexory wedge osteotomy: similar to a Watermann of
the first metatarsal
• Weil: Distal dorsal to proximal plantar oblique cut to allow
for distal metatarsal dorsiflexion and shortening. Can be
made in several planes to obtain desired dorsiflexory/
shortening effects.
• Osteoclasis: Through and through cut through the
metatarsal neck allowing the distal head to find its own
plane.
• Metatarsal shaft procedures
• Cylindrical shortening
• Giannestras step-down procedure: Z-shaped cut which can
allow for shortening and distal dorsiflexion.
• Metatarsal base procedures
• Dorsiflexory wedge: (1mm of proximal dorsal shortening
equivalent to ~10 degrees of dorsiflexion)
• Buckholtz: Oblique dorsiflexory wedge which allows for
insertion of a 2.7mm cortical screw
Complications
• By far, the most common complications are floating toe, recurrence and transfer lesions caused
by undercorrection and overcorrection. While you can evaluate the parabola and transverse
plane in the OR with a C-arm, you really can’t appreciate the sagittal plane.
• Studies have demonstrated that osteoclastic procedures allowing the distal segment to find their
own plane without internal fixation have the least occurrence of recurrence and transfer lesions,
but they also have a higher rate of malunion, delayed union and non-union.
• [Derner and Meyr. Complications and Salvage of Elective Central Metatarsal Osteotomies. Clinics Pod Med
Surg. Jan 2009.]
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AJM Sheet: 5th Metatarsal Deformity Work-up
Also called: Tailor’s Bunion or Bunionette Deformity
Subjective/Objective
• Very similar to work-ups for lesser metatarsal
deformities and digital deformities. Pts may complain
of pain related to the lateral column in general, 5th digit,
plantar 5th met head, lateral 5th met head or 4th
interspace heloma molle.
Imaging
• 4-5 Intermetatarsal Angle > 9 degrees (Normal is 6.47 degrees per Fallat and Buckholtz)
• Lateral Deviation Angle > 8 degrees (Normal is 2.64 degrees per Fallat and Buckholtz)
• [Fallat LM, Buckholtz J. J Am Podiatry Assoc. 1980 Dec; 70(12): 597-603.]
• Splay Foot Deformity
• Plantarflexed 5th metatarsal position
• Structural changes to 5th metatarsal head
The two means of assessing

the intermetatarsal angle
between the fourth and fifth
metatarsals.
- Angle ABD represents the
traditional method,
bisecting the shafts of the
respective metatarsals.
- Angle ABC represents the
method recommended
by Fallat, with the medial
shaft of the fifth
metatarsal identified.
General Information
• Etiology - Numerous authors have chimed in to the etiology of 5th Metatarsal deformity
• Davies: incomplete development of deep transverse metatarsal ligament
• Gray: malinsertion of adductor hallucis muscle
• Lelievre: forefoot splay
• Yancey: congenital bowing of metatarsal shaft
• Root: abnormal STJ pronation
• CMINT, etc, etc, etc.
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Treatment
• Conservative
• Do nothing: 5th metatarsal deformities are not a life-threatening condition.
• Shoe gear modification with large toe box
• Derotational tapings
• Orthotics:
• Surgical
• Exostectomy: Removal of prominent lateral eminence from 5th met head
• Arthroplasty: Removal of part/whole of 5th met head
• Distal Metatarsal Osteotomies:
• Reverse Hohmann
• Reverse Wilson
• Reverse Austin
• Crawford: “L” shaped osteotomy allows for insertion of cortical screws
• LODO (Long Oblique Distal Osteotomy): similar to Crawford but simply oblique
• Read [London BP, Stern SF, et al. Long oblique distal osteotomy of the fifth metatarsal
for correction of tailor's bunion: a retrospective review. J Foot Ankle Surg. 2003 Jan-
Feb;42(1):36-42.] Especially if externing at Inova!
• Medially-based wedge
• Proximal Osteotomies:
• Transverse cuts
• Oblique cuts
• Medially based wedges
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AJM Sheet: HAV Work-up
Subjective
CC: “Bump pain,” “Big toe is moving over,” Typical patient is female although it is unclear whether
there is an actual higher incidence among females, or if there is a higher complaint incidence.
HPI:
• Nature: Throbbing, aching-type pain
• Location: Dorsomedial 1st MPJ is most typical presentation. Pain could also be more
medial (suggesting underlying transverse plane deformity such as met adductus) or dorsal
(suggesting OA of 1st MPJ).
• Course: Gradual and progressive
• Aggravating Factors: Shoe wear, WB
PMH:
• Inflammatory conditions (SLE, RA, Gout, etc.)
• Ligamentous Laxity (Ehlers-Danlos, Marfan’s, Downs syndrome)
• Spastic conditions (40% incidence of HAV among those with CP)
PSH:
• Previous F&A surgery
FH:
• Hereditary component (63-68% family incidence among general population, 94% with
juvenile HAV)
• Johnston reports an autosomal dominant component with incomplete penetrance
Meds/All: Usually non-contributory
ROS: Usually non-contributory

Derm:
• Dorsomedial erythema +/- bursa
• Submet 2 lesion
• Nail bed rotational changes
• Pinch callus
Ortho:
• Dorsomedial eminence
• Pes plano valgus
• Underlying met adductus
• Hypermobile 1st ray
• PROM 1st MPJ
• LLD
• Tracking vs. Track-bound 1st MPJ
Vasc/Neuro: Usually non-contributory
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Objective: Radiographic Evaluation
Plain Film Radiographs:
• Increased soft tissue density
• In first met head: subchondral bone cysts, osteophytes, hypertrophy of medial eminence
• Overall metatarsal parabola
• 1st MPJ joint space: ~2mm of clear space; Congruent vs. Deviated vs. Subluxed
• Angular deformities:
• Met Adductus (<15 degrees) • Meary’s Angle (+/- 4 degrees)
• Engle’s Angle (<24 degrees) • Seiberg’s Angle (+ is elevated)
• IMA (<8 degrees) • TDA (<21 degrees)
• HAA (<15 degrees) • CIA (18-22 degrees)
• HIA (<10 degrees) • Cyma Line (S-curve)
• Tibial sesamoid position (1-7) • CC Angle (0-5 degrees)
• PASA (<8 degrees) • Talar Head Uncovering (<25%)
• DASA (<8 degrees) • Talar Axis
• Met protrusion (<2mm) • Kite’s Angle (25-40 degrees)
(A) Talar-first metatarsal angle, (B) Mary's angle, (C) Calcaneal inclination angle, (D) Talar-calcaneal angle,
(E) Talar-declination angle
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HAV Dissection and Capsule Procedures
• Anatomic Dissection
• 1st incision is through epidermis and dermis
• Incision is planned along the dorsomedial aspect
of the 1st MPJ, just medial to EHL and lateral to
the medial dorsal cutaneous nerve.
• From midshaft of 1st metatarsal to just
proximal to the hallux IPJ
• Subcutaneous tissue is dissected to deep fascia/
capsular layer
• NV structures: Superficial venous network,
medial dorsal cutaneous nerve
• Be wary of the anterior resident’s nerve
(Extensor capsularis)
Fundamental illustration depicting separation of the

superficial fascia or subcutaneous layer from the deep
fascia which encircles the first metatarsophalangaeal
joint. This basic dissection principle preserves primary
blood supply and nerve structures which lie within the
subcutaneous layer. Surgical techniques performed
within the collar of the deep fascia can then be
performed with no violation of the critical neurovascular
structures.
• Lateral Release
• Sequence of events:
1. Release of the deep transverse intermetatarsal ligament
2. Release of adductor hallucis tendon from base of proximal phalanx and fibular
sesamoid
3. Release of fibular metatarsal-fibular sesamoid ligament and lateral capsule
4. Tenotomy of the lateral head of the FHB between the fibular sesamoid and the proximal
phalanx
5. Optional excision of the fibular sesamoid
• Medial Capsulotomies
• Linear
• Washington Monument: Strongest medial capsulotomy allowing for both transverse and
frontal plane correction
• Lenticular (Elliptical): Allows for transverse and frontal plane correction with removal of
redundant capsule
• Inverted L: Transverse plane correction with removal of redundant capsule
• Medial T: Transverse plane correction with removal of redundant capsule
• Medial H: Transverse plane correction with removal of redundant capsule
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AJM List: HAV Procedures and Indications
Distal Phalanx
1. Medial Nail Bed Rotation: Corrects soft tissue mal-alignment
Hallux IPJ
2. Amputation of the distal phalanx: Permanent correction of abnormal Hallux
Interphalangeus Angle (HIA)
3. IPJ Fusion: Corrects abnormal HAI
Proximal Phalanx
4. Distal Akin: Corrects abnormal HAI with a medially-based wedge osteotomy at distal
proximal phalanx
5. Central Akin: Corrects for long proximal phalanx seen with concurrent HL/HR
6. Oblique Akin: Corrects for distal articular set angle (DASA) midshaft proximal phalanx
7. Proximal Akin: Corrects for DASA of the proximal phalanx
8. Keller Arthroplasty: Corrects for abnormal Hallux Abductus Angle (HAA) and with
concurrent HL/HR
9. Keller-Brandis Arthroplasty: Same as the Keller, but with removal of 2/3 of the proximal
phalanx
10. Bonney-Kessel: Dorsiflexory osteotomy with concurrent HL/HR with modified forms
correcting for abnormal DASA
11. Distal Hemi-Implant: Corrects for abnormal HAA or DASA with concurrent HL/HR
12. Regnauld: Allows for correction of DASA and abnormal proximal phalanx length in
presence of HL/HR
13. Sagittal Z: Corrects for DASA and abnormal proximal phalanx length in presence of HL/
HR
MPJ
14. Total Implant: Correction of HAA in presence of HL/HR
15. McKeever arthrodesis: Allows for permanent correction of DASA, PASA and HAA
16. McBride: Soft tissue reconstruction for correction of HAA
17. Modified McBride: Bone and soft tissue reconstruction for correction of HAA and
medial eminence
18. Silver: Correction of medial eminence
19. Hiss: Modified McBride with Abductor hallucis advancement
20. External Fixation: Double Taylor frame for gradual soft tissue realignment
21. Hallux Amputation: Permanent correction of abnormal HAA
Distal 1st Met

22. Proximal Hemi-Implant: Correction of PASA and HAA with concurrent HL/HR
23. Mayo: First met head resection for correction of HAA with HL/HR
24. Stone: Mayo with sesamoid articulation left intact
25. Reverdin: Correction of PASA. Incomplete osteotomy.
26. Reverdin-Green: Correction of PASA with incomplete osteotomy and plantar shelf
27. Reverdin-Laird: Correction of PASA and IMA with complete osteotomy and plantar
shelf
28. Reverdin-Todd: Correction of PASA, IMA and sagittal plane deformity (elevatus)
29. Youngswick: Correction of IMA and elevatus
30. Austin: Correction of IMA
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31. Bicorrectional Austin: Correction of IMA and PASA
32. Tricorrectional Austin: Correction of IMA, PASA and elevatus
33. Mitchell: Rectangular osteotomy with lateral spicule to correct for IMA, elevatus and
metatarsal length. Perpendicular to first met axis.
34. Roux: Wedged Mitchell to also correct for PASA
35. Miller: Mitchell with osteotomy oblique to first met axis for further correction of IM and
length
36. Hohmann: Transverse through and through cut to correct for IMA and sagittal plane
37. Wilson: Oblique through and through osteotomy to correct for IMA and metatarsal
length
38. Distal L: Similar to a Reverdin-Green without correction of PASA
39. Kalish: Austin with a long dorsal arm to allow for screw internal fixation
40. Mygind: Mexican hat procedure of distal first metatarsal for correction of IM and length
41. Off-set V/Vogler: Proximal Kalish
42. Peabody: Proximal Reverdin
43. Short-arm Scarf: Correction of IMA
44. Percutaneous DMO: Percutaneous Hohmann
45. DRATO (Derotational Abductory Transpositional Osteotomy): Can be used to correct
frontal plane, IMA, sagittal plane and wedged for PASA
46. Distal Crescentic: Correction of IMA
47. Distal Crescentic with a shelf: Correction of IMA with greater stability
Central 1st Met

48. Scarf: Correction of IMA
49. Ludloff: Correction of IMA. Dorsal-proximal to distal-plantar cut.
50. Mau: Correction of IMA. Distal-dorsal to proximal-plantar cut.
Proximal 1st Met

51. Cresentic: Correction of IMA
52. Cresentic Shelf: Correction of IMA with greater stability
53. OBWO: Correction of IMA
54. Trethowan: OBWO using medial eminence for graft
55. CBWO (Loison-Balacescu): Closing base wedge proximal osteotomy. Corrects IMA.
56. Logroscino: CBWO with Reverdin. Corrects IMA and PASA.
57. Juvara: Oblique CBWO
58. Proximal Austin: Correction of IMA
59. Lambrinudi: Plantar CBWO to correct for sagittal plane
1st Met-Cunieform
60. Lapidus with internal fixation
61. Lapidus with external fixation
62. Westman: OBWO of the cuneiform to correct for transverse plane
63. Cotton: OBWO of the cuneiform to correct for sagittal plane
64. Cotton-Westman: OBWO of the cuneiform to correct for transverse and frontal plane
Misc.
65. 2nd digit amputation
66. EHL lengthening
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AJM Sheet: HAV Complications
Recurrence
• Early (<1 year)
• Usually due to wrong procedure choice,
surgical error, or a post-operative complication.
• As little as 1% and as much as 14% rate
reported (Kitaoka on 49 feet).
• Late (>1 year)
• Usually due to an unrecognized underlying
deformity (such as met adductus, Ehlers-
Danlos, equinus, 1st met hypermobility, etc.)
• Symptoms usually worse than initial
presentation
• Treatment: Distal soft tissue procedures or a proximal
osteotomy usually indicated
Hallux Varus
• Defined as a purely transverse plane adduction
• Hallux Malleus: extension at MPJ with flexion at
IPJ
• Etiology
• Underlying causes:
• Long 1st metatarsal
• Round 1st metatarsal head
• 1st MPJ hypermobility
• Iatrogenic causes:
• Staking of the 1st metatarsal head
• Overcorrection of the IM angle
• Overzealous medial capsulorraphy
• Fibular sesamoidectomy
• Over extensive lateral release
• Overcorrection of the PASA
• Overzealous bandaging
• Treatment:
• Soft tissue rebalancing (medial
releases and lateral tightenings)
• EHB tendon transfer
• Reverse distal osteotomies
• Ludloff/Mau
• Resection arthroplasty,
implant, arthrodesis
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Malunion/Delayed Union/Non-Union
Malunion
• Consolidated osteotomy with an angular or rotational deformity
• Most common is sagittal plane abnormality (“dorsal tilting”)
• Must be corrected with an osteotomy
AVN
Weber and Cech Classification of Non-Unions
• Hypertrophic/Hypervascular/Active (represents ~90% of non-unions)

• These types of non-unions have adequate biology, but they usually require increased
stabilization in order to heal.
• Hypertrophic (Elephant Foot) - these are hypertrophic and rich in callus. They result
from insecure fixation, inadequate immobilization or premature weight bearing.
• Eutrophic (Horse Hoof) - these are mildly hypertrophic and poor in callus. They
typically occur after a moderately unstable fixation with plate and screws. The ends
of the fragments show some callus, insufficient for union.
• Oligotrophic - these are not hypertrophic, but are vascular, and callus is absent.
They typically occur after major displacement of a fracture.
• Atrophic/Avascular/Inactive (represents ~10% of non-unions)
• These types of non-unions have bad biology and require aggressive debridement, usually
with some type of orthobiologic product.
• Dead fragment end (Torsion Wedge) - these are characterized by the presence of
an intermediate fragment in which the blood supply is decreased or absent. The
intermediate fragment has healed to one main fragment but not to the other.
• Sequestrum (Comminuted) - these are characterized by the presence of one or
more intermediate fragments that are necrotic with absence of any callus formation.
• Defect - these are characterized by the loss of a fragment of the diaphysis. The ends
of the fragments are viable, but union across the defect is impossible. As time
passes, the ends of the fragments become atrophic.
• Defect and atrophy (Atrophic) - these usually are the final result when intermediate
fragments are missing and scar tissue lacking osteogenic potential is left.
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AJM Sheet: HL/HR Work-up
Subjective
CC: Pt will generally complain of a “painful big toe.”
HPI:
• Nature: Aching, Dull, Throbbing
• Location: Dorsal 1st MTPJ and within the joint
• Course: Usually gradual and progressive. May follow
an acute traumatic event.
• Aggravating Factors: Shoe gear, WB
• Alleviating Factors: Ice, NSAIDs, Rest
PMH:
• Inflammatory Condition: RA, SLE, Gout
PSH:
• Past 1st MTPJ surgery
Meds/Allergies/SH/FH: Non-contributory
ROS: Non-contributory

Derm:
• Hyperkeratotic lesions: Plantar hallux IPJ, Medial pinch callus
hallux IPJ, Submet 2
• Erythema, Calor, Dorsal 1st MTPJ bursa
Vasc/Neuro: Non-contributory
Ortho:
- Narrowed joint space
• Decreased PROM 1st MTPJ
- Squared 1st met. head
• Varus Deformity
• Dorsal eminence 1st MTPJ
• Plantar Contracture
• Dorsal eminence 1st Met-Cun
• Equinus
• Hypermobile 1st ray
• Gait: Early Heel-off, Apropulsive Gait, Abductory Twist
Objective: Imaging
Plain Film Radiographs:
• AP view:
• Osteophytes at 1st MTPJ
• Osteophytes at hallux IPJ
• Osteophytes at 1st met-cuneiform joint
"Dorsal flag"
sign Joint
• Long 1st met "mouse"osteophyte
• Irregular Joint Space Narrowing
• Long hallux proximal phalanx
• Square-shaped 1st met head
• Lateral view:
• Dorsal flag sign, dorsal lipping
• Elevated 1st met
• Loose bodies (joint mice)
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General HL/HR Information
Definitions
• Hallux Limitus vs. Hallux Rigidus
• This is a progressive deformity, so what defines rigidus from limitus? Bony
ankylosis and sesamoid immobilization.
• Functional HL is defined as a decreased PROM with the foot loading and in a
neutral position, and normal PROM when the foot is unloaded. Dannanberg first
defined functional HL.
• Met Primus Elevatus: Dorsiflexed position of the 1st metatarsal.
• Primary: Structural. Distal segment is dorsiflexed compared to proximal segment.
• Secondary: Global. Due to some extrinsic variable. This can be measured by
Meary’s Angle on a lateral plain film radiograph or using the Seiberg technique
comparing the 1st and 2nd metatarsal positions.
• What stimulates osteophyte production in and around the joint?: Loss of functional
cartilage
• Flexor Stabilization of the hallux: Essentially a hammertoe of the hallux with extension at
the MTPJ and plantarflexion at the IPJ.
• Axis of rotation of the 1st MTPJ: Normally found in the center of the metatarsal head
allowing for a gliding motion of the hallux up and over the first metatarsal head. In a HL/
HR deformity the axis of rotation moves distally and plantarly leading to dorsal jamming of
the joint.
1st MTPJ ROM

• Normal PROM of the 1st MTPJ is classically described as
65-75 degrees of dorsiflexion of the hallux referenced to
the weight-bearing surface (same as 85-95 degrees of
dorsiflexion referenced to the 1st met shaft). Plantarflexion
is 30 degrees to the weight-bearing surface.
• Hetherington contradicts this somewhat by finding an
average ROM of 31degrees of dorsiflexion during pain-free
gait in asymptomatic patients.
Compensation Patterns for Lack of Motion

• Distal: Hallux IPJ leading to OA and plantar hyperkeratotic
lesions
• Lateral: Lesser metatarsalgia
• Proximal: 1st met-medial cuneiform joint increased motion
and OA
• Gait patterns: Abductory twist with roll-off; early heel-off;
apropulsive gait
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HL/HR Etiology
• Many have reported potential causes of HL/HR including Root, Lapidus and Nilsonne:
- Acute Trauma - Long hallux proximal phalanx
- Chronic degenerative trauma - Iatrogenic
- Pes planus with 1st met - Compensated varus deformity
hypermobility - Neuromuscular imbalance
- Long first metatarsal - Plantar contracture
- Short first metatarsal with hallux - Spastic conditions
gripping - Square first metatarsal head shape
- Met primos elevatus
• No single characteristic has been shown to reliably lead to HL/HR except acute trauma
• Coughlin (FAI 2003) performed a retrospective analysis and seemed to demonstrate that
there are no reliable underlying indicators for development of HL/HR.
Classification Systems
• Examples of classifications include the Regnauld, Hanft and KLL.
• Numerous exist; usually in the mild, moderate, severe format:
• Mild: Mild pain; Normal PROM; Radiographic evidence of osteophytes
• Moderate: Increasing pain; Decreasing PROM; Osteophytes and irregular joint
space narrowing on radiograph
• Severe: Increasing pain; Decreasing PROM; Osteophytes, irregular joint space
narrowing, subchondral sclerosis on radiograph.
• Rigidus: Increasing pain; Absent PROM; Sesamoid immobility
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AJM Sheet: HL/HR Treatment
Conservative Joint Sparing Sx. Joint Destructive Sx.

• Do nothing • Proximal Phalanx • Proximal Phalanx
• Activity modification • Bonney-Kessell • Keller
• Orthotics: First ray cut-out, • Regnauld • Keller-Brandis
Morton’s extension, rocker- • Vanore • Distal Hemi-Implant
bottom sole • Sagittal “Z” • 1 MTPJ
st
• Meds: PO NSAIDs, Intra- • Central Akin • Total Implant

articular corticosteroid • 1 MTPJ
st • McKeever arthrodesis
injections • Cheilectomy • Valenti
Surgical • 1 Metatarsal
st • 1 Metatarsal
st
• Surgical options are always • Youngswick • Mayo

divided into joint-sparing and • Watermann/WM-Green • Stone
joint-destructive procedures, • Jacoby • Lapidus
and further divided into • Hohmann
whether the correction • Derner
occurs at the proximal • Dorsal OBWO
phalanx, at the MTPJ, or at • Lambrinudi
the first metatarsal. • Westman
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AJM Sheet: Flatfoot Work-up
This is a lot of information to cover in 2 pages, so these sheets will focus on clinical and
radiographic signs, as well as indications for specific surgeries. Also, will try and provide a good
amount of additional readings.
Subjective
• Wide range of presenting ages and complaints.
• Always think about posterior tibialis tendon dysfunction when someone complains of
“medial ankle pain.”
Objective
• Underlying Orthopedic Etiologies:
• Compensated forefoot varus
• Forefoot valgus
• Rearfoot valgus
• Equinus
• Compensated and uncompensated ab/adduction deformities
• Muscle imbalances (PTTD)
• Ligamentous laxity
• Tarsal coalitions
Planal Dominance Transverse plane Sagittal plane
Normal STJ axis 42° from transverse 16° from sagittal
Normal
52° from transverse 57° from sagittal
MTJ-Oblique axis
Normal MTJ-
15° from transverse 9° from sagittal
Longitudinal axis
Clinical findings:
• “Too many toes” sign (forefoot abduction)
• Hubscher maneuver - evaluation for flexible versus rigid deformity
• Single and double heel raise - evaluation of MTJ locking mechanism
• RCSP
• Subjective gait analysis
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Radiographic evaluation:
• Lateral: • AP:
• Decreased calcaneal inclination angle • Increased talo-calcaneal angle
• Anterior break in Cyma line • Talar-first metatarsal axis
• Increased talar declination angle • Cuboid-abduction angle
• Meary’s Angle • Intermetatarsal angle
• Increased first metatarsal declination • Talar head coverage
angle • Forefoot adduction angle or Engle’s
• Midfoot “breaks” or “incongruity” Angle
• Calcaneal-cuboid “break” • Look for “skew foot” deformity
• Harris-Beath: Evaluation of tarsal coalitions

• Long-Leg Calcaneal Axial Views: Evaluation of structural rearfoot deformities
Classifications:
• Johnson and Strom
• Stage I: Tenosynovitis with mild tendon degeneration; flexible rearfoot; Mild weakness of
single heel raise and negative “too many toes” sign
• Stage II: Elongated tendon with tendon degeneration; flexible rearfoot; Marked weakness
of single heel raise and positive “too many toes” sign
• Stage III: Elongated and ruptured tendon; Rigid valgus rearfoot; Marked weakness of
single heel raise and positive “too many toes” sign
• Stage IV: Same as Stage III with a rigid ankle valgus
• Funk: Classification based on gross intra-operative appearance

• Type I: Tendon Avulsions • Type III: In-continuity tears
• Type II: Complete midsubstance tear • Type IV: Tenosynovitis
• Jahss or Janis Classifications: There are several MRI classifications generally along the lines of:
• Type I: Tenosynovitis, increased tendon width, mild longitudinal splits
• Type II: Long longitudinal splits with attenuated tendon
• Type III: Complete rupture
Additional Reading:
- [Johnson KA, Strom DE. Tibialis posterior tendon dysfunction. CORR. 1989; 239: 196-206.]
- Later modified by Myerson who added Stage IV (he does that a lot)
- [Myerson MS. Adult acquired flatfoot deformity: treatment of dysfunction of the posterior tibial tendon. JBJS-Am. 1996; 78:
780-92.]
- [Bluman EM, et al. Posterior tibial tendon rupture: a refined classification system. Foot Ankle Clin. 2007 Jun; 12(2): 233-49.]
- [Funk DA, et al. Acquired adult flatfoot secondary to posterior tibial tendon pathology. JBJS-Am. 1986; 68: 95-102.]
- [Conti S, Michelson J, Jahss M. Clinical significance of MRI in preoperative planning for reconstruction of posterior tibial
tendon ruptures. Foot Ankle. 1192; 13(4): 208-214.]
- [Janis LR, et al. Posterior tibial tendon rupture: classification, modified surgical repair, and retrospective study. JFAS. 1993;
31(1): 2-13.]
- [Mendicino RW, et al. A systemic approach to evaluation of the rearfoot, ankle and leg in reconstructive surgery. JAPMA.
2005; 95: 2-12.]
- [Lamm BM, Paley D. Deformity correction planning for hindfoot, ankle and lower limb. Clin Podiatr Med Surg. 2004 Jul;
21(3): 305-26.]
- [Greisberg J, Hansen, Sangeorzan. Deformity and degeneration in the hindfoot and midfoot joints of the adult acquired
flatfoot. Foot Ankle Int. 2003 Jul; 24(7): 530-4.]
- [Weinraub GM, Saraiya MJ. Adult flatfoot/posterior tibial tendon dysfunction: classification and treatment. Clin Podiatr Med
Surg. 2002 Jul; 19(3): 345-70.]
131 of 140
AJM Sheet: Flatfoot Treatment
Again, this is a lot of information to cover, so we’ll just focus on organizing general procedures and
indications, but supplement it with some additional reading.
Conservative Treatments
• Not going to be discussed here, but try reading:
- [Elftman NW. Nonsurgical treatment of adult acquired flatfoot deformity. Foot Ankle Clin. 2002 Mar; 7(1):
95-106
- [Marzano R. Functional bracing of the adult acquired flatfoot. Clin Podiatr Med Surg. 2007 Oct; 24(4):
645-56.]
Johnson and Strom/Myerson Classification:

• In addition to describing the
deformity, this classification
system (discussed on a previous
sheet) also makes general
treatment recommendations:
• Stage I:
• Conservative tx.
• Tenosynovectomy
• Tendon Debridement
• Stage II:
• Tendon transfer
• Rearfoot arthrodesis
• Stage III:
• Isolated rearfoot
arthrodesis
• Triple arthrodesis
• Stage IV:
• TTC arthrodesis
• Pantalar arthrodesis
General Surgical Procedures: Indications - Keep in mind that it is very common to do combinations
of these procedures.
Soft Tissue Procedures:

• FDL Tendon Transfer: FDL is sectioned as distal as possible (consider anastomosis of
stump to FHL) and either attach proximal FDL to the PT, within the PT sheath or into the
navicular under tension.
• Cobb: Split TA tendon, transfer to the PT or into the navicular
• Young’s Tenosuspension: TA rerouted through navicular
• Anastomosis of PB and PL: Removes PB as deforming force
• STJ implant (arthroeresis)
• TAL
• Gastroc recession
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Rearfoot Osseous Procedures:
• Evans Osteotomy (1975): opening wedge calcaneal osteotomy
• Silver (1967) is a more proximal (and less common) Evans-type opening wedge
- [Sangeorzan BJ, et al. Effect of calcaneal lengthening on relationships among the hindfoot, midfoot and
forefoot. Foot Ankle. 1993; 14(3): 136-41.]
- [Raines RA, et al. Evans osteotomy in the adult foot: an anatomic study of structures at risk. Foot Ankle Int.
1998 Nov; 19(11): 743-7.]
- [Weinraub GM. The Evans osteotomy: technique and fixation with cortical bone pin. JFAS. 2001; 40(1):
54-7.]
- [DeYoe BE, Wood J. The Evans calcaneal osteotomy. Clin Podiatr Med Surg. 2005 Apr; 22(2): 265-76.]
• Medial Calcaneal Slide (Koutsogiannis - 1971): medial translation of posterior calcaneus
- [Weinfeld SB. Medial slide calcaneal osteotomy. Technique, patient selection and results. Foot Ankle Clin.
2001 Mar; 6(1): 89-94.]
- [Catanzariti AR, et al. Posterior calcaneal displacement osteotomy for adult acquired flatfoot. JFAS. 2000;
39(1): 2-14.]
• Double Calcaneal Osteotomy: Evans with a medial calcaneal slide
- [Catanzariti AR, et al. Double calcaneal osteotomy: realignment considerations in eight patients. JAPMA.
2005; 95(1): 53-9.]
- [Nyska M, et al. The contribution of the medial calcaneal osteotomy to the correction of flatfoot
deformities. Foot Ankle Int. 2001 Apr; 22(4): 278-82.]
• Joint Fusion
• STJ arthrodesis • Tibiotalocalcaneal arthrodesis
• Triple arthrodesis • Pantalar arthrodesis
• Closing wedge of the medial calcaneus: Essentially the opposite of an Evans but with
more NV structures in the way
• Dwyer (1960)
• Slakovich: opening wedge behind the sustantaculum tali
• Baker-Hill: opening wedge osteotomy with graft horizontally under the posterior
calcaneal facet
Midfoot/Forefoot Osseous Procedures:

• Cotton: opening wedge osteotomy with graft in medial cuneiform
• Kidner: advancement and reattachment of PT tendon (+/- resection of portion of navicular)
• TN arthrodesis: called a Lowman when wedged and combined with TAL
• Medial column arthrodeses
• Miller: NC and 1st met-cun arthrodesis
• Lapidus (1931/1960): 1st met-cun arthrodesis
• Hoke: arthrodesis of navicular with 1st/2nd cuneiforms
• Any other combinations
• [Greisberg J, et al. Isolated medial column stabilization improves alignment in adult-acquired flatfoot. CORR. 2005
Jun; 435: 197-202.]
Additional Reading:
-[Hix J, et al. Calcaneal osteotomies for the treatment of adult-acquired flatfoot. Clin Podiatr Med Surg. 2007 Oct; 24(4):
699-719.]
-[Mosier-LaClair S, et al. Operative treatment of the difficult stage 2 adult acquired flatfoot deformity. Foot Ankle Clin. 2001
Mar; 6(1): 95-119.]
-[Roye DP, Raimondo RA. Surgical treatment of the child’s and adolescent’s flexible flatfoot. Clin Podiatr Med Surg. 2000 Jul;
17(3): 515-30.]
-[Toolan BC, Sangeorzan, Hansen. Complex reconstruction for the treatment of dorsolateral peritalar subluxation of the foot.
JBJS-Am. 1999 Nov; 81(11): 1545-60.]
-[Weinraub GM, Heilala MA. Adult flatfoot/posterior tibial tendon dysfunction: outcomes analysis of surgical treatment
utilizing an algorithmic approach. J Foot Ankle Surg. 2001 Jan-Feb; 40(1): 54-7.]
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AJM Sheet: Cavus Foot Work-up
The cavus foot work-up is one of the most feared in the residency interview process because of its
complex nature. The most important technique during this work-up is to use a standardized
system to identify several specific variables which will let you best identify the deformity and
decide on a treatment course:
• Underlying Etiology of the Deformity (Spastic vs. Progressive vs. Stable)
• Forefoot vs. Rearfoot driven deformity (Anterior Cavus vs. Posterior Cavus)
• Plane of the Deformity (Sagittal vs. Frontal vs. Transverse vs. Combination)
• Rigid vs. Flexible
Underlying Etiology of the Deformity (Spastic vs. Progressive vs. Stable)

• Obtained through a good PMH and physical exam
• Brewerton of the Royal Hospital in London identified 75% of 77 patients seen at his pes
cavus clinic to have an underlying neuromuscular disorder.
• Common Congenital Conditions leading to neuromuscular dysfunction:
• Spina bifida • Roussy-Levy syndrome
• Charcot-Marie-Tooth • Muscular Dystrophy
• Myelodysplasia • Dejerine-Sottas
• Friedreich’s Ataxia • Poliomyelitis
• Cerebral Palsy • Etc, etc, etc.
• Also consider MMT, clonus, deep tendon reflexes, EMG studies and nerve conduction
studies during your physical exam.
Forefoot vs. Rearfoot Driven Deformity

• Anterior Cavus: plantar declination of the forefoot in relation to the rearfoot. Subdivided
based on apex of deformity:
• Posterior Cavus: Dorsiflexion of the rearfoot in relation to the forefoot
• Generally defined as an increased calcaneal inclination angle (>30 degrees) and a
varus positioning.
• Usually the result of an anterior cavus; rarely presents as separate entity.
• Metatarsus Cavus: Apex at Lisfranc’s joint. Generally more rigid.
• Lesser Tarsus Cavus: Apex in the lesser tarsus area
• Forefoot Cavus: Apex at Chopart’s joint
• Combined Cavus: Combination of any of the above
The apex of the deformity can be found several different ways:

• Intersection of Meary’s lines (longitudinal axes of talus and first met)
• Intersection of Hibb’s Angle (longitudinal axes of calcaneus and first met)
• Dorsal boney prominences
• Joint space gapping
• An anterior cavus and a posterior cavus can be defined based on radiographic evidence
and a physical exam measure called the Coleman Block Test. In this test the forefoot, or
the medial and lateral portions of the forefoot, are suspended off of a block. If the
calcaneus returns from a varus to a normal position, the deformity is forefoot driven. A
deformity is rearfoot driven only if the varus positioning of the calcaneus remains after all
forefoot elements are removed.
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Biomechanical compensation for a sagittal plane cavus deformity:
• Digital retraction: HT deformity where EDL gains mechanical advantage and uses a
passive pull.
• MPJ Retrograde buckling: As per above
• Lesser Tarsal Sagittal Plane Flexibility: The lesser tarsus “absorbs” some of the
dorsiflexion. They can be clearly seen when comparing NWB and WB lateral views of an
anterior cavus foot.
• Pseudoequinus: Occurs when the ankle joint must dorsiflex because the lesser tarsus
cannot “absorb” all of the dorsiflexion. Limits the amount of “free” dorsiflexion available
during gait.
Plane of the Deformity:

• Sagittal Plane:
• Anterior Cavus (Global, Medial Column, or Lateral Column)
• Posterior Cavus
• Muscular Cavus (Gastroc Equinus, Gastroc-Soleus Equinus)
• Osseous Equinus (Tibiotalar exostosis)
• Transverse Plane:
• Met adductus (measured via met adductus angle or Engle’s angle)
• Met abductus (measured via met adductus angle)
• Frontal Plane:
• Forefoot Varus
• Forefoot Valgus
• Rearfoot Varus
• Rearfoot Valgus
Rigid vs. Flexible Deformity: Defining each of these variables during your work-up will give you a
clear enough understanding of the deformity to recommend a treatment option.
• Flexible deformities can be manipulated out during the physical exam and are obvious
comparing NWB and WB lateral radiographs.
• Rigid deformities show no compensation with manipulation of weight-bearing.
Coleman Block Test

• Isolation of hind foot or rear foot
flexibility/rigidity
• If heel returns to neutral
deformity is forefoot driven
(pictured)
• If heel remains in varus
deformity is rearfoot driven
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AJM Sheet: Cavus Foot Treatment
Basic principles of treatment based on definition of deformity:

• Underlying Etiology:
• Progressive/Spastic conditions generally treated with osteotomies & arthrodeses.
• Stable conditions are generally treated with soft tissue procedures and osteotomies.
• Forefoot vs. Rearfoot Driven:
• Forefoot driven conditions are treated with manipulation of the bones and soft
tissue of the forefoot.
• Rearfoot driven conditions require rearfoot osteotomies and arthrodeses.
• Plane of the Deformity:
• Procedures are chosen by which plane you want correction in.
• Rigid vs. Flexible:
• Rigid deformities are generally treated with osteotomies and arthrodeses.
• Flexible deformities can usually be managed with soft tissue procedures and
tendon transfers.
Soft Tissue Releases: Reduces contracture of the plantar fascia seen with long standing disease.
• Subcutaneous Fasciotomy: Cuts the plantar fascia at its insertion.
• Steindler Stripping: Removes all soft tissue from the plantar surface of the calcaneus.
• Plantar Medial Release: Releases plantar musculature and ligaments from the plantar-
medial foot.
Tendon Transfers: Used to treat flexible conditions based upon plane of the deformity.
• Jones Suspension: Transfer of EHL through the first metatarsal head.
• Heyman Procedure: Transfer of EHL and EDL tendons through each of the respective
metatarsal heads.
• Hibbs Procedure: Transfer of EDL into lateral cuneiform; EHL into first metatarsal; EDB
into sectioned tendons.
• STATT: Tibialis anterior is split and sutured into peroneus tertius.
• Peroneus Longus Transfer: Peroneus longus is split and anastomosed to the TA and
peroneus tertius tendons.
• Peroneal Anastomosis: Increases the eversion power of the foot.
• PL/PT transfer to calcaneus: Tendons are attached into the calcaneus via bone anchors to
aid weak Achilles tendon.
Osseous Procedures: Reduction of rigid deformities. Can correct multi-planar deformities.
• Cole Procedure: Dorsiflexory wedge is removed from Chopart’s joint.
• Japas Procedure: “V” shaped osteotomy through the midfoot (apex proximal) to dorsiflex
forefoot.
• Jahss Procedure: Essentially a Cole procedure performed at Lisfranc’s joint.
• Dorsiflexory Metatarsal Osteotomies
• Dwyer Osteotomy: Closing wedge osteotomy out of lateral calcaneus to reduce rigid
rearfoot varus.
• Dorsiflexory Calcaneal Osteotomy: Must be used with caution
Arthrodesis Procedures: Last resort to correct rigid deformities in the face of progressive disease.
• Hoke: STJ and TNJ arthrodesis
• Ryerson (1923): Triple arthrodesis
Additional Reading:
- [Younger AS, Hansen. Adult cavovarus foot. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2005 Sep; 13(5): 302-25.]
- [Statler TK, Tullis BL. Pes Cavus. JAPMA. 2005; 95: 34-41.]
136 of 140
AJM Sheet: Ankle Equinus
This sheet is not a work-up because equinus rarely presents as a chief concern, but rather as a
concomitant and underlying deformity. It may be seen and deemed correctable in the following
deformities:
• Charcot arthropathy • Plantar fasciitis
• Digital deformities • Medial column hypermobility
• Pes plano valgus • Diabetic foot ulcerations
• Met primus elevatus • HAV
History
• First TAL: Paris on Achilles in the “Iliad”
• First medically documented procedure: Stromeyer on Dr. Charles Little. Dr. Little was a
prominent physician suffering from cerebral palsy (CP) who then became an advocate for
surgical correction of equinus.
Anatomy
• Review the origins/insertions/course/action/NV supply of the gastroc and soleus.
• Review the concept of the “twisting” fibers within the Achilles tendon.
• [White JW. Torsion of the Achilles tendon: its surgical significance. Arch Surg 1943; 46: 784-7.]
• [van Gils CC, Steed RH, Page JC. Torsion of the human Achilles tedno. JFAS 1996.]
Definitions
• Muscular Equinus
• Spastic vs. Non-Spastic
• Gastroc Equinus
• Gastroc-Soleal Equinus
• Osseous Equinus
• Tibio-talar exostosis
• Pseudoequinus
• Combination equinus
Biomechanic Compensation for Equinus (proximal to distal)

• Lumbar lordosis
• MTJ pronation
• Genu recurvatum
• STJ pronation
• MTJ pronation Additional Reading:
• Medial column hypermobility - [Pinney SJ, Hansen, Sangeorzan. The effect on ankle
dorsiflexion of gastrocnemius recession. Foot Ankle Int. 2002
• Forefoot abduction
Jan; 23(1): 26-9.]
• No compensation (toe walking) - [Pinney SJ, Hansen, Sangeorzan. Surgical anatomy of the
gastrocnemius recession. Foot Ankle Int. 2004 Apr; 25(4):
247-50.]
- [Lamm BM, Paley, Herzenberg. Gastrocnemius soleus
Testing for Equinus recession: a simpler, more limited approach. JAPMA. 2005;
• Silfverskiold test 95: 18-25.]
• Stress dorsiflexion plain film radiographs - [Graham HK, Fixsen JA. Lengthening of the calcaneal tendon
in spastic hemiplegia by the White slide technique. A long
• WB wall test
term review. JBJB-Br. 1988 May; 70(3): 472-75.]
137 of 140
Ankle Equinus Treatment
• Conservative Treatment
• Stretching
• Heel Lifts
• Casting
• Physical Therapy
• Neuromuscular blockage injections (Botox)
• Surgical Correction
• Gastroc Equinus
• Neurectomy of motor branches of tibial nerve
• Proximal recession (Silfverskiold procedure)
• Release of muscular heads of gastroc +/- reattachment to tibia +/-
neurectomy
• Distal aponeurotic recession
• Vulpius&Stoffel (1913): Inverted “V” shaped incision without suture
reapproximation
• Strayer (1950): Transverse incision with proximal dissection and
suturing (absorbable)
• Baker (1956): Tongue and groove with suturing (two incisions distal)
• Fulp&McGlamry: Inverted tongue and groove with suturing (two
incisions proximal)
• Endoscopic recession
• Gastroc-Soleal Equinus
• Sagittal plane “Z” lengthening: equal medial and lateral portions
• Frontal plane “Z” lengthening: equal anterior and posterior portions
• Hoke Triple Hemisection (1931): 2 medial cuts/1 lateral cut
• White slide technique
• Percutaneous
• Similar to the Hoke procedure
• 1cm 3cm 3 cm
138 of 140
One of the most frequent questions asked by students and externs is “Can you give me some good
articles to read?”
I tried to do this by incorporating current and historical articles throughout this edition. All
referenced articles (as well as other suggested readings) can be found on the Inova Pubmed page:
• www.pubmed.com
• My NCBI link on the left
• User Name: INOVA
• Password: resident
I Temple students have online access to just about any article by logging on through the Temple
University Health Science homepage: http://eclipse.hsclib.temple.edu/index1280x1024.html
From this webpage, utilize either the “PubMed” or “Journal Finder” resource on the left-hand side
of the page. It’s the same PubMed that you are used too, it simply automatically links you into
Temple’s electronic database.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
In conclusion, this PRISM was not designed to help you pass the boards or even to directly make
you a better physician; it simply hopes to make you better prepared and more efficient as you
approach externships and the residency interview. Use, change, and pass this guide along as you
see fit, keeping in mind the general goal of selfless education of the next generation. Good luck,
and please don’t hesitate to contact me if there is any way that I can be of service to you.
AJMeyr@gmail.com
**ALL REVISIONS TO THE ORIGINAL PRISM DOCUMENT WERE COMPLETED BY

JOSHUA EPSTEIN, DPM 2017 DMU. THANK FOR READING!
139 of 140
PRISM
PRIMERS
140 of 140
Prism Primers: Bone Tumors
Bone Tumor Identification
- X-ray evaluation – most reliable to diagnose bone tumor

- Most malignancies of the lower limb metastasize to GI/GU system due to venous system
transport
- Need consistent pattern of evaluation to follow in order to interpret x-rays accurately
Step 1 - describing tumor characteristics and growth patterns
• Latent – not benign, most latent tumors have no sign of growth/symptoms or ongoing
reaction of host bone.
• Active – progressive growth, mild/moderate reaction by host bone possibly with symptoms.
- Progressive pain and dysfunction of the part.
- Biopsy and surgical removal usually required.
- If bone reaction is present adjacent to a soft tissue mass assume malignant until proven
otherwise.
• Aggressive –rapid, host bone reacts to tumor, pain, mass or fracture present.
- Requires cancer staging work-up with biopsy as last step, must utilize all other diagnostic
testing first.
• Margins/characteristics - how does the host bone respond to the lesion?

- Narrow – 0.1-1.0 mm - Tumor and surrounding normal bone touch with a thin sclerotic or
lytic border present between the two. More well defined boarders.
- Wide – 2-10mm - Can see where the tumor is and where undamaged bone may be but
there is an indistinct area in-between the two that could be partially damaged.
- Poorly defined – may be several centimeters or impossible to measure margin

- Geographic Lesion - grows slowly, bone has time to retreat. Present with a thin, well
defined boarder. NOT an aggressive tumor.
• Margins/characteristics continued
- Moth-eaten - rapid growth, lesion grows too quickly and there may not be enough time
for bone to retreat orderly. Margin becomes ill-defined, irregular and radioleucent.
- Permeative - cannot tell normal from abnormal bone, pattern usually associated with
aggressive infection or malignancy, may worry more with thicker rim.
Patterns of bone
destruction.
A: Normal bone
B: Geographic
C: Moth-eaten
D: Permeative
- Periosteal reaction
• Slow growing
- Onion-skin or lamelated: Periosteum is able to lay down thin
shell of calcified new bone before lesion starts another growth
spurt. This leads to concentric shells of new bone over lesion.
• Rapid growth
- Sun burst or hair on end: periosteum has no time to lay
down new bone and the attachment between the two
(Sharpey’s fibers) ossify, becoming raised from the bone
surface.
- Codman’s “triangle” – only edges of

raised periosteum will ossify forming a
small angle with surface of bone. Forms
from the reminisces of a "blown out"
tumor.
• Diffuse periosteal reaction - no present tumors but may produce bony, radiographic,
changes
- Hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy

- Acromegaly
- Thyroid acropachy
- Chronic venous stasis - common diffuse periosteal reaction in near by bone, this is
not osteomyelitis.
- Endosteal hyperostosis (van buchen disease)

- Hypervitaminosis A
Step 2 - what does the matrix look like
• Bone matrix - substance in bone produced by osteoblasts and chondroblasts

• Tumors can produce matrix in greater quantities than normal bone and doesn’t ossify
properly
- Speckled appearance - (chondroid matrix) - cartilage derived - tends to produce small

punctate or swirled area of calcification.
- Cloudy appearance - (osseous matrix) - boney derived - tends to be dense and

confluent
- Ground glass appearance - (little calcification) - fibrous derived - non-osseous fibroma
Speckled Cloudy Ground glass

Step 3 - identify individual characteristics of the lesion (use the pneumonic's as a guide)
FOGMACHINES PNEUMONIC FOR LYTIC LESIONS

Tumor derived from fibroblast tissue that makes bone dysplastic.
Fibrous dysplasia
Impossible to separate from non-ossifying fibroma in late stages.
"Long lytic lesion in long bone" Albright's syndrome (FD, brown macules, endocrine disorders)
Osteoblastoma End of long bones in teens most commonly

“End of long fast, teens have a blast” Lytic, well defined, lesion without a sclerotic rim
Osteoid osteoma Benign, small (<1cm)

“Hurt’s like a “b” and tough to see” Starts as lytic lesion → rim tends to be thick and sclerotic
"Loves the talus and calcaneus" Nocturnal pain due to prostaglandin production → relieved by NSAIDs
Not related to giant cell tumors of tendon (PVNS)

Giant cell tumor Metastasize to lungs or transforms to fibrosarcoma or osteogenic
“Massive in metaphysis” – 1st metatarsal base sarcoma (10% of the time)
Very expansive and difficult to eliminate
Most common primary malignant bone tumor of entire body with

Metastasis/myeloma punched out, moth eaten, lesions (MM)
Cancer of: lung, breast, kidney, thyroid & GI/GU may metastasize
Aneurysmal bone cyst Bloody, arterio-venous malformation within bone

"Mosaic on MRI" (black, white, gray colors separated by sharp edges on MRI)
Chondroblastoma, chondromyxoid Thin speckled appearance - chicken wire matrix within lesion
fibroma End of long bones in teens most common
Brown tumors – hemosiderin inside, no calcification, more osteoclasts

Hyperparathyroidism
active leading to bone destruction
Hemangioma
Types: cavernous, capillary, AV and venous
"Long striations with long leucenies"
Infections Osteomyelitis can destroy bone and make it look lytic
Starts as fibrous cortical defect → fibrous tissue in cortex → expands into

Non-ossifying fibroma
medullary canal (fibrous dysplasia cousin)
"Long lytic lesion in long bone" Fibrous tissue does not ossify in medullary canal
Enchondroma Epiphysis/metaphysis of bone, speckled or bubbled on x-ray

"End of bone with speckled tone” Associated with Ollier's disease
Eosinophilic granuloma
Nests of eosinophils - often associated with systemic diseases
“Endosteal scalloping”
Solitary bone cyst (Unicameral bone cyst) Lytic lesion under middle facet of calcaneus
“Best bet is middle facet” Fallen fragment sign
Looks like osteomyelitis but no break in cortex or periosteal reaction

Sarcoidosis
Loves fingers and toes/granulomatous lesions in lungs
Lytic lesion usually in multiples
Hyperparathyroidism NFC GMES PNEUMONIC

"Brown tumors"
Lytic lesion that look "bubbly"
Hemangioma
"Long striations with long leucenies" Non-ossifying fibroma
Infections Fibrous dysplasia

"Bone destruction"
Chondrosarcoma - most common primary bone
Fibrous dysplasia malignancy of foot and ankle
"Long lytic lesion in long bone"
Giant cell tumor
Enchondroma
"End of bone with speckled tone” Aneurysmal bone cyst - mosaic on MRI
Eosinophilic granuloma Metastatic cancer

“Endosteal scalloping”
Enchondroma
Metastasis/myeloma
Ewing’s sarcoma:
"Multiple moth eaten lesions" - Kids age 1-10
- Onion skin or moth-eaten appearance
- Most commonly misdiagnosed as hematogenous
CAGE ON MUD PNEUMONIC
osteomyelitis (sickle cell patients) with swelling,
Lytic lesion in the metaphysis pain, warmth, fever and increased ESR (mimics
infection). Osteomyelitis is not usually well
Chondroblastoma demarcated and is more sclerotic (unless it is
Brody's abscess)
Aneurysmal bone cyst - Can present with accompanying soft tissue mass
Giant cell tumor Derived from nerve/ectoderm
- Zero survival if metastasized to lungs
Enchondroma
Solitary bone cyst
Ewing’s sarcoma
Osteoblastoma
Does age matter?
Osteosarcoma: (loves fast growing bone,
Malignant, lytic bone tumors have good
epiphysis, many originate from paget's disease),
correlation to age of patient (age is possibly the
Osteomyelitis most reliable shared characteristic)
Non-ossifying fibroma <1 – neuroblastoma
Malignant fibrous histiocytoma (fibrosarcoma) 1-10 – Ewing’s sarcoma
10-30 – osteosarcoma, Ewing’s sarcoma

Unicameral bone cyst
30-40 – fibrosarcoma, lymphoma
Desmoid tumor - Solitary/Multifocal sclerotic
lesion of bone (100% white on x-ray) 40+ - metastasis, myeloma, chondrosarcoma
COP BOBS HIP PNEUMONIC FOR SCLEROTIC LESIONS
Chronic infection of the bone can produce both lytic and

Chronic osteomyelitis
sclerotic areas as the infection increases and severity.
Most common benign bone tumor in the lower limb Grows

away form epiphysis with hyaline cartilage cap at distal end
(extends distal from base of 1st metatarsal but proximal
Osteochondroma
from heads of lesser metatarsals). Ceases growth a time of
skeletal maturation (<20). Often confused with subungual
exostosis.
"Flame shaped" or "blades of grass" sclerotic lesions of

Paget’s disease
bone
Breast metastasis Can produce both lyric and sclerotic metastasis
Starts in the ends of the bones where new bone tissue

forms as a young person grows. It usually develops during
Osteogenic sarcoma
the period of rapid growth during adolescence, as a
teenager.
Most common sclerotic bone lesion.

Bone island Benign and most commonly in calcaneus.
No pain or pathology, incidental x-ray finding
Very likely in the lower extremity and foot. Sclerotic edges

Stress fracture
do to periosteal reaction.
Hemangiomas are benign bone lesions characterized by

vascular spaces lined with endothelial cells. These are
Hemangioma largely asymptomatic lesions and are poorly defined
appearing somewhat localized. Peak incidents occur is
around 50.
If blood cannot get to an Infarcted area, overtime the

normal surrounding bone becomes washed out from
Infarct increased blood flow. The Infarcted bone then appears
sclerotic compared to the surround bone that has been
over vascularized.
Prostate metastasis 1st metastasis is usually hip.

Bone Tumor Pathology
- When looking to diagnose osseous lesions it is important to involve oncology, pathology and
the clinical staff as a whole, receiving the best possible information from all sources.
Question that must be asked in the systematic approach
• What is the lesions pattern of growth?

• Are the cells of the lesion producing anything?
• What do the cells of the lesions look like?
• Based on its features is the lesion more benign or malignant?
• Does the anatomical diagnosis correlate with the clinical and radiological picture?
Metastatic tumors to bone are 20 times more common than primary Bone tumors. Can be:
• Lytic- thyroid, lung, GI, kidney, melanoma

• Sclerotic (blastic) - prostate and breast
• Mixed - majority of them
Summary of primary bone tumors
Tumor Most common origination
Osteoma Skull
Osteosarcoma Knee joint (femur/tibia) shoulder joint
Distal portions of the axial skeleton

Chondroma
(wrist & ankle)
Chondroscarcoma Pelvis and vertebrae
Ewing sarcoma Always in diaphysis
Giant cell tumor Always in epiphysis

Generalized bone & cartilage tumor pathological descriptions
• Osteoma
- Rare and benign bundle of bone usually appearing between the ages of 40-50. Most
often seen originating in the bones of the face or skull, causing local and mechanical
problems or obstructions. The mass is well delimited on x-ray and caries a good
prognosis with no invasions or malignant transformative potential. Treatment consists of
simple excision.
• Osteoiod osteoma (small prostaglandin producing tumor, mostly

from knee joint)
• Osteoblastoma (larger than 2cm, mostly from vertebrae)

- Both are benign neoplasms with identical histology but differ in
size, site of origin, x-ray features and symptoms. Radiologically
each consists of a central radioleucent core (nidus) surrounded by
a sclerotic rim. Both are painful lesions with aspirin relieving the
pain in osteoid osteoma but not osteoblastoma.
• Osteosarcoma
- Most common primary malignancy of bone. This malignant tumor contains neoplasticism
cells which produce unmineralized bone matrix (osteoid) and sometimes cartilage.
Usually arising from the metaphyses of the knee joint, patients usually present with pain,
swelling and some type of pathological fracture due to the extensive growth in and out
of the bone. Very aggressive tumor, 20% present with pulmonary metastasis at the time
of diagnosis. Bimodal age distribution with 75% occurrence under 20 years old with a
small peak in the
elderly population
predisposed to: Paget
disease, chronic
osteomyelitis, past
irradiation, bone
infarct or fibrous
dysplasia.
• Osteochondroma (combination tumor)

- Benign cartilage and bone forming tumor that arises from the
metaphysis near the epiphyseal plate in a polypoid growth
pattern. Possible increased predilection for young males (10-30)
with a mostly positive prognosis but 10% chance of developing "Mushroom"
chondroscarcoma with multiple present lesions. Treatment growth with

cartilage cap
consists of simple excision.
• Chondroma
- Benign, well circumscribed, tumor composed of hyaline cartilage,
seen in the distal joints of the extremities. Called enchondromas if
arising from the medullary cavity. Those with Ollier's disease are
predisposed to the creation if multiple enchondromas.
• Chondroscarcoma
- Malignant, aggressive and destructive cartilage forming tumor. Most commonly found
originating from the axial skeleton or pelvic bone. Not a tumor of adolescents, most
commonly seen in those aged 30-70 years of age. Prognosis is dependent on the size
and grade (cellular make-up) of the tumor.
Large area of
destruction in
surrounding
bone
• Ewing sarcoma & Primitive neuroectodermal tumors

- Small, round, blue tumors with a neural phenotype and identical chromosomal
translocation (11 to 22). Theses rise in the diaphysis of long bones and are derivations of
the same tumor only differing in their degree of neural differentiation. Must do
imunohistochemistry to properly diagnose.
EWS
• Sheets of undifferentiated, more

immature, round blue cells
PNET
• More neural differentiation
• Formation of Homer Wright

rosettes
Other tumors not derived from bone or cartilage
• Fibrous cortical defect

- Unknown origin, most likely a developmental defect rather than a true
"Scalloped"
neoplasm. This is extremely common in age groups 4-8 arising in the margins
metaphyses of bone composing the knee and ankle joints. Commonly

found in multiples this lesion usually presents as an incidental finding
on x-ray and tends spontaneously resolve.
• Fibrous dysplasia
- Radioleucent, cloudy, lesion present in the diaphysis of long bones presenting during
the first three decades of life (10-30 years old). Accompanied with a hereditary mutation.
Histologically, woven bone is

seen surrounded and
eventually compressed by
fibroblastic proliferation into a
"Chinese lettering" pattern.
• Giant cell tumor of bone (aka osteoclastoma)

- Relatively uncommon and locally aggressive these largely benign tumors are comprised
of numerous osteoclast-like multi cleated giant cells mixed with mononuclear
stromatolites cells. Most arise from the epiphyses of long bones (wrist and knee joint)
with patients
complaining of arthritis
like symptoms. Most
commonly affects those
aged 20-55 (mature
skeleton).
Many multinucleated giant cells
Summary
Cell of origin Benign Malignant
Osteoma,
Bone osteoid Osteosarcoma
osteoma
Cartilage Chondroma Chondrosarcoma
90% of Giant 10% of Giant cell

Osteoclasts
cell tumors tumors
-------------------
Undiferentiated Ewings sarcoma
------------------
-------------------
Plasma Multiple myeloma
------------------
Fibroma,
Fibroblasts fibrous Fibrosarcoma
dysplasia

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HPI: Ask the patient at least the following questions:

SOCH: Very important and not to be overlooked.

FH: Anything applicable.

ROS: Anything applicable.

• Vascular: possibly think vascular consult/intervention for more healing potential

• Neurologic: Include testing for sensory, motor and autonomic neuropathy

0: Pre-ulcerative area without open lesion

Modified with the following risk

• So an infected ulcer with

• Liverpool Classification System:

• Modified with: -Uncomplicated

• Examples of chronic ulcerations

• Complete Blood Count (CBC) with Differential:

•Minerals (Ca, Mg, P)

• Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)

• C-Reactive Protein (CRP)

• Wound Culture and Sensitivity

• Mildly Infected Wound

Mild Infection: Empiric Therapy Recommendations

• Moderately Infected Wound

Moderate Infection: Empiric Therapy Recommendations

• Severely Infected Wound

Severely Infection: Empiric Therapy Recommendations

MRSA Likely: Empiric Therapy Recommendations

• To cover all bases: Vanco + Aztreonam + Flagyl

Category Pathogen DOC Tx. recommendation

Staph aureus Keflex (1st Gen. Cephalosporin)

Staph epi Keflex (1st Gen. Cephalosporin)

Enterococcus Augmentin (4th Gen. Penicillin)

Strept pyogenes (Group A) Keflex (1st Gen. Cephalosporin)

Strept agalactiae (Group B) Keflex (1st Gen. Cephalosporin)

Strept bovis (Group D) Keflex (1st Gen. Cephalosporin)

Strept Viridans Keflex (1st Gen. Cephalosporin)

Anaerobic Gram Positive Cocci Peptostreptococcus Clindamycin

Bacillus anthracis Ciprofloxacin

Aerobic Gram Positive Rods Corynebacterium diphtheriae Erythromycin

Listeria Monocytogenes Amoxicillin (3rd. Gen. Penicillin)

Clostridium perfringens Vancomycin

Anaerobic Gram Positive Rods Clostridium difficile Vancomycin/flagyl

Clostridium tetani Clindamycin

Anaerobic Gram Negative Rods Bacteroides fragilis Flagyl

Aerobic Gram Negative Cocci Neisseria Ceftriaxone

Treponium pallidum Penicillin V (1st Gen. Penecillin)

Pathogen Common Tx. Options

Staph aureus 1-Ceph, Vanco, Clinda, Azithromycin

Staph epi PCN, 4-PCN, 1,2-Ceph, Vanco

MRSA Vanco, Bactrim, Cubicin, Zyvox, Clinda

MRSE Vanco, Zyvox, Cubicin, Synercid

Enterococcus 3-PCN, Vanco, Tetracyclines, Quinolones

VRE Zyvox, Macrobid, Cubicin, Chloramphenicol

Strept pyogenes (Group A) 3-PCN, 4-PCN, 1,2-Ceph, Vanco, Clinda

Strept agalactiae (Group B) 3-PCN, 4-PCN, 1,2-Ceph, Vanco, Clinda

Strept bovis (Group D) 3-PCN, 4-PCN, 1,2-Ceph, Vanco, Clinda

Strept Viridans 3-PCN, 4-PCN, 1,2-Ceph, Vanco, Clinda

Peptostreptococcus Clinda, 3-PCN, 4-PCN, Carbapenems

Bacillus anthracis Cipro, 3-PCN, Vanco, Clinda

Corynebacterium diphtheriae Macrolide, Clinda

Listeria Monocytogenes 3-PCN, Vanco, Bactrim, Carbapenems