Science Booklet

Second term : 2023 /2024

Prepared by : Miss: Salwa ahmed

Student name:………………………….
Class:

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 Unit one: periodic Motion
Lesson one: oscillatory motion
Periodic motion: it is a motion, which is regularly repeated in equal periods of time

Examples of periodic motion

Oscillatory motion wave motion

Oscillatory motion:
It is the periodic motion of the oscillating body around its rest point, where the motion is
repeated through equal intervals of time.

The relation between the velocity of an oscillating body and kinetic energy:
! !
The kinetic energy = "(mass* squared velocity) = "*m*"

The kinetic energy of an oscillating

body is directly proportional to:

*the mass of the oscillatory body. * the squared velocity of the oscillating
body
 The motion of the spring is
regularly repeated in equal periods
of time at the two sides of its rest
position.
 the velocity of the oscillating body
is very high when it passes its rest
position.
 The velocity of the oscillating body
decreases when it goes far from its
rest position until it reaches zero at
the maximum displacement.

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Examples of the oscillatory motion:

Tuning fork

Give reason:

The motion of rotary bee is

considered as a periodic
spring motion only but it is not an
oscillatory motion.

Bec. It is repeated regularly at

equal time intervals, not
repeated on the two sides of its
rest position.

Pendulum

Stretched string

Motion of swing

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Graphical representation of the oscillatory motion:

The motion of the wieght which is called the simple harmonic motion is concidered the
simplest form of oscillatory motion.

 in the simple harmonic motion: the velocity of the oscillating body is inversely
proportional to displacement away from its rest position (A)

Properties of oscillatory motion:

1. Amplitude:

The maximum displacement that the pendulum makes when it oscillates

from its rest position(B)

 On the left side at point (A): the displacement (BA) equals the displacement (AB)
 On the right side at point (C): the displacement (BC) equals the displacement (CB)
 The displacement (BA) = the displacement
(BC)
 each of the following displacements(AB ,

Amplitude:

4 |ItP is
a gthe
e maximum displacement achieved by the oscillating body away from its rest
position.
 The measuring unit of the amplitude is metre(m)

2. Complete oscillation.

It is the motion of an oscillating body when it passes by a fixed point on its path two successive
times in the same direction.

When the pendulum moves back and forth:

 From: B to A then from A to B

 Then from B to C then from C to B

𝟏 Distance of one complete

Amplitude = 𝟒 complete
oscillation = 4 * amplitude
oscillation

3) periodic time 4) frequency

Periodic time: Frequency:
It is the time taken by an oscillating body It is the number of complete oscillations
to make one complete oscillation. produced by an oscillating body in one
Measuring unit: second.
Second (sec.) Measuring unit:
Low used: Oscillation/sec. or Hertz
((!$ (" '$"#"#' Low used:
Periodic time = ")!!$& #% "#!$ $($ #'"( ((#"' ")!!$& #% "#!$ $($ #'"( ((#"'
Frequency =
((!$ (" '$"#"#'

the relation between periodic time and frequency of an oscillating body:

periodic time (T)* Frequency (F)=

((!$ (" '$"#"#' ")!!$& #% "#!$ $($ #'"( ((#"'
")!!$& #% "#!$ $($ #'"( ((#"'
* ((!$ (" '$"#"#'

Periodic time * frequency = 1 frequency

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 ! !
Periodic time = %&$%)$"" frequency= $$&(##(" ((!$

1. Frequency is inversely proportional to the periodic time.

For example:

Calculate the periodic time and the frequency of an oscillating body that makes 300
complete oscillation in half a minute.

Solution:

Time in seconds = 0.5 * 60 = 30sec.

((!$ (" '$"#"#' #
Periodic time (T) = ")!!$& #% "#!$ $($ #'"( ((#"'
=# = 0.1sec.

! !
Frequency (F) = = = 10HZ
!

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 Revision on lesson one

Complete the following:

1. The maximum displacement achieved by the oscillating body away from its
rest position is …………….
!
2. Kinetic energy = " * …………..
3. The amplitude of the simple pendulum is ……………
4. The maximum displacement achieved by the oscillating body away from
rest position is ……………..
5. The result of multiplying the frequency as an oscillating body by its
periodic time equals ……………

Write the scientific term of each of the following:

1. The periodic motion made by a body around its point of rest, where the
motion its repeated through equal intervals of time. ( )
2. The number of complete oscillations produced by the oscillating body in
one second. ( )

Give reason for:

1. The oscillatory motion is considered as a periodic motion.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………….

2. The motion of rotary bee is a periodic motion only, but it is not an

oscillatory motion.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………

Problems:
1. From the following figure , choose the correct
answer:
a) The periodic time = …………………..
(0.2 sec. , 0.4sec , 0.6 sec , 0.4)
b) Frequency = …………
(0.2 sec. ,0.4HZ , 2.5cycle \ sec , 0.4m)
c) The amplitude = …………….
(0.2 sec. , 0.4sec , 2cm , 0.4cm)
2. Calculate the number of complete oscillations that are made by a body in 2 minutes if its
frequency is 6 HZ.
3. If the oscillating body makes 480 complete oscillations in one minute, calculate:
a. Frequency b. periodic time

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 Lesson two
Wave motion
the wave:

it is the disturbance that propagates and transfers energy in the direction of propagation.

Wave motion:
It is the periodic motion produced as a result of the vibration of the medium particles at acertain
moment and in a definite direction.
The line of wave propagation:
It is the direction of propagation of the wave

Types of waves
Waves are classified according to:
1. The direction of vibration of medium particles relative to the direction of wave
propagation line.
 Transverse waves - longitudinal waves
2. The ability of the wave to propagate and transfer energy into:
 Electromagnetic waves - Mechanical waves
(1)
Transverse waves longitudinal waves
transverse waves: . longitudinal waves:
It is a disturbance in which the particles of the It is a disturbance in which the
medium vibrate perpendicular to the direction particles of the medium vibrate along
of wave propagation the direction of wave propagation

Crest:
It is the highest point of the particles of the Compression:
medium in the transverse wave It is the area in the longitudinal wave
Trough: at which the medium particles are the
it is the lowest point of the particles of the highest density and pressure
medium in the transverse wave Rarefaction:
It is the area in the longitudinal wave
at which the medium particles are of
the lowest density and pressure
Real life
Physiotherapy tubs (Jacuzzi): it is a tub where Water moves in
the form of circular waves and it is found in most health clubs.
Uses:
Used to treat sprains and cramps by using hot water.
Used to treat Nervous tension by using cold water.

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(2)

Electromagnetic waves Mechanical waves

Electromagnetic waves: Mechanical waves:
They are waves which do not need a They are waves which need a medium to
medium to propagate, where they propagate propagate, where they do not propagate
through vacuum. through vacuum.
Types: Types:
They are all transverse waves, such as: they may be:
 Visible light waves transverse waves :as water waves
 Infrared waves
 Radio waves

longitudinal waves: as sound waves

Velocity of propagation: Velocity of propagation:

They are propagate by a velocity = They with a velocity is much less than the
3*108m/sec. in vacuum but their velocity velocity of electromagnetic waves in media.
decreases when they transfer in media.

Give reason for:

Radio waves are transverse electromagnetic waves.

They are transverse: because the particles of the medium vibrate perpendicular to the direction of
wave propagation

Electromagnetic: because they propagate through vacuum.

Properties of wave motion

Wave length wave amplitude. Wave velocity wave frequency

Wave length:

The wave length of transverse wave:

It is the distance between two successive crests or troughs.

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The wave length of the longitudinal wave:

It is the distance between the centres of two successive compressions or

rarefaction.

The measuring unit of wavelength (ƛ) is “metre”

Laws used for determination the wavelength:

Wave length of transverse wave = 2 * the horizontal distance between the successive crest
and trough.

Wavelength of longitudinal wave = 2 * the distance between the centres of successive

compression and rarefaction.

('$ #('( ""$ "#*$&$# ! + *$'

Wavelength of a longitudinal wave =
")!!$& #% + *$'

Fraction of metre:

2) Wave amplitude:

It is the maximum displacement achieved by the medium particles away from their rest
positions.

('$ *$&((" #('( ""$ !$(+$$" ('$ "&$'( "# (&#)&' #% + *$

Wave amplitude=
"

3) wave velocity (V):

It is the distance covered by the wave in one second.

#('( ""$ "#*$&$# ! + *$ (" !$(&$' !!

Wave velocity (V) =
((!$ (" '$"#"#' '!

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  The velocity of sound waves through air = 340m/s
 The velocity of sound waves through water =
1500m/s
 The velocity of sound waves through wood =
1850m/s

4) wave frequency:
it is the number of complete waves produced from the source in one second.

The measuring unit frequency is “Hertz”

Periodic time of the wave: it is the time to make one wave.

The measuring unit of periodic time is “second”

")!!$& #% "#!$ $($ + *$'

Wave frequency=
((!$ (" '$"#"#' '!

!
Periodic time of wave (T) =
%&$%)$"" !

Law of wave propagation:

= Wave velocity (V) = Frequency (F) * * Wavelength (ƛ)

For Example:

A longitudinal wave is produced by a spiral spring where the distance between the
first and the fourth rarefactions of such wave is 20 Hertz.

Find the wave velocity if the frequency of such wave is 20 Hertz.

Solution

3 waves are formed between the first and fourth rarefactions.

('( ""$ "#*$&$# ! + *$' !
Wavelength (ƛ) = = = 6cm = 0.06m
")!!$& #% + *$' #

Wave velocity(V) = frequency(F) * wavelength(ƛ)= 20*0.06= 1.2 m/s.

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 Revision on lesson two

Complete the following statements:

1. waves are classified according to the ability to propagate and transfer energy
into …………… and ……………..
2. radio waves are considered as …………… waves that propagate through free
space with a velocity of…………….
3. The crest in the……………. Wave is equivalent to the…………… in the
longitudinal wave.
4. Jacuzzi is used to treat…………… and cramps by using hot water and…………….
By using cold water.
5. The longitudinal wave consists of ………… and………………

Write the scientific term:

1. A distrurbance that propagate and transfers energy along the direction of

propagation. ( )
2. The highest point of the particles of the medium in the transverse wave. ( )
3. The area in longitudinal wave at which the medium particles are are of the
highest density and pressure. ( )
4. The relationship between wave velocity, frequency and the wavelength in the
wave motion. ( )

Give reason for:

1. The waves produced due to vibration of a string are transverse mechanical waves.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

2. We see lightning before hearing thunder.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Problems:

Sound waves of frequency 200Hertz and wavelength in air 1.7metre. Calculate:

a. the velocity of sound waves propagation in air.

b. the wavelength of these waves when they propagate in water with velocity 1500m/s.

from the opposite figure, find: 4m

1) wave length

2) Frequency

3) Amplitude

4) wave velocity. 0.2 sec

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 Revision on unit one

1) choose the correct answer:

1. if the periodic time of a tuning fork is 4sec., so the frequency is………………..

! !
a. 4Hz b. 6Hz c. Hz d. Hz
$

2. the sound waves are ……………. Waves.

a. mechanical longitudinal b. mechanical transverse

c. electromagnetic longitudinal d. electromagnetic transverse.

3. The wave transfers……………… in the direction of propagation.

a. molecules b. energy c. matter d. force

4. The double of the horizontal distance between a crest and a trough of a transverse wave
is known as the ……………..

a. frequency b. wavelength c. amplitude d. wave velocity

2) write the scientific term:

1. The measuring unit of wave velocity. ( )

2. Physiotherapy tubs which are used to treat sprains , cramps and nervous tention. ( )
3. Maximum displacement made by the oscillating body away from in rest position. ( )
4. It is the motion produced as a result of the vibration of the particles of the medium in a
certain moment and in a definite direction. ( )

3) Complete the following:

1. Light is ………………… waves but sound Is ………….. waves.

2. The crest in the ……………… wave is equivalent to the …………… in the longitudinal
wave.
3. The complete oscillation includes …………… displacements, each is called……………
4. Waves are classified according to the ability to propagate and transfer energy
into……….. and ………….. waves.

4) From the opposite figure, find:

1) Amplitude.

2) Periodic time.

3) Frequency.

4) Wavelength.

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 Unit two: sound and light

Lesson one: properties of sound waves

Sound:

It is an external factor that affects the ear causing the sense of hearing

 Sound waves are mechanical longitudinal waves.

Mechanical waves, because: they need a medium to propagate through.

Longitudinal waves, because: the medium particles vibrate in the same direction of wave
propagation forming compressions and rarefactions.

Sound velocity:

 Sound travel through air a velocity 340m/sec.

Sound wave velocity (v) = Frequency (F) * Wave length (ƛ)

For example:

Sound waves are produced from a vibrating tuning fork of frequency 512
cycles/sec. if the wavelength of these waves is 60cm , calculate its velocity through
air.

Solution:

Sound wave velocity (V) = wave frequency (F) * wavelength (ƛ)

512 * = 307.2m/sec.
!

Audible sounds:

Musical tones Noises

 They are tones of uniform frequency and  They are sounds of non – uniform
comfortable to be heard. frequency and uncomfortable to be
 Violin , piano and reed pipe. heard.
 Drill, loudspeakers and horns of cars.

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Properties of sound waves:

1. Sound pitch
2. Sound intensity
3. Sound quality( type)

1) Sound pitch:

It is the property by which the ears can distinguish (differentiate) between harsh
and sharp voices.

 Sound is described as high pitched sound or low pitched sound.

High pitched sound is sharp Low pitched sound

 The voice of woman high pitched as it  The voice of man is low pitched as it is
sharp. hard.

- the voice of the lion is harsher than

that of sparrow.

The relation between the sound pitch with sound frequency:

The sound pitch depends on the frequency of the sound source.

The sound pitch increases by increases the frequency and vice versa.

sound pitch

frequency

producing sound from vibration of air column:

in case of vibration of air column, the sound pitch depends on the length of the vibrating air
column.

As the length of the vibrating air column As the length of the vibrating air column
increase, the sound frequency decrease so decrease, the sound frequency increase so
the harshness of sound increase. the sharpness of sound increase

Frequency increases by decreases the length of air

Determining the pitch of a tone column
by using savart’s
and wheel:
vice versa

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1. listen to the tone you want to determine its pitch till your ears get to it.
2. Rotate savart’s wheel at the time one if the gears teeth contacts a flexible metallic sheet
3. Increase the speed of rotation till you hear a sound to that of the unknown tone
4. Calculate the number of cycles taking place in a specific duration and by knowing the
number of gear teeth you can determine the frequency of the tone as follows:

)!!$& #% " " $' ()&"'! #! ")!!$& #% &$$& ($$(' "!

Sound frequency (F) =
((!$ (" '$"#"#'

For example:

Calculate the frequency of a musical tone similar to the frequency of a produced tone using
savart’s wheel rotated with a velocity of 960cycles in two minutes, given that the number of
teeth of the gear is 30 teeth.

Solution:

time (t) = 2 * 60 =120seconds.

# #% " " $' # #% &$ & ($$(' ! #

Frequency (F) = = = 240Hz
((!$ (" '$" !"

2) sound intensity:

Sound intensity:
It is the property by which the ears can distinguish between strong or weak sounds.

The measuring unit of sounds intensity is watt/m2

- Whispering is described as a weak sound - shouting is describing as a strong sound

So that, the intensity of sound at a certain point is measured by the quantity of sound
energy falling perpendicularly in one second on a unit area at that point.

 The measuring unit of the level of sound intensity ( noise intensity) is decibel.

Factors affecting the sound intensity

1. The distance between the ear and the sound source.

2. The amplitude of vibration of the sound source.
3. The area of vibrating surface.
4. The medium density through which the sound travels.
5. The wind direction.

1. The distance between the ear and the sound source:

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The intensity of sound is inversely proportional to the square of the distance (d2) between
that point and the source this known as: “The inverse square law of sound”

The inverse square law of sound:

The intensity of sound at a point is inversely proportional to the distance between that point and the
sound source.

!
Sound intensity =
'%) &$ #% ('$ #('( ""$

2. The amplitude of vibration of the sound source:

The sound intensity is directly proportional to the square of the amplitude of the sound
source. (I)

(Amp.)2

3. the area of the vibrating surface:

sound intensity increases by increasing the vibrating surface area when the

source of sound touches a resonance body.

4. The medium density:

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 Sound intensity decrease by decreasing the density of the medium and vice versa.
 Sound intensity is directly proportional to the medium in which sound travels.
5. The wind direction:

The intensity of sound increase when the The intensity of sound decreases when the
direction of sound waves propagation is in direction of sound waves propagation is in
the same direction of wind. opposite direction of wind.
3) sound quality (type):

Sound quality:
It is the property by which the human ear can distinguish between different sounds
according to the nature of the source even if they are equal intensity and pitch.

The complex tones: are composed of a fundamental tone associated by other tones
higher in pitched and lower in intensity known as “harmonic tones”.

For example: the tone produced from a violin or a piano.

The fundamental tone: the tone produced from a vibrating tuning fork which is the pure
simple tone.

Harmonic tones:
They are tones that accompany the fundamental tone but they are higher pitch and lower
in intensity, and differ from one instrument to another.

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 Sound waves

Infrasonic waves Sonic waves Ultrasonic waves

they are sound waves of They are sound waves of They are sound waves of
frequencies lower than 20Hz frequencies ranging from frequencies higher than
20Hz to 20KHz 20KHz
such as Such as Such as
the waves accompany the The waves that human ear Some animals such as bats,
blowing of storms that can distinguish between dogs and dolphins can hear
precede rainfall and the them and can hear them ultrasonic waves and the
human ear cannot hear them human ear cannot hear them

 Dogs can hear all sounds produced by man (G.R.)

Because, the range of sounds produced by man lies within the range of sounds heard by
dogs.

 Man can’t hear sounds produced by a dolphin (G.R.)

Because a dolphin produced ultrasonic waves, while the human ears can’t hear sounds of
frequencies more than 20 Kilohertz.

Ultrasonic waves are used in several medical, industrial and military fields such as:

Medical 1. Breaking down kidney and stones

without any ureter stones without any
surgical interventions
2. Diagnosis of male prostate gland tumors
and its effect on bladder.
3. Discovering malignant tumors.
Industrial Sterilization of food, water and milk as
ultrasonic waves are characterized by their
high ability to kill some types of bacteria and
stop the action of some viruses.
Military The discovery of landmines..

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 Revision on lesson one

1. Choose the correct answer:

1. A sound travels in air with velocity 330metre/sec. and has a wavelength
0.1metre, its frequency equals……………

a. 330Kilohartz b. 3300Hertz c.33Kilohertz d.330hertz

2. Sound of frequency 200Hz is ………….. than the sound of frequency 100Hz.

a. stronger b. sharper c. weaker d. harsher

3. All of the following are factors affecting sound intensity, except the ……………

a. amplitude of vibration b. medium density

c. frequency d. wind direction.

4. The human ear can distinguish sounds of frequency……………

a. 50KHz b. 30KHz c.300Hz d.5 Hz.

2) Give Reason for:

1. Sound travelling in air has less intensity than that travelling in carbon dioxide.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………

2. The intensity of sound decrease as the amplitude of vibrating source decrease.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

3. We hear sound from all direction that surround the sound source.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………

3) Write the scientific term:

1. The measuring unit of sound intensity. ( )

2. The intensity of sound at a point varies inversely with the square of the distance
between that point and sound source. ( )

4) Savart’s wheel rotates with a rate of 300 cycles per minute. A sound of frequency 600Hz
is peoduced when an elastic plate touches the teeth of one gear. Calculate the number of
teeth of the gear.

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 Lesson two: Wave nature of light

Light:
It is an external factor that affects the eye causing the sense of vision.

Nature of light waves:

Light waves are electromagnetic transverse waves (G.R.)

They are electromagnetic waves, bec. they propagate through vacuum

They are transverse waves, Bec. the medium particles vibrate perpendicular to the direction
of the wave propagation forming crests and troughs.

 The speed of light waves through vacuum = 3*108 m/sec

Speed of light =
The speed of light: 𝐝𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐦!
𝐭𝐢𝐦𝐞 𝐬𝐞𝐜 !
it is the distance covered by light in one second.

The visible light:

It is one of the components of electromagnetic spectrum of wavelength ranges
between 380:700 nanometre.

Analysis of white light:

Analysis of white light:

It is the splitting of white light into seven colours called spectrum colours.

 White light consists of mixture of seven colors which are known as “spectrum colors”

These colors are Red , orange , yellow , Green , Blue , indigo , Violet.

When the white light falls on a triangular glass prism , it is analysed into seven spectrum
colours which are constant in speed and different in:

- Wavelength - frequency -Angle of deviation

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The lowest deviation (is the closest to the prism apex) Red, Which is the lowest
frequency (longest wavelength)

The highest deviation (the closest to the prism base) Violet which is
the Highest frequency (shortest wavelength)

Energy of light waves:

The German scientist max plank proved that:

 The energy of light waves is composed of energy quanta Known as “photons”

 The energy of the photons (E) is directly proportional to the frequency of the light wave
(F) E

Photon energy= plank’s constant * photon

frequency

Light is used in home decoration like:

Spot lights used to illuminate aircrafts

Ornamented lamps that bring happiness and joy to the place

Stand lamps that concentrate light for reading

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Light behavior through different media:

Media can be classified to their ability to allow light to pass through; into:

Transparent medium Translucent (semi- Opaque medium

transparent) medium
Transparent medium: Translucent medium: Opaque medium:
It is the medium, which It is the medium, which It is the medium, which
permits most light to pass permits only a part of light to doesn’t permit light to pass
through pass through and absorbs through
the remaining part.

Objects can be seen through

Objects can be seen very transparent medium less Objects can’t be seen
clearly through medium. clearly than the transparent through opaque medium.
one.

Examples:
Examples: Frosted glass Examples
the clear glass Tissue paper Plant leaves
Air Books
Pure water Milk
Carton
Black honey
Wood
Metals
Human skin
Foil paper

Light travels in straight lines:

Light travels through transparent media in the form of straight lines whose size can be
controlled

 The quantity of light falling perpendicular to a unit area of a surface in one second is
called “light intensity”

Light intensity:

It is the quantity of light falling perpendicular to a unit area of a surface in one second.

Light intensity of a surface decrease as the distance between the surface and the light
source increase according to “the inverse square law”

The inverse square law:

The light intensity of a surface is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the
surface and the source of light

!
Light intensity
#"

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 Revision on lesson two

1)choose the correct answer:

1. Light waves are …………. Waves.

a. mechanical transverse b. electromagnetic transverse

c. electromagnetic longitudinal d. mechanical longitudinal

2. Photon energy = plank’s constant * ………………..

a. Photon frequency b. photon wavelength

c. amplitude. d. photon velocity.

3. The human skin is considered as a/an …………… medium.

a. transparent b. opaque c. transverse d. semi-transparent

4. Light travels in …………… lines.

a. curved b. circular c. straight d. zigzag

5. When the distance between the source of light and the surface of a wall decreases, the
light intensity on the surface…………..

a. decrease b. increase c. is doubled d. remains constant

2)Write the scientific term of each of following

1. The main source of light energy on the Earth’s surface. ( )

2. A mixture of seven spectrum colours. ( )
3. The colour which has the highest frequency, shortest wavelength ( )
4. A medium doesn’t allow light rays to penetrate through. ( )

Give reason for:

1. The energy of red light photon is less than that of orange light photon.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

2. A clear glass is a transparent medium.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

3. A tissue paper is a transparent medium.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

4. The in ability to see the impurities present in black honey

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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 Lesson three: Reflection and Refraction of light

1. Light Reflection:

Light Reflection:
It is the rebounding (Returning back) of light waves in the same medium on meeting a reflecting
surface.

Types of light reflection:

Regular (uniform) reflection Irregular (non- uniform) reflection

Regular reflection: irregular reflection:

It is the reflection of light rays when It is the reflection of light rays when
they meet (fall on) a smooth they meet (fall on) a rough (non-
(uniform), where the incident light uniform) and where the incident light
rays are reflected in one direction. rays are reflected in different (many)
directions.

Examples:(of smooth surfaces): Examples:(of rough surfaces):

A plane mirror. A leaf of a tree.
A thin sheet of aluminium (foil). A piece of paper.
A stainless steel sheet. A piece of leather.
A piece of wool.

Laws of light reflection:

1. The incident light ray: it is the light beam which is represented by a straight line, it
intersects with the reflecting surface at the point of incidence.

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2. The reflected light ray: it is a narrow light beam which is represented by a
straight line, it is reflected from the reflecting surface at the point of incidence.
3. Angle of incidence: it is the angle between the incident light ray and the line
perpendicular to the reflecting surface at the point of incidence.
4. Angle of reflection: it is the angle between the reflected light ray and the line
perpendicular to the reflecting surface at the point of incidence.

The reflection of light is governed by two laws: angle of reflection

First law: Angle of incidence = Angle of reflection.

Angle of incidence

Second law: the incident light ray, the reflected light ray and the normal to the surface of
reflection at the point of incidence, all locate in one plane perpendicular to the surface.

Light refraction:

It is the change of light path when it travels

from a transparent medium to another
transparent medium to another transparent
medium of different optical density.

Optical density of the medium:

It is the ability of the transparent medium to
refract light.

Concepts related to light refraction:

Angle of incidence: it is the angle between the incident light ray and the normal at the point
of incidence on the interface.

Angle of refraction: it is the angle between the refracted light ray and the normal at the pont
of incidence on the interface

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Angle of emergence: it is the angle between the emergent light ray and the normal at the
point of emergence on the interface.

Laws of light refraction:

The path of a light falls on the interface between two

transparent media differ in their optical densities.

When a light ray travels from a When a light ray travels from When a light falls
transparent medium of lower a transparent medium of perpendicular to the
optical density ( like air or higher optical density (like interface between two
water) to another of higher glass) to another of lower different transparent
optical density (like glass) optical density (like air) media.

The light ray refracts near the The light ray refracts far The light ray passes
normal from the normal without rarefaction.

The angle of incidence is The angle of incidence is The angle of incidence is

greater than the angle of smaller than the angle of equal to the angle of
refraction refraction. refraction equals zero.

Absolute refractive index of a medium:

It is the ratio between the velocity of light through air to the velocity of light through
another transparent medium.

*$ #"(( #% (&'( ('&#)&' (&

Absolute refractive index of a medium=
*$ #"(( #% (&'( ('&#)&' ('$ !$#()!

If the refractive If the refractive The speed of

index of a index of a light through it
medium is high medium is high decrease

Its ability to
refract light
increase

27 | P a g e
For Example:

If the velocity of light through water is 2025 108m/s, calculate the absolute refractive index
of water. Knowing that the velocity of light through air is 3 108m/s.

Solution:

" $ ! $"# # !"# $ # !

The absolute refractive index of water = = =1.33
" $ ! $"# # !"# # "" !

Apparent shapes of objects:

A pencil, which is partially immersed in water, appears as being broken.

Due to the refraction of light rays coming from the immersed part in water.

Apparent positions of objects:

The submerged object in water is seen in an apparent position slightly above its real

Position

Mirage:

It is a natural phenomenon that takes place on the desert roads at noon especially in the
summer times, where objects on the road sides seem as if they have inverted images on a
wet area.

28 | P a g e
 Revision on lesson three

Write the scientific term:

1. The reflection in which the light rays recoil in many directions when falling on a rough
surface. ( )
2. The angle between the reflected light ray and the normal at the point of incidence on the
separating surface. ( )
3. The ability of the medium to refract light rays. ( )
4. Changing the path of light when it travels from a transparent medium to another
transparent medium of different optical density. ( )
5. The ratio between the velocities of light through air to the velocity of light through
transparent medium. ( )

Complete the following:

1. when a light ray travels from a transparent medium of higher optical density to another
of lower density, the angle of………………… is more than the angle of ………………….
2. Light …………… is the change of light path when it travels from a transparent medium to
another one of different………………

Give reason for:

1. The light that falls perpendicular on a glistening surface reflects on itself.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

2. When the light ray travels from air to water it refracts near to the normal.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

3. Occurrence of mirage phenomenon in desert regions at noon.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

What happen if..?

1. Alight ray falls perpendicular to the interface between two transparent media of different
optical densities.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Problems:

1. if the angle between the incident light ray and the reflected light ray is 140º, find the
angle of incidence and the angle of reflection.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

2. calculate the absolute refractive index of diamond given that the speed of light through
it is 1.25 108m/s.(knowing that the velocity of light through air is 3 108m/s

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 Revision on unit two

1) write the scientific term:

1. Sound waves of frequencies less than 20Hz. ( )

2. A medium does not allow light rays to penetrate throw. ( )
3. Changing the path of light when travel from a transparent medium to another
transparent medium of different optical density. ( )

2) choose the correct answer:

1. Sound of frequency 200Hz is ………….. than sound of frequency 100Hz.

a. sharper b. stronger c. harsher d. weaker

2. When the distance between the source of light and the surface as a wall decreases , the
light intensity on the surface…………….

a. decrease b. increase c. doubled d. remains constant

3) write down the mathematical relation that joins between each of the following:

1. The photon frequency and its energy.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

2. The sound frequency (F), the number of teeth of each of the gear in savart’s wheel (n).

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

4) what are the results due to each of the following…?

1. Incidence of light rays on a rough surface.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

2. Incidence of a white light ray on one face of a triangular glass prism.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

5) complete the path of rays in each of the following figures according to what is
written below each:

A) B)

Determination of the angle of reflection calculate the angle of emergence

of the ray on mirror (Y) from point (X)

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 Unit three: Reproduction and continuity of species

Lesson one: Reproduction in plants

Reproduction process:

It is a vital process that aims to secure the existence and continuity of living organisms
species by producing new individuals of the same species to prevent them from.

Reproduction in plants:

1. Sexual reproduction
2. Asexual Reproduction

First: Sexual Reproduction in plants:

Flower:

It is a short stem whose leaves are modified to form genital organs which in turn form inside
fruits.

Origin of the flower:

Bract:

It is the green leaf, where the floral bud emerges from its axle and developed into a flower.

Inflorescence:

It is a group of flowers carried on the same axle.

The structure of the flower:

Receptacle:
It is the swollen part upon the flower pedicle, on which the floral leaves are
existed.

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 Whorl Calyx corolla Androecium Gynoecium
Consists of It consists of a group of It consists of a It is the male It is the female
and green leaves each leaf is group of bright reproductive reproductive organ
Description called a “sepal” colored organ of the of the flower.
: scented flower Its leaves are Known
leaves, each Its leaves are as “carpels” which
leaf is called a known as resemble the flask in
“petal” “filament “ends shape.
in a sac known Each carpel consists
as the anther, of a swollen part
which is divided called the ovary,
into two parts, which is connected
each part has with a tube called the
two chambers style, which ends in
containing an opening called
pollen grains. the stigma.

Function: it protects the inner parts It protects the It produces It produces ovules
of the flower specially reproductive pollen grains
before blooming organs
It attracts
insects to the
flower, which
help in
reproduction.

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Typical flower:
It is the flower that contains four floral whole.

The sex of flower:

Bisexual flower:

Flower that both male and female reproductive organs

Unisexual flower:

Flower that carries either male or female reproductive organ

only.

Flower Hermaphrodite Male flower Female flower

flower
Reproductive organs Bisexual and carpel unisexual unisexual
Reproductive organs Stamen and carpel Stamen only Carpel only
Number of floral 4 3 3
whorls
Examples Flowers of most plants Flowers of some plants such as:
such as:
Flax Palms
Tulip
Petunia Maize
Wallflower
Peas Pumpkins
Sunflower.
Steps of sexual reproduction in plants:

1. Pollination 2. Fertilization.

Pollination:
It is the process of transfer of pollen grains from the anthers of a flower to the stigmas.

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Types of pollination:

Self pollination Mixed pollination

Self pollination: Mixed pollination:
It is the transfer of pollen grains from the It is the transfer of pollen grains from the
anthers of a flower to the stigmas of another anthers of a flower to the stigmas of another
flower in the same plant. flower in other plant of the same kind.

Reasons of occurrence: Reasons of occurrence:

Flowers must be bisexual and characterized by The flower is bisexual and its anthers and
one of the following: stigmas are not matured at the same time,
Anthers and stigma are maturated in the same such as sunflower plant
time, such as flax plant. The flower is unisexual, such as maize plant.
Non-blooming flowers until completion of
fertilization process, such as barley plant.

Methods of mixed pollination:

1. Pollination by air (wind)

2. Pollination by insects
3. Artificial pollination
4. Pollination by air:

Stigmas: they are feathery like and sticky to catch pollen grains from air.

Anthers: they are hanged to be easily opened by air.

Pollen grains: they are produced by huge number to compensate what are
lost in air.

Pollination by insects:

Petal: it is colored and scented to attract insects feed on its nectar.

Pollen grain: it is sticky or having coarse surface to stick on the insect body.

Artificial pollination:

This method of pollination is carried out by man.

For example: the gardener in pollination process of palm trees

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Fertilization:

Stage (1) After pollination the pollen grain sticks on the stigmas which secretes
sugary solution.

Stage (2) the pollen grain germinates forming a pollen tube.

Stage (3) the pollen tube extends through the style till it reaches the ovule inside
the ovary through the micropyle.

Stage (4) the end of the pollen tube degenerates and one of 2 male nuclei fuses with
the ovum forming a fertilized ovum which is known as “zygote”.

Fertilization in plants:

It is the process of fusion of the nucleus of the male cell with the nucleus of the female cell to
form the zygote.

Zygote:

the cell resulting from the fusion of a pollen grain and an ovum nuclei.

Formation of seeds and fruits:

After completion of fertilization process:

The wall of the ovary: it develops to becoms the outer coat of the fruit which is called “pericarp”

The wall of the ovule: it develops to become the seed coat.

The ovary: it develops to become a fruit.

The ovule: it develops to become a seed.

Second: Asexual reproduction in plants:

Vegetative reproduction:
It is a process of producing new individuals from different parts of the plant without the flower
having a role in this process.

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Kinds of reproductive reproduction:

Natural vegetative reproduction: Artificial vegetative reproduction

Reproduction by tuber Reproduction by cutting:
Tuber: It is a kind of artificial vegetative reproduction in
It is a swollen part from a horizontal root or a which a part of a plant that contains growing
terrestrial stem, which contains growing buds buds known as the cut is planted.
and it is used for vegetative reproduction. The cut:
For example: It is a part of root, stem or leaf that contains
A horizontal root as sweet potatoes. growing buds taken from a plant for
reproduction.
Examples: Grapes, Roses , sugar cane.
Reproduction by grafting:
It is a kind of artificial vegetative reproduction in
which a part of plant which contains more than
one bud known as scion is selected to be
placed on a branch of another plant known as
the stock.
Methods of grafting:

Grafting by attachment: Grafting by wedge

1. The scion and the stock are cut with two 1. The scion is prepared in the form of a
integrated angles. wedge
2. The scion is attached to the stock. 2. The scion is inserted into a cleft in the
stock.

The

The grafting by attachment is occurred in

Mango trees. The grafting by wedge is occurred in:
Large trees.

Tissue culture:

It is a process of multiplying a small part of a plant to get many identical parts.

Steps to grow a tissue from the stem of a potato plant:

1. The tissue is separated from the upper part of the stem.

2. The tissue is placed in a nutritive nutrients and hormones.
3. The new plant starts to grow till certain size.
4. The new plant is transferred to the soil to grow normally.

36 | P a g e
 Revision on lesson one

1) write the scientific term:

1. The female reproductive organ of the flower ( )

2. The innermost whorl of a male flower. ( )
3. Minute cells formed inside the flower’s anther ( )

2) choose the correct answer:

1. The male flower consists of……………….. whorls

a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 5

2. The ovary of a flower consists……………

a. pollen grains b. anthers c. stigmas d.ovules

3. After fertilization, the ovary develops and becomes the……………

a. fruit b. seed c. flower d. embryo

3) complete the following:

1. ............. in plants takes place in two successive processes which are pollination…………
then …………….
2. …………… fruit has a single seed, while…………….. fruit has many seeds.
3. Artificial pollination is carried out by…………. Such as in……………………..

4) Give reason for:

1. Pollen grains of wind pollinated flowers are produced in a huge number.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

2. Pollen grains of insects pollinated flowers are sticky or with coarse surfaces.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

What happens when…?

1. A pollen grains falls on a flower’s stigma.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

2. Pollen grains become mature ( related to the anther)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

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 Lesson two: Reproduction in humans

Man can’t reproduce asexually but he only reproduces sexually Because the individuals
coming from asexual reproduction are identical to the parent, while in human, each
individual differs from others.

The male reproductive system:

Two testes The vas deferens Genital associated The penis

glands
 They are two  Each tests is  There are three  It is a sponge- like
glands of oval connected to a kinds of genital tissue, the urethra
shape group of fine glands connected passes through it
 They locate convoluted tubes to the male and in a urinary
outside the body in known as reproductive genital opening.
a sac like structure “Epididymis” which system, which are: Functions:
called scrotal sac extends in the form 1. Two seminal Through which the
which is hanged of a single tube vesicles semen and urine out
between male’s known as “Vas 2. Prostate gland of the body through
things. deference” 3. Two Cowper’s the urogenital opening
Function of two Function of glands. but never at the time.
tests: epididymis: Function of genital
 Production of  The final stages of glands:
sperms the growth and They pour secretions
 Production of male development of on the sperms to form
sex hormone sperms take place an alkaline fluid known
known as in it. as seminal fluid.
“testosterone”  It stores the Function of seminal
which is sperms. fluid :
responsible for the Function of vas 1. Nourishes the
appearance of deference: sperms
secondary male  It transfers the 2. Facilitate the
sex characters sperms from the acidity of urethra.
Function of scrotal tests to the urinary
sac. genital duct
 It regulates keeps urethra)
the temperature of

38 | P a g e
 testes 2℃ below
the normal body
temperature which
is the optimum
temperature for the
growth and
development of
sperms.

Signs of puberty in male:

1. Growth of hair in certain body areas

2. Harshness of voice
3. Growth and development of genital organs
4. Growth of bones
5. Enlargement of muscles.

The female reproductive system:

Signs of puberty in female:

1. Growth of hair in armpit and pubic.

2. Softness of voice.
3. Growth and development of breasts.
4. Accumulation of fats in some body regions.
5. Occurrence of menstrual cycle.

Menstrual cycle:

1. It is one of the signs of puberty in female.

2. It repeats every 28days, as long as no pregnancy happens.
3. It stats at the age of female puberty (11 to 14yeaars) and stops at the age of menopause
(45 to 55years)

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 Two ovaries Two fallopian tubes the uterus The vagina
 They are two  They are two tubes  It is a hollow pear  It is a muscular
glands having the of funnel- shaped – shaped organ tube that expands
size and shape of opening provided  It has a muscular during labour.
a peeled almond with finger- like wall that can  it extends from the
 They locate inside projections. expand as the uterus and ends in
the body in the  The inner wall of fetus grows during the external genital
lower part of the fallopian tubes pregnancy. opening
abdominal cavity lined with cilia.  It is lined with function:
from the back.  The two fallopian mucus membrane it expands during the
Function: tubes are located rich in blood labour to deliver
1. Production of ova at the upper capillaries to form (coming out) the baby.
in a process corners of the placenta during
known as uterus. the pregnancy.
ovulation
 They receive the  It locates in the
2. Production of
ripe ovum and pelvic cavity
female sex
direct it towards between the
hormones , which the uterus with the urinary bladder
are:
aid of: and the rectum.
Progesterone: which is
The contraction and Function:
responsible fore the
continuity of relaxation of the  It protects the fetus
muscles in the tube unit birth.
pregnancy.
wall.  It nourishes the
Estrogen: which is
The movement of fetus during the
responsible for the
the lining cilia. pregnancy by the
appearance of
placenta through
secondary female sex
umbilical cord.
characters.

The structure of ovum and the sperm in human:

The ovum (female gamete): The sperm (male gamete):

 It is relatively large in size  It is considered very small if it is compared
Due to the storage of nutrients materials with the ovum.
 It is not a mobile cell  It is a mobile cell
 It is a spherical cell

1. The nucleus: that contains one half of the 1. The head: that contains one half of the
genetic materials(23chromosome) genetic material (23chromosome)
2. The cytoplasm: that contains stored food 2. The midpiece: that contains mitoconderia
nutrients that are surrounded by plasma which are responsible for energy production
membrane. needed for the sperms movement.
3. The cellular membrane: an insect 3. The tail: thin and long and it is responsible
membrane that surrounds the cell from

40 | P a g e
 outside. for the movement of the sperms till reaches
the ovum.

Fertilization and embryo formation in human:

1. The female produces only one ripe ovum on the 14th day of the beginning of menstrual
cycle.
2. During mating, the male secrets billions of sperms, which move from the vagina
towards the uterus then to the fallopian tube.
3. The sperms rush the ovum at the beginning of fallopian tube.
4. The head of the spam secretes enzymes

One sperm only can penetrate the cellular membrane of the ovum.

5. After the penetration of the sperm, the ovum surrounds itself with a membrane that
prevents the penetration of any other sperm.
6. Fertilization occurs by the fusion of the nucleus of sperm (which contains 23
chromosomes) with the nucleus of the ovum (which contains 23 chromosomes) to form
the zygote, That contains a nucleus with 46 chromosomes.
7. The zygote transfers to the uterus to be implanted in its lining
8. The zygote divides into many successive divisions into many cells that differentiate and
continue to grow forming the empryo.

Fertilization in human:
It is fusion of the nucleus of male gamete with the nucleus of female gamete to form the zygote.

The pregnancy period:

. It is the period between the fertilization process and delivery which extends for about 9months.

Genital system diseases:

First type Second type

Diseasees don’t arises from sexual contact Diseases arise from asexual contact with a
with a sick person or a carrier of a sexually stick person or a carrier of a sexually
transmitted disease. transmitted disease.
Examples: Example:
Uterine cancer, prostate and puerperal sepsis. Gonorrhea , syphilis and AIDS

Incubation period of the disease:

It is the period between the beginning of infection and the appearance of symptoms of the
disease.

Puerperal sepsis (fever) syphilis

The microbe that causes the disease: The microbe that causes the disease:
Spherical – shaped bacteria. Spiral – shaped bacteria.
Methods of infection: Methods of infection:
1. By droplets from a person infected with 1. Sexual contact with an infected person.
bacteria and suffering from throat infection 2. From a pregnant woman to her fetus
or tonsillitis to a vagina of recently labored

41 | P a g e
 mother
2. An infected wound during the labour.
Incubation period: Incubation period:
From one to four days From two to three weeks.
Symptoms: Symptoms:
1. High elevation in body temperature 1. Appearance of painless hard ulcer on the
2. Chills head of penis and in vaina and the upper
3. Pallor part of cervix
4. Severe acute pain in lower abdomen 2. Appearance of dark brass coloured rashes
5. Bad smelling secretions from the uterus. on the back and hands of the patient.
Means of protection: Means of protection:
1. Sterilizing the surgical tools during labour 1. Preventing the sexual contact with an
2. Wearing masks during labour infected person
3. Preventing visits of persons, who suffer from 2. Induce abortion of the infected pregnant
respiratory disease to the mother after woman.
delivery.
4. The mother should be kept warm and avoid
exposure to cold air currents.
The effect of smoking and addiction on the genital system:

In males: Decreases the formation of female sex hormone.

In female:

 Decrease the formation of female sex hormones.

 Leads to the increase in deformation rete in the embryos.
 Leads to the death of the embryos and newly born babies.

42 | P a g e
 Revision on lesson 2

1) complete the following:

1. Each testis is connected to a group of fine convoluted tubes called …………….. which
extends in the form if a single tube known as …………..
2. Testes produce ………….. hormone which is responsible for the appearance of
3. The two testes locate……………….. the body in a structure called……….

2) write the scientific term:

1. An oval – shaped gland that produced male cells ( )

2. A part of male reproductive system that transfers the sperms from testes to urinogenital
duct. ( )
3. The period between fertilization process and delivery ( )

3) choose the correct answer:

1. The right ovary in the female human products a mature ovum every………….. days.

a.24 b.28 c. 34 d. 56

2. Fertilization occurs when…………. Is formed.

a. embryo b. zygote c. endometrium d. ovum

3. An ulcer appears at the trip of the penis in males is due to…………

a. syphilis b. gonorrhea c. puerperal sepsis d. german measles

Give reason for:

1. Man can’t reproduce asexually

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

2. The man, whose testicles are still present inside the abdominal cavity is infertile.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Study the opposite figure which represents the female genital system, then answer
the following questions:

1. Replace the numbers present in the figure with suitable labels.

2. What the organ in which
a. Ova produced?
b. the ovum is fertilized?
c. the embryo is delivered to life?

43 | P a g e
 Revision on unit three

1) put true or false:

1. Stigma is the male reproductive organ in the flower. ( )

2. Reproduction by tubers can be used in apples and pears ( )
3. The pollen grains of the air pollinated flowers are sticky and have coarse surface. ( )
4. The age of menopause in female ranges between 11 to14 years. ( )

2) Complete the following:

1. After ………….., the wall of the ovary develops forming the………….

2. The appearance of an …………….. at the tip of the penis in male is due to syphilis
infection
3. Types ovum consists of …………… , ……………. And ……………..

3)write the scientific term:

1. A short stem whose leaves are modified to achieve reproduction in plant. ( )

2. The fusion of one of the male nuclei with the ovum. ( )
3. A new method to large numbers of plants from small parts of it. ( )

4) what will happen when pollen grains mature and become well developed?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

4) Give reason for?

The petal of corolla are coloured and scented.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

5) the opposite figure represents a sperm Answer the following questions:

1. Label the numbers:

1/……………. 2/……………

3/……………..

2. What is the function of number 3?

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