Research Chapter 1 4

CATHOLIC ASSOCIATION OF SCHOOLS IN THE PRELATURE OF INFANTA
SAINT PATRICK’S ACADEMY, INC.

Yakal 1, Paltic, Dingalan, Aurora 3207
stpatricksacademy68@yahoo.com
CHAPTER 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
I. Introduction
Charcoal has been a traditional fuel source for many households in the Philippines. It is
commonly used for cooking and heating, especially in rural areas where access to electricity and
other sources of energy is limited. However, the production of charcoal from wood has negative
environmental impacts, such as deforestation and greenhouse gas emissions. Moreover, the
increasing demand for charcoal has led to the depletion of forests and trees.
In recent years, there has been growing interest in finding alternative sources of charcoal
that are more sustainable and eco-friendly. One potential source is banana peel, which is
abundant and readily available in many parts of the Philippines. Banana peel is composed of
cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, which are all organic compounds that can be converted into
charcoal through a process called pyrolysis. Charcoal has been the main source of energy for
households and businesses in the Philippines, according to Zulueta et al., 2021, which has led to
environmental problems and health risks. Studies have focused on creating environmentally
friendly options, like charcoal briquettes made from fruit peelings, coconut husks, rice husks,
and shells. The briquetting technique can be used to turn these biomass resources, which have
high production rates and are classed as solid waste, into biochar. Using agricultural waste as a
primary or supplemental energy source is considered to be economically advantageous,
environmentally friendly, and indigenous
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as firewood becomes scarcer. The objective of the comparative analysis and examination of
sustainable alternatives is to support the promotion of a more resource-efficient and
environmentally friendly use of resources in the Philippines.
This research aims to address this knowledge gap by exploring the feasibility of using
banana peels as an alternative to charcoal. The study will involve testing the efficiency and
environmental impact of burning banana peels compared to the traditional charcoal. The finding
of this research could have significant implications for reducing the negative environmental and
health impacts associated with charcoal production and use. Conducting this research on banana
peel charcoal is crucial to address the environmental, economic, social, and cultural challenges
faced by the residents of Paltic, Dingalan, Aurora. By exploring this alternative source of
charcoal, we can contribute to sustainable practices, reduce environmental degradation, alleviate
economic burdens, and inspire broader adoption of sustainable cooking fuel options.
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II. Review of Related Literature and Study
According to Vaneck Bot et al., 2022, energy use affects a nation's standard of living
and how developing nations require alternate fuels for cooking. It highlights the harmful effects
of using wood energy for cooking and heating on the environment and human health. It is
suggested that using biomass briquettes derived from agricultural waste be used as a cost-
effective and sustainable substitute. The creation of biomass briquettes is described, emphasizing
its benefits such simple transportation, easy storage, and cleaner combustion. Briquettes may be
generated economically and have energy properties that are comparable to those of conventional
fuels, according to earlier studies. Scientific research on the economic evaluation of biomass
briquettes for home cooking is, however, scant. This gap is filled in the paper by examining the
economic.
According to Ahmad, Waqar et al., 2016, that a variety of biomass sources, such as
wood, agricultural products, municipal garbage, and nut shells, can be used to generate charcoal.
The solid portion of biomass, or charcoal, can be further processed into carbon black or utilized
as a carbon adsorbent by activation, although the liquid and gaseous fractions have their own
uses as fuel. In order to produce charcoal, wood must be slowly heated through the carbonization
process in airtight ovens, retorts, or kilns with regulated air supply. Among the advantages of
charcoal are its ability to sequester carbon in the soil and enhance crop productivity. Usually,
625 to 775 K is the ideal temperature range for the manufacturing of pyrolysis products. The
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production of charcoal steadily drops as the temperature rises. In addition, charcoal's ignition
temperature rises with higher.
According to Zhenkun et al., 2020, the value of biomass energy as a sustainable and
environmentally beneficial source. Biomass resources are widely available in China, especially
crop straw, which can be utilized to make biomass charcoal. The benefits of biomass charcoal
include a high energy density, simple storage, low emissions, and a wide range of uses.
However, there are problems with energy consumption, machine wear, fuel rod deformation, and
surface cracking in the current method of making biomass charcoal briquettes. Therefore, it is
essential to create a low-energy and economical carbonization technique with better charcoal
quality. The production of charcoal is maximized by slow pyrolysis, a thermal cracking process
that includes quick and conventional cracking.
According to Peace Development Group (2021), the use of charcoal made from banana
peelings has gained attention as a sustainable alternative to traditional firewood and charcoal,
which contribute to deforestation and climate change. In Uganda, organizations such as the
Peace Development Group and Green Bio Energy Ltd. have been actively involved in promoting
the production of briquettes from banana peelings as an eco-friendly solution. The Peace
Development Group, based in Bwaise, Kampala, collects banana peelings from households and
allows them to dry under the sun. The dried peelings are then burned and converted into ash.
Subsequently, the ash is poured into a machine that forms it into briquettes. This process enables
the group to produce 24 briquettes per round, contributing to the availability of an alternative
fuel source. Green Bio Energy Ltd., founded by Vincent Kienzler and Alexandre Laure, focuses
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on addressing deforestation and climate change concerns in Uganda. Recognizing the detrimental
effects of
firewood and charcoal usage, the company trains communities to produce briquettes effectively
and efficiently. By utilizing organic waste and residue, they offer a sustainable and affordable
alternative to traditional fuels. The aim is to reduce reliance on wood-based fuels and combat
deforestation, as evidenced by the alarming statistic that 80% of the planet's forest cover has
already been lost. The utilization of banana peelings to create charcoal briquettes presents a
promising approach to address the negative environmental impacts associated with traditional
fuel sources. Further research and development efforts are necessary to enhance the durability of
the machinery used and expand the availability of these eco-friendly briquettes to a wider
market.
The manufacturing and characterization of charcoal briquettes from banana peel and
banana bunch trash were looked into in the study by Mopoung et al., (2017). A 200 L pyrolyzer
was used to perform the pyrolysis process at a temperature of roughly 350°C. Banana peel and
banana bunch yields of charcoal were 57.0% and 58.6% w/w, respectively. Wood vinegar, a
byproduct of the pyrolysis procedure, was also produced, with yields for banana peel and banana
bunch of 7.53% and 6.76% w/w, respectively. The low outputs of wood vinegar and charcoal
pointed to poor pyrolysis conditions and a pyrolyzer with a low condensation capacity. Strong
peaks of particular functional groups were found during the charcoal products' analysis,
indicating incomplete pyrolysis. The banana peel-derived charcoal briquettes had a honeycomb
shape, whereas the banana bunch-derived charcoal briquettes had a tube-like structure. Through
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the capillary force of their interlocking with the clay binder and other porous structures, these
porous structures contributed to the briquettes' hardness.
According to Zulueta et al., 2021, the predominant energy source for homes and
businesses in the Philippines has been charcoal, which has caused environmental difficulties and
health hazards. Studies have concentrated on developing sustainable solutions to these problems,
such as charcoal briquettes derived from fruit peelings, coconut husks, rice husks, and shells.
These biomass resources can be converted into biochar using the briquetting process since they
have high production rates and are regarded as solid waste. Although charcoal has historically
been less expensive than other fuels in the Philippines, its unsustainable production and negative
effects are becoming more widely acknowledged. Banana peels, for example, are an abundant
and free supply of agricultural waste that offers a chance to develop alternative energies and use
resources sustainably. As firewood becomes scarcer, it is deemed cost-effective, ecologically
benign, and indigenous to use agricultural waste as a primary or supplementary energy source.
Promoting a more resource-effective and environmentally friendly use of resources in the
Philippines is the goal of the comparative study and investigation of sustainable alternatives.
According to Romallosa et al., 2017, a feasibility study was carried out in Iloilo City,
Philippines, to evaluate the socio-economic and technical aspects of biomass briquette
production. The study concentrated on utilizing municipal waste as a raw material for briquette
production and incorporating a group from the informal sector. The analysis of their usability,
quality, and applicability to potential consumers revealed that setting up an on-site fuel
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manufacturing line utilizing biomass briquettes was doable. The study's use of briquetting
technology was straightforward but reliable, enabling effective operation and producing
encouraging findings in terms of production rate, bulk density, and heating value of the
briquettes. The study demonstrated the promise of these material streams as renewable and
affordable fuel sources by successfully producing high-quality briquettes out of waste paper,
sawdust, and carbonized rice husk. The Uswag Calajunan Livelihood Association, Inc. (UCLA)
is a prime example of how briquette production may be profitable, especially for small
businesses operating in the unorganized sector. This study raises the possibility that similar
informal sector groups operating in other regions of the world under comparable circumstances
could contribute significantly to waste recovery by giving usable waste products a second life as
alternative fuels and the raw materials for domestic energy production. The viability and
sustainability of such projects are further improved by the use of relevant technologies.
According to Arellano et al., 2015, an increase in calorific value was seen when charcoal
made from various raw materials was blended. The briquette was made using a mixture of 50%
coconut shell, 25% corn cob, and 25% sugarcane bagasse. Due to the presence of more vacant
space in the raw materials that could be filled with higher compaction pressure, the compaction
pressure only significantly affected the volume displacement of the briquettes. The stability and
calorific value of the briquettes were strongly impacted by the mixture ratio of the ingredients.
According to Serna-Jiménez et al., 2021, a variety of banana peel waste (BPW)
valorisation techniques, including biomethanization, battery/activated carbon generation, and
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burning. With a zero-carbon cycle, it was discovered that BPW combustion was an effective
choice. Low levels of sulfurous compounds were found in the flue gases, but there were
significant amounts of structural nitrogen dioxide, according to a mass balance analysis. The
biomethanization of BPW under mesophilic conditions led to the production of organic digestate
and renewable methane. Under the experimental conditions, 68% of BPW was shown to be
biodegradable. The manufacture of porous activated carbon from BPW using a practical process
based on chemical activation/carbonization was another valorization strategy.
According to Michael Daniel C. Lucagbo, 2014, using information from the 2008
National Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS), this report discusses the problem of low
birth weight in the Philippines. With concerns of neurological damage, motor dysfunction, and
developmental delays, low birth weight is a key factor in infant mortality and morbidity.
Unfortunately, from 20.3% in 2003 to 21.2% in 2008, the prevalence of low birth weight has
increased rather than decreased in the Philippines. One significant risk factor is the type of
cooking
fuel used in families, which is the study's main focus. The study shows that there is a significant
environmental risk for low birth weight associated with the use of unclean cooking fuels such
biomass fuel or kerosene for daily cooking and heating. The study also discovers a strong link
between mother smoking and the size of the baby at birth. The study also looks at additional
demographic elements that could influence low birth weight.
III. Synthesis
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This study shift towards sustainable energy solutions, particularly charcoal made from
agricultural and municipal waste, to address environmental concerns and promote resource-
efficient energy usage.According to Vaneck Bot et al., 2020, Ahmad Waqar et al., 2016,
Zhenkun et al., 2020, Romallosa et al., 2017, their studies discusses the potential of biomass
material as an alternative fuel source and the benefits of utilizing biomass. The study conducted
by Peace Development Group., 2021, Zulueta et al., 2021, Serna-Jimenez et al., 2021, Mopoung
et al., 2017, stated that fruit peeling such as banana peel can be a sustainable and alternative fuel
source due to its carbon content. According to Arellano et al., 2015, there are chemical properties
that can be seen in biomass materials that may affect the charcoal due to its calorific value.
According to Lucagbo., 2014, there is a risk for low birth weight associated with the use of
unclean cooking fuels.
IV. Conceptual Framework
Figure 1 shows the use of banana peel as an alternative for charcoal for the residents in
Paltic, Dingalan, Aurora. The input for this experimental research are as follows: banana peel,
materials for charcoal production and the statement of the problems. The things included in the
input ate the primary materials and guide process in conducting this experimental research. The
process in this experimental research is that the banana peel will be collected and processed into
a charcoal using traditional knowledge and methods. The resulting charcoal will be analyzed in
terms of its effectiveness as a fuel source. Lastly, the output of this research is that the study will
provide information on the feasibility and effectiveness of using banana peel as a charcoal in
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Paltic, Dingalan, Aurora. This information can inform future efforts to develop sustainable and
affordable energy source for the community, potentially improving their health and well-being.
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT
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 Statement of problem  Pyrolysis  Banana peel charcoal
This study seeks to answer  Experimental method Production in Brgy.
the following questions: >The process involved in this Paltic
>How long is the process of study is pyrolysis, which is a >The output of this
converting banana peel into a thermal decomposition experimental research is the
charcoal? process in the absence of air. banana peel charcoal
>What are the physical and The banana peel will be production that may help the
chemical properties of banana heated to high temperatures residents of Brgy. Paltic,
peel charcoal? to produce banana peel Dingalan, Aurora. Banana
>What is the potential of charcoal. The pyrolysis peel charcoal is a carbon-rich
banana peel charcoal as a fuel process breaks down the material that is produced by
source for cooking and complex organic molecules in heating banana peel in the
heating? the banana peel into simpler absence of air. It has the
>What are the benefits and organic molecules, such as potential to be a sustainable
drawbacks of using banana charcoal, and other and eco-friendly fuel source.
peel charcoal compared to byproducts.
traditional wood charcoal?
>What are the perceptions
and attitudes of the residents
in Paltic, Dingalan, Aurora
towards using banana peel
charcoal as an alternative fuel
source?
RESEARCH MATERIALS
 Banana peel
 Water
 Starch
Figure 1. Paradigm of the Study

V. Statement of the Problem
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The primary objective of this research is to determine the feasibility and effectiveness of
using banana peel as an alternative source of charcoal for the residents in Paltic, Dingalan,
Aurora. Specifically, this study seeks to answer the following questions:
1. How long is the process of converting banana peel into a charcoal?
2. What are the physical and chemical properties of banana peel charcoal?
3. What is the potential of banana peel charcoal as a fuel source for cooking and heating?
4. What are the benefits and drawbacks of using banana peel charcoal compared to traditional
wood charcoal?
5. What are the perceptions and attitudes of the residents in Paltic, Dingalan, Aurora towards
using banana peel charcoal as an alternative fuel source?
VI. Hypothesis
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Given the high carbon content of banana peel, the researchers hypothesized that the
banana peel charcoal can serve as a viable alternative fuel source for heating and cooking,
offering an eco-friendly solution to the escalating global demand for fuel. This hypothesis posits
that the banana peel charcoal production will demonstrate efficient combustion properties and
contribute to sustainable practices by repurposing agricultural waste.
VII. Scope and Delimitation of the Study
This research will be conducted at Brgy. Paltic, Dingalan, Aurora during the School Year
2022-2023 and School Year 2023-2024. This study will determine the feasibility and
effectiveness of benefits of banana peel charcoal, as well as the possibility to help lessen the
greenhouse gas emission. This research will delimit the use of machineries as it is not viable in
the area and not helpful for those people who face poverty.
VIII. Significance of the Study
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This research aims to provide valuable insights into the utilization of banana peels as an
alternative source of charcoal in Paltic, Dingalan, Aurora. The findings of this study can have
several potential benefits to the following:
Improved access to sustainable and eco-friendly energy sources: The use of banana
peel charcoal as an alternative source of fuel can promote the adoption of sustainable and eco-
friendly energy sources in the community. This can have positive social, economic, and
environmental impacts on the local community.
Reduction in deforestation: The demand for traditional fuels such as wood and charcoal
is a major contributor to deforestation. By using banana peel as a source of fuel, the demand for
traditional fuels can be reduced, leading to a reduction in deforestation.
Reduction in greenhouse gas emissions: Traditional fuels such as wood and charcoal
are also major contributors to greenhouse gas emissions. By using banana peel as a source of
fuel, the study aims to contribute to a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions.
Economic benefits: The use of banana peel as an alternative source of fuel can provide
economic benefits to the local community. It can create new income-generating opportunities for
farmers and local entrepreneurs who can collect and process banana peel.
Environmental benefits: By using banana peel as an alternative source of fuel, the study
can contribute to the reduction of waste and the promotion of a circular economy. It can also
reduce the environmental impact of waste disposal practices.
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Helps community: One of the factor that we consider in doing this research is to help the
people have access to a sustainable source of charcoal and to benefit the whole community in
regard of their living.
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IX. Definition of Terms:
The following unfamiliar terms below are the parts of the process and the information that
we will gather through this study.
 Alternative energy sources- Forms of energy not derived from fossil fuels include
both renewable and alternative energy, terms that are sometimes used interchangeably
but do not mean the same thing. Alternative energy broadly refers to any energy that is
not extracted from a fossil fuel, but not necessarily only from a renewable source. In this
study we will used banana peel as an alternative energy sourced. (Sources of Energy: A
Comparison | World101 (cfr.org) )
 Charcoal – Charcoal meaning is a black form of carbon made by heating organic matter
without air. In this study the main purpose is to show how banana peel can be an
alternative charcoal. (thefreedictionary.com)
 Deforestation - Deforestation is the purposeful clearing of forested land. Throughout
history and into modern times, forests have been razed to make space for agriculture and
animal grazing, and to obtain wood for fuel, manufacturing, and construction. In this
study we will avoid doing such risky action that will affect the environment. .
(Deforestation (nationalgeographic.org) )
 Energy poverty - Energy poverty is the lack of access to modern energy services or
products that are adequate, affordable, reliable, quality, safe, and environmentally sound.
In this study it will aid the needs of people such as the need of fuel source. ( What is
energy poverty: definition, statistics & effects on society (habitat.org) )
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 Feasibility - Feasibility meaning is the possibility that something can be made, done, or
achieved, or is reasonable, whether or not a project will be successful and how to
overcome potential obstacles for the project. In this study, we will test the feasibility of
banana peel charcoal. (FEASIBILITY | definition in the Cambridge English Dictionary)
 Greenhouse gas emissions – Refers to the gases that trap heat in the atmosphere are
called greenhouse gases. This section provides information on emissions and removals of
the main greenhouse gases to and from the atmosphere. In this study, we will observe the
drawbacks, if it would contribute to the greenhouse gas emissions. .
(epa.gov/ghgemissions/overview-greenhouse-gases)
 Lignin – A complex organic polymer deposited in the cell walls of many plants, making
them rigid and woody. It is a property that must been seen in a material to be considered
as a biomass. (Oxford languages)
 Biomass – According to Oxford languages, it is organic matter used as a fuel, especially
in a power station for the generation of electricity .In this study, we will use a biomass
banana peel as an input to the alternative charcoal.
 Pyrolysis – According to Oxford languages, decomposition brought about by high
temperatures. In this study, we will use pyrolysis process to produce banana peel
charcoal.
 Sustainability – According to Oxford languages, avoidance of the depletion of natural
resources in order to maintain an ecological balance. In this study, we will show how
banana peel can be a sustainable alternative charcoal.
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CHAPTER 2
This chapter discusses the processes used in this study, as well as the study’s design,
instrument, and data gathering procedure undertaken by the researchers to finish the study.
A. Research Design
The researchers used Quasi-Experimental Research design under Mix Method. This
design is an experimental research design that the researcher used to gather the necessary
information for the study. This quantitative research design was used in this study to know the
feasibility and effectiveness of banana peel charcoal and their perceptions and attitude toward
using it. This method was used to gather informative data and informative answer to its
underlying problems.
B. LOCALE OF THE STUDY
Paltic is a barangay located in the municipality of Dingalan, Aurora, in the Philippines. It
is a rural community situated along the coast of the Pacific Ocean, with a population of
approximately 5,754 residents. The community relies primarily on fishing and agriculture for
their livelihood. Due to its location and limited resources, some residents may face
challenges in terms of access to sustainable fuel resources, which may affect their health and
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well-being. Understanding the potential impact of different fuel sources in the community is
important for identifying effective and sustainable solutions.
Figure 2 presented the map of Paltic, Dingalan, Aurora and the area where the researchers
conducted the study.
C. Research Instrument
In this experimental research study, both observation and experimentation will play
crucial roles in gathering comprehensive data. Through systematic observation, we aim to
document the current practices and challenges faced by the residents in Paltic regarding their
traditional charcoal usage. Detailed field observations will be conducted to assess the existing
methods of charcoal production and consumption within the community. Simultaneously,
rigorous experimentation will be carried out to explore the feasibility of using banana peels as an
alternative source of charcoal. Controlled experiments will involve the collection of banana
peels, their conversion into charcoal, and subsequent testing for their efficiency and effectiveness
as a cooking fuel. By combining systematic observation with methodical experimentation, this
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research seeks to provide a holistic understanding of the potential benefits, challenges, and
viability of banana peel charcoal in the context of the residents in Paltic, Dingalan, Aurora.
D. Data Gathering Procedure
This data gathering procedure outlines the steps involved in conducting experiments to
assess the feasibility and effectiveness of banana peel as a source of charcoal. Multiple trials and
careful data analysis are essential to draw meaningful conclusions from the research.
1. Sample Preparation:
- Gather a sufficient quantity of banana peels.
- Clean and dry the banana peels thoroughly to remove any moisture.
2. Experimental Setup:
- Set up a controlled environment for the experiments, including a heat source (stove or
burner), a container for burning the banana peels, and a stopwatch for timing.
3. Data Collection:
- Prepare the banana peels as the main variable.
- Ignite the banana peels and record the time it takes for them to fully ignite and
produce a steady flame.
- Note any observable characteristics, such as smoke production and odor.
- Record the duration for which the banana peel charcoal burns until it extinguishes.
4. Replication:
- Conduct multiple trials to ensure the reliability of the results. Repeat the experiments
at least three times for each set of banana peels.
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5. Data Analysis:
- Calculate the average time taken for ignition and combustion duration for each set of
banana peels.
- Analyze the data to assess the feasibility and effectiveness of banana peel charcoal as
an alternative fuel source.
6. Reporting:
- Compile the data collected during the experiments.
- Create a report that includes detailed findings, graphs or charts to visualize results,
and any observed trends.
- Discuss the implications of the findings in terms of the potential use of banana peels
as an alternative source of charcoal.
7. Conclusion:
- Conclude the research study by summarizing the results and providing
recommendations for further research or potential applications of banana peel charcoal.
8. Documentation:
- Keep detailed records of the experimental procedures, data collected, and any
challenges or observations encountered during the study.
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CHAPTER 3
DATA RESULTS
This chapter shows the presentation, analysis, and interpretation of data relative to the
feasibility and effectiveness of banana peel as an alternative source of charcoal.
DATA RESULTS, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION
A. Duration of the process of converting banana peel into charcoal
The exact duration of the process to convert banana peels into charcoal can vary based on
the specific method used. Generally, the production of charcoal involves drying the banana peels,
carbonizing them, and then activating the charcoal. The time required for each step can depend
on factors such as the drying method, carbonization technique, and activation process. As the
research continues it shows that estimated of two days depending on the factors that was
mentioned as it has a huge role to convert the banana peel into a charcoal.
The timeframe for converting banana peels into charcoal is contingent on various factors,
as illuminated in the research. The process generally involves sequential stages of drying,
carbonization, and activation. The chosen drying method, whether reliant on natural sunlight or
artificial means, significantly impacts the overall duration. Likewise, the intricacies of
carbonization techniques, such as slow or fast pyrolysis, introduce variability, with temperature
control and method selection playing crucial roles. The activation process, be it chemical,
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physical, or steam-based, adds further nuances to the timeline. Ongoing research underscores the
need for continuous optimization, as scientists explore diverse combinations of these factors to
streamline
the conversion process. The estimated two-day duration emerges as a practical benchmark,
considering the interplay of these elements and acknowledging their substantial influence in
achieving successful banana peel to charcoal conversion.
Figure No. 3
B. The physical and chemical properties of banana peel charcoal
Banana peel charcoal has different properties that can also be observed in traditional
wood charcoal. These properties can be categorized as physical and chemical. The physical
properties of banana peel charcoal include color, texture, weight, and hardness, which can vary
individually. The banana peel charcoal is characterized by being black, rough, light, and hard.
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The chemical properties of banana peel charcoal were discussed in a study conducted by
Supriadi et al. (2022). It was stated that banana peel charcoal contains high carbon content,
volatile content, ash content, and calorific value.
The study employed various adhesive concentrations to assess the quality of banana peel
charcoal.
The physical properties of banana peel charcoal encompass a spectrum of characteristics
of traditional wood charcoal. In terms of color, banana peel charcoal exhibits a distinct black
hue, aligning with the typical appearance of conventional charcoal. The texture of banana peel
charcoal is described as rough, emphasizing its porous nature. This porous structure contributes
to its light weight, making it a notable feature in comparison to denser forms of charcoal.
Additionally, banana peel charcoal is recognized for its hardness, a quality crucial for effective
combustion and sustained heat release.
Turning to the chemical properties, a study by Supriadi et al. (2022) delved into the
composition of banana peel charcoal. It revealed that banana peel charcoal possesses elevated
levels of carbon content, emphasizing its potential as a fuel source due to high carbon density.
The volatile content, ash content, and calorific value were also investigated, providing insights
into the combustion efficiency and energy release capabilities of banana peel charcoal. Notably,
the study adopted various adhesive concentrations in assessing the quality of banana peel
charcoal, underscoring the importance of adhesive additives in optimizing its performance
characteristics. These detailed physical and chemical analyses contribute to a comprehensive
understanding of banana peel charcoal as a viable alternative to traditional wood charcoal.
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Figure No.4
C. The potential of banana peel charcoal as a fuel source for cooking and heating
Fuel usage is rising quickly on a worldwide scale. That's why alternative energy sources
can be employed as fuel. Charcoal made from banana peels has the ability to be used as a fuel
source for heating and cooking. Because banana peels have a high carbon content, they can be
used to make charcoal, which makes them a potentially renewable and sustainable energy source.
The escalating global demand for fuel is a pressing concern, necessitating a shift towards
alternative energy sources to alleviate the strain on conventional fuels. Banana peel charcoal
emerges as a viable and eco-friendly solution for meeting heating and cooking needs. The high
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carbon content within banana peels is a key attribute that makes them conducive to charcoal
production. This carbon-rich composition not only facilitates efficient combustion but also
positions banana peel charcoal as a renewable resource. By repurposing banana peels into
charcoal, a byproduct of agricultural waste, this approach contributes to sustainable practices,
reducing reliance on traditional fuel sources. Furthermore, the use of banana peels as a fuel
source aligns
with broader environmental goals, offering a practical and eco-conscious response to the
escalating challenges associated with rising fuel consumption on a global scale.
Figure No .5
D. Benefits and drawbacks of using banana peel charcoal compared to traditional
wood charcoal
The benefits of using banana peel as an alternative source of charcoal is the reduction of
deforestation because the demand for traditional fuels can be reduced. Also, it benefits our local
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entrepreneur and farmers by means of creating a new income-generating opportunities. Using a
banana peel can also reduce the environmental impact of waste disposal practices. On the other
hand, banana peel charcoal can also have a disadvantage such as the supply of banana peel, not
all places have enough supply of banana peel to make a charcoal. Another one is the weather, it
is
included on the process that we need to dry out the banana peel under the sun but because
we can't control the weather, we can't also have enough heat to dry out the banana peel, that's
why it could be a disadvantage.
According to Vaneck Bot et al., 2022, energy use affects a nation's standard of living
and how developing nations require alternate fuels for cooking. It highlights the harmful effects
of using wood energy for cooking and heating on the environment and human health. It is
suggested that using biomass briquettes derived from agricultural waste be used as a cost-
effective and sustainable substitute. The creation of biomass briquettes is described, emphasizing
its benefits such simple transportation, easy storage, and cleaner combustion. Briquettes may be
generated economically and have energy properties that are comparable to those of conventional
fuels, according to earlier studies. Scientific research on the economic evaluation of biomass
briquettes for home cooking is, however, scant. This gap is filled in the paper by examining the
economic. According to Ahmad, Waqar et al., 2016, that a variety of biomass sources, such as
wood, agricultural products, municipal garbage, and nut shells, can be used to generate charcoal.
The solid portion of biomass, or charcoal, can be further processed into carbon black or utilized
as a carbon adsorbent by activation, although the liquid and gaseous fractions have their own
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uses as fuel. In order to produce charcoal, wood must be slowly heated through the carbonization
process in airtight ovens, retorts, or kilns with regulated air supply. Among the advantages of
charcoal are its ability to sequester carbon in the soil and enhance crop productivity. Usually,
625 to 775 K is the ideal temperature range for the manufacturing of pyrolysis products. The
production of charcoal steadily drops as the temperature rises. In addition, charcoal's ignition
temperature rises with higher.
E. Perceptions and attitude of the residents in Paltic, Dingalan, Aurora towards using
banana peel charcoal
During the previous trial and error, which focused on examining the feasibility and
effectiveness of banana peel as an alternative source of charcoal for the residents in Brgy. Paltic,
Dingalan, Aurora, we encountered a setback. The trial proved unsuccessful, leading the
researcher to reflect on the importance of precision in calculations. Specifically, we realized that
inaccuracies in measuring components, such as the cornstarch, can adversely affect the product's
functionality. While the initial attempt may have fallen short, it served as a valuable lesson,
prompting the researcher to approach future trials with heightened caution and a commitment to
meticulous planning to ensure the success and longevity of the end product.
The final phase of the research involved testing the banana peel charcoal with residents in
Barangay Paltic, Dingalan, Aurora. When a local resident tried the product, initial reactions were
marked by surprise. The concept of using banana peel as charcoal was new to them, presenting a
notable difference from the traditional charcoal they were accustomed to. During the trial,
residents initially doubted if banana peel charcoal would ignite or produce any significant
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flames. However, within a short time, the banana peel charcoal generated embers, leading to a
small fire that gradually grew, resembling traditional charcoal. The surprise on the residents’
faces was evident as we successfully cooked a fried egg, confirming the success of the research.
CHAPTER 4
SUMMARY FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS
This chapter presents the summary findings, conclusions drawn, and the
recommendations offered.
SUMMARY FINDINGS
In the face of escalating global fuel demands and the pressing need for sustainable energy
sources, the exploration of alternative fuel options has become paramount. This research delves
into the potential of banana peel charcoal as a renewable and eco-friendly solution for heating
and cooking purposes. By repurposing agricultural waste, specifically banana peels, into
charcoal, this research aims to address the dual challenge of resource scarcity and environmental
degradation.
The study aims to address key questions concerning the conversion process duration of
banana peel into charcoal, exploring its physical and chemical properties, assessing its potential
as a fuel source for cooking and heating, analysing the comparative benefits and drawbacks
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against traditional wood charcoal, and investigating the perceptions and attitudes of residents in
Paltic, Dingalan, Aurora towards adopting banana peel charcoal as an alternative fuel source.
The study shows that the process of converting banana peels into charcoal typically spans
around two days, contingent upon factors like drying method, carbonization technique, and
activation process. Physically, banana peel charcoal mirrors traditional wood charcoal in color,
texture, weight, and hardness, while chemically boasting high carbon content and low volatile
and
ash content, rendering it suitable for efficient combustion and energy release.
The potential of banana peel charcoal as a fuel source for cooking and heating is
significant, owing to its eco-friendly nature and efficient combustion properties, aligning with
sustainability goals. Despite benefits such as reducing deforestation and creating income
opportunities, drawbacks like supply limitations and weather dependency during production
must be considered. Perceptions and attitudes of residents in Paltic, Dingalan, Aurora initially
reflected surprise and skepticism, but evolved towards approval and interest upon witnessing its
effectiveness in cooking, indicating potential acceptance with adequate awareness and
demonstration.
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CONCLUSION
Based on the findings of the study, the following conclusions were drawn:
1. The research findings indicate that the drying process, carbonizing technique, and activation
process are factors that can affect the duration of converting banana peel into charcoal.
Considering these factors, it is estimated that the process will take approximately two days, given
that the weather is good.
2. The research findings reveal that physical and chemical properties play an important role in
banana peel charcoal as it contribute to the efficiency, effectiveness, and sustainability of the
charcoal.
3. The data indicate that banana peel has the potential to be a fuel source as it contains high
carbon content.
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4. The research findings reveal advantages and disadvantages in using banana peel as a source of
charcoal. For instance, banana peel charcoal decreased greenhouse gas emissions, improved
waste disposal practices, and new income-generating opportunities. On the other hand, it may
arise from variations in weather conditions, the supply of banana peel, and the demanding nature
of the process.
5. The data analysis indicates that the residents of Brgy. Paltic, Dingalan, Aurora, to whom the
researcher engaged in practical trials, exhibit a notable lack of familiarity with the notion of
utilizing banana peels as a source of charcoal. However, upon experiencing the process firsthand,
their reactions demonstrate a blend of surprise and intrigue at the potential and efficiency of
banana
peel charcoal. This response underscores the significance of careful discussion and consideration
in introducing novel concepts to communities, highlighting the importance of bridging gaps in
knowledge through experiential learning and open dialogue.
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RECOMMENDATION
Based on the findings of the study, the following recommendations were drawn:
1. Facilitating the conversion of banana peels into charcoal can be simplified through the
utilization of an oven or comparable household appliance, ensuring controlled drying for
expeditious results.
2. In addition to comminuting the banana peel, employing a shredder, blender or engaging in the
shredding process can expedite the overall procedure.
3. The exploration of alternative starch sources, such as cassava, rice, and potato starch, is
feasible, offering diverse options beyond the conventional use of cornstarch.
4. Concerning measurements, individuals can employ their own metrics based on production
needs, yet adherence to the specified measurements is recommended for optimal outcomes.
5. Beyond banana peels, a plethora of biomass waste materials, including dried leaves, twigs,
straw, coconut shells, baobab shells, maize cobs, groundnut (peanut) shells, and sawdust, can be
harnessed for charcoal conversion.
6. Collaborate with government agencies, non-profit organizations, and private sector partners to
create market linkages for banana peel products. This could involve promoting banana peel
charcoal as an alternative fuel source, as well as exploring other potential uses such as fertilizer,
animal feed, or compost.
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DOCUMENTATION FOR RECOMMENDATION
 The use of heating incubator for drying the banana peel
 The use of blender for pulverizing the banana peel
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CATHOLIC ASSOCIATION OF SCHOOLS IN THE PRELATURE OF INFANTA

SAINT PATRICK’S ACADEMY, INC.

primary or supplemental energy source is considered to be economically advantageous,

environmentally friendly, and indigenous

sustainable alternatives is to support the promotion of a more resource-efficient and

environmentally friendly use of resources in the Philippines.

charcoal, we can contribute to sustainable practices, reduce environmental degradation, alleviate

temperature rises with higher.

that includes quick and conventional cracking.

porous structures contributed to the briquettes' hardness.

resources sustainably. As firewood becomes scarcer, it is deemed cost-effective, ecologically

Promoting a more resource-effective and environmentally friendly use of resources in the

Philippines, to evaluate the socio-economic and technical aspects of biomass briquette

According to Serna-Jiménez et al., 2021, a variety of banana peel waste (BPW)

valorisation techniques, including biomethanization, battery/activated carbon generation, and

based on chemical activation/carbonization was another valorization strategy.

demographic elements that could influence low birth weight.

unclean cooking fuels.

IV. Conceptual Framework

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

Figure 1. Paradigm of the Study

Aurora. Specifically, this study seeks to answer the following questions:

1. How long is the process of converting banana peel into a charcoal?

using banana peel charcoal as an alternative fuel source?

contribute to sustainable practices by repurposing agricultural waste.

VII. Scope and Delimitation of the Study

VIII. Significance of the Study

several potential benefits to the following:

environmental impacts on the local community.

traditional fuels can be reduced, leading to a reduction in deforestation.

fuel, the study aims to contribute to a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions.

reduce the environmental impact of waste disposal practices.

regard of their living.

we will gather through this study.

Comparison | World101 (cfr.org) )

alternative charcoal. (thefreedictionary.com)

 Deforestation - Deforestation is the purposeful clearing of forested land. Throughout

energy poverty: definition, statistics & effects on society (habitat.org) )

achieved, or is reasonable, whether or not a project will be successful and how to

banana peel charcoal. (FEASIBILITY | definition in the Cambridge English Dictionary)

drawbacks, if it would contribute to the greenhouse gas emissions. .

as a biomass. (Oxford languages)

 Biomass – According to Oxford languages, it is organic matter used as a fuel, especially

banana peel as an input to the alternative charcoal.

 Pyrolysis – According to Oxford languages, decomposition brought about by high

 Sustainability – According to Oxford languages, avoidance of the depletion of natural

banana peel can be a sustainable alternative charcoal.

B. LOCALE OF THE STUDY

Paltic is a barangay located in the municipality of Dingalan, Aurora, in the Philippines. It

important for identifying effective and sustainable solutions.

conducted the study.

crucial roles in gathering comprehensive data. Through systematic observation, we aim to

methods of charcoal production and consumption within the community. Simultaneously,

as a cooking fuel. By combining systematic observation with methodical experimentation, this

D. Data Gathering Procedure

- Gather a sufficient quantity of banana peels.

- Prepare the banana peels as the main variable.

produce a steady flame.

- Note any observable characteristics, such as smoke production and odor.