Contents

Python ................................................................................................................................... 2
1. popular applications of Python in the world of technology ................................................ 2
2. benefits of using Python language ................................................................................... 2
3. Is Python a compiled language or an interpreted language? .............................................. 3
5. What is the difference between a Mutable datatype and an Immutable data type? ............ 3
6. How are arguments passed by value or by reference in Python? ....................................... 3
7. What is the difference between a Set and Dictionary? ...................................................... 4
8. What is List Comprehension? Give an Example. ............................................................... 4
9. What is a lambda function? ............................................................................................. 4
10. What is a pass in Python? .............................................................................................. 4
12. How is Exceptional handling done in Python? ................................................................. 4
14. Difference between for loop and while loop in Python..................................................... 5
15. Can we Pass a function as an argument in Python? ........................................................ 5
16. What are *args and *kwargs?......................................................................................... 6
18. What is Scope in Python? .............................................................................................. 6
20. What is a dynamically typed language? .......................................................................... 7
21. What is a break, continue, and pass in Python? .............................................................. 7
22. What are Built-in data types in Python? .......................................................................... 7
24. What is the difference between xrange and range functions? .......................................... 8
25. What is Dictionary Comprehension? Give an Example .................................................... 8
26. Is Tuple Comprehension? If yes, how, and if not why? .................................................... 9
27. Differentiate between List and Tuple? ............................................................................ 9
28. What is the difference between a shallow copy and a deep copy? ................................. 10
29. Which sorting technique is used by sort() and sorted() functions of python? .................. 10
30. What are Decorators? ................................................................................................. 10
31. How do you debug a Python program? ......................................................................... 10
32. What are Iterators in Python? ...................................................................................... 11
34. Does Python supports multiple Inheritance? ................................................................ 11
35. What is Polymorphism in Python? ................................................................................ 11
36. Define encapsulation in Python? ................................................................................. 12
37. How do you do data abstraction in Python?.................................................................. 12
38. How is memory management done in Python? ............................................................. 12
40. What is slicing in Python? ............................................................................................ 12
41. What is a namespace in Python? ................................................................................. 13
 42. What is PIP?................................................................................................................ 13
44. What are Pickling and Unpickling? ............................................................................... 13
45. What is monkey patching in Python? ............................................................................ 13
46. What is __init__() in Python? ........................................................................................ 14
47. Write a code to display the current time? ..................................................................... 14
48. What are Access Specifiers in Python? ........................................................................ 14
49. What are unit tests in Python? ..................................................................................... 14
53. What is Python Switch Statement ................................................................................ 15
54. What is Walrus Operator? ........................................................................................... 15

Python
1. popular applications of Python in the world of
technology
Python is a widely-used general-purpose, high-level programming
language. It was created by Guido van Rossum in 1991 and further
developed by the Python Software Foundation. It was designed with an
emphasis on code readability, and its syntax allows programmers to
express their concepts in fewer lines of code.
It is used for:
• System Scripting
• Web Development
• Game Development
• Software Development
• Complex Mathematics

2. benefits of using Python language

The following are the benefits of using Python language:
• Object-Oriented Language
 • High-Level Language
• Dynamically Typed language
• Extensive support Libraries
• Presence of third-party modules
• Open source and community development
• Portable and Interactive
• Portable across Operating systems

3. Is Python a compiled language or an interpreted

language?
Actually, Python is a partially compiled language and partially interpreted
language. The compilation part is done first when we execute our code and
this will generate byte code internally this byte code gets converted by the
Python virtual machine(p.v.m) according to the underlying
platform(machine+operating system).

5. What is the difference between a Mutable

datatype and an Immutable data type?
Mutable data types can be edited i.e., they can change at runtime. Eg –
List, Dictionary, etc.
Immutable data types can not be edited i.e., they can not change at
runtime. Eg – String, Tuple, etc.

6. How are arguments passed by value or by

reference in Python?
Everything in Python is an object and all variables hold references to the
objects. The reference values are according to the functions; as a result,
you cannot change the value of the references. However, you can change
the objects if it is mutable.
7. What is the difference between a Set and
Dictionary?
The set is an unordered collection of data types that is iterable, mutable
and has no duplicate elements.
A dictionary in Python is an ordered collection of data values, used to store
data values like a map.

8. What is List Comprehension? Give an Example.

List comprehension is a syntax construction to ease the creation of a list
based on existing iterable.
For Example:
my_list = [i for i in range(1, 10)]

9. What is a lambda function?

A lambda function is an anonymous function. This function can have any
number of parameters but, can have just one statement. For Example:
a = lambda x, y : x*y
print(a(7, 19))

10. What is a pass in Python?

Pass means performing no operation or in other words, it is a placeholder
in the compound statement, where there should be a blank left and
nothing has to be written there.

12. How is Exceptional handling done in Python?

There are 3 main keywords i.e. try, except, and finally which are used to
catch exceptions and handle the recovering mechanism accordingly. Try is
the block of a code that is monitored for errors. Except block gets executed
when an error occurs.
The beauty of the final block is to execute the code after trying for an error.
This block gets executed irrespective of whether an error occurred or not.
Finally, block is used to do the required cleanup activities of
objects/variables.

14. Difference between for loop and while loop in

Python
The “for” Loop is generally used to iterate through the elements of various
collection types such as List, Tuple, Set, and Dictionary. Developers use a
“for” loop where they have both the conditions start and the end. Whereas,
the “while” loop is the actual looping feature that is used in any other
programming language. Programmers use a Python while loop where they
just have the end conditions.

15. Can we Pass a function as an argument in

Python?
Yes, Several arguments can be passed to a function, including objects,
variables (of the same or distinct data types), and functions. Functions can
be passed as parameters to other functions because they are objects.
Higher-order functions are functions that can take other functions as
arguments.

def greet():
return "Hello, "

def name():
return "John"

def greet_person(greeter_func, name_func):

 return greeter_func() + name_func()

# Pass the `greet` function and `name` function to `greet_person`

result = greet_person(greet, name)
print(result) # Output: "Hello, John"

16. What are *args and *kwargs?

To pass a variable number of arguments to a function in Python, use the
special syntax *args and **kwargs in the function specification. It is used
to pass a variable-length, keyword-free argument list. By using the *, the
variable we associate with the * becomes iterable, allowing you to do
operations on it such as iterating over it and using higher-order operations
like map and filter.

18. What is Scope in Python?

The location where we can find a variable and also access it if required is
called the scope of a variable.
• Python Local variable: Local variables are those that are initialized
within a function and are unique to that function. It cannot be
accessed outside of the function.
• Python Global variables: Global variables are the ones that are
defined and declared outside any function and are not specified to
any function.
• Module-level scope: It refers to the global objects of the current
module accessible in the program.
• Outermost scope: It refers to any built-in names that the program
can call. The name referenced is located last among the objects in
this scope.
20. What is a dynamically typed language?
Typed languages are the languages in which we define the type of data type
and it will be known by the machine at the compile-time or at runtime.
Typed languages can be classified into two categories:
• Statically typed languages: In this type of language, the data type of
a variable is known at the compile time which means the
programmer has to specify the data type of a variable at the time of
its declaration.
• Dynamically typed languages: These are the languages that do not
require any pre-defined data type for any variable as it is interpreted
at runtime by the machine itself. In these languages, interpreters
assign the data type to a variable at runtime depending on its value.

21. What is a break, continue, and pass in Python?

The break statement is used to terminate the loop or statement in which it
is present. After that, the control will pass to the statements that are
present after the break statement, if available.
Continue is also a loop control statement just like the break statement.
continue statement is opposite to that of the break statement, instead of
terminating the loop, it forces to execute the next iteration of the loop.
Pass means performing no operation or in other words, it is a placeholder
in the compound statement, where there should be a blank left and
nothing has to be written there.

22. What are Built-in data types in Python?

The following are the standard or built-in data types in Python:
• Numeric: The numeric data type in Python represents the data that
has a numeric value. A numeric value can be an integer, a floating
number, a Boolean, or even a complex number.
• Sequence Type: The sequence Data Type in Python is the ordered
collection of similar or different data types. There are several
sequence types in Python:
• Python String
 • Python List
• Python Tuple
• Python range
• Mapping Types: In Python, hashable data can be mapped to random
objects using a mapping object. There is currently only one common
mapping type, the dictionary, and mapping objects are mutable.
• Python Dictionary
• Set Types: In Python, a Set is an unordered collection of data types
that is iterable, mutable, and has no duplicate elements. The order of
elements in a set is undefined though it may consist of various
elements.
• Also, The method ceil(x) in Python returns a ceiling value of x i.e., the
smallest integer greater than or equal to x.

24. What is the difference between xrange and range

functions?
range() and xrange() are two functions that could be used to iterate a
certain number of times in for loops in Python. In Python 3, there is no
xrange, but the range function behaves like xrange in Python 2.
• range() – This returns a list of numbers created using the range()
function.
• xrange() – This function returns the generator object that can be used
to display numbers only by looping. The only particular range is
displayed on demand and hence called lazy evaluation.

25. What is Dictionary Comprehension? Give an

Example
Dictionary Comprehension is a syntax construction to ease the creation of
a dictionary based on the existing iterable.
For Example: my_dict = {i:i+7 for i in range(1, 10)}

26. Is Tuple Comprehension? If yes, how, and if not

why?
(i for i in (1, 2, 3))
Tuple comprehension is not possible in Python because it will end up in a
generator, not a tuple comprehension.

27. Differentiate between List and Tuple?

Let’s analyze the differences between List and Tuple:
List
• Lists are Mutable datatype.
• Lists consume more memory
• The list is better for performing operations, such as insertion and
deletion.
• The implication of iterations is Time-consuming
Tuple
• Tuples are Immutable datatype.
• Tuple consumes less memory as compared to the list
• A Tuple data type is appropriate for accessing the elements
• The implication of iterations is comparatively Faster
28. What is the difference between a shallow copy
and a deep copy?
Shallow copy is used when a new instance type gets created and it keeps
values that are copied whereas deep copy stores values that are already
copied.
A shallow copy has faster program execution whereas a deep copy makes
it slow.

29. Which sorting technique is used by sort() and sorted() functions of

python?
Python uses the Tim Sort algorithm for sorting. It’s a stable sorting whose
worst case is O(N log N). It’s a hybrid sorting algorithm, derived from merge
sort and insertion sort, designed to perform well on many kinds of real-
world data.

30. What are Decorators?

Decorators are a very powerful and useful tool in Python as they are the
specific change that we make in Python syntax to alter functions easily.

31. How do you debug a Python program?

1. Print Statements: Insert print statements at various points in your
code to display the values of variables, control flow, or any other
relevant information. This can help you understand how your
program is executing and identify potential issues.
2. Using pdb (Python Debugger): Python comes with a built-in
debugger called pdb. You can insert breakpoints in your code using
the pdb.set_trace() function and then run your script. When the
interpreter encounters a breakpoint, it will pause execution, allowing
you to inspect variables, step through code, and evaluate
expressions interactively.
 3. Logging: Use the logging module to log messages at different levels
(e.g., debug, info, warning, error) throughout your code. This can
provide valuable insights into the program's behavior and help
pinpoint where errors occur.
4. Tracebacks and Error Messages: When your program encounters
an error, Python generates a traceback that shows the sequence of
function calls leading up to the error. Read the traceback carefully to
identify the source of the problem and any relevant error messages.
5. IDEs and Text Editors: Integrated Development Environments (IDEs)
and text editors often come with built-in debugging tools that can
streamline the debugging process. These tools allow you to set
breakpoints, step through code, inspect variables, and analyze
program flow within the editor itself.
6. Unit Tests: Write unit tests to validate individual components of your
code. When a test fails, it can provide clues about the source of the
problem. Running unit tests regularly can help catch bugs early in the
development process.

32. What are Iterators in Python?

In Python, iterators are used to iterate a group of elements, containers like
a list. Iterators are collections of items, and they can be a list, tuples, or a
dictionary. Python iterator implements __itr__ and the next() method to
iterate the stored elements. We generally use loops to iterate over the
collections (list, tuple) in Python.

34. Does Python supports multiple Inheritance?

Python does support multiple inheritances. Multiple inheritances mean
that a class can be derived from more than one parent class.

35. What is Polymorphism in Python?

Polymorphism means the ability to take multiple forms. So, for instance, if
the parent class has a method named ABC then the child class also can
have a method with the same name ABC having its own parameters and
variables. Python allows polymorphism.

36. Define encapsulation in Python?

Encapsulation means binding the code and the data together. A Python
class is an example of encapsulation.

37. How do you do data abstraction in Python?

Data Abstraction is providing only the required details and hides the
implementation from the world. It can be achieved in Python by using
interfaces and abstract classes.

38. How is memory management done in Python?

Python uses its private heap space to manage the memory. Basically, all
the objects and data structures are stored in the private heap space. Even
the programmer can not access this private space as the interpreter takes
care of this space. Python also has an inbuilt garbage collector, which
recycles all the unused memory and frees the memory and makes it
available to the heap space.

39. How to delete a file using Python?

We can delete a file using Python by following approaches:
• os.remove()
• os.unlink()

40. What is slicing in Python?

Python Slicing is a string operation for extracting a part of the string, or
some part of a list. With this operator, one can specify where to start the
slicing, where to end, and specify the step. List slicing returns a new list
from the existing list.
Syntax: Lst[ Initial : End : IndexJump ]
41. What is a namespace in Python?
A namespace is a naming system used to make sure that names are
unique to avoid naming conflicts.
Advanced Python Interview Questions & Answers

42. What is PIP?

PIP is an acronym for Python Installer Package which provides a seamless
interface to install various Python modules. It is a command-line tool that
can search for packages over the internet and install them without any user
interaction.

44. What are Pickling and Unpickling?

The Pickle module accepts any Python object and converts it into a string
representation and dumps it into a file by using the dump function, this
process is called pickling. While the process of retrieving original Python
objects from the stored string representation is called unpickling.

45. What is monkey patching in Python?

In Python, the term monkey patch only refers to dynamic modifications of a
class or module at run-time.
# g.py
class GeeksClass:
def function(self):
print "function()"

import m
def monkey_function(self):
print "monkey_function()"

m.GeeksClass.function = monkey_function
obj = m.GeeksClass()
obj.function()
46. What is __init__() in Python?
Equivalent to constructors in OOP terminology, __init__ is a reserved
method in Python classes. The __init__ method is called automatically
whenever a new object is initiated. This method allocates memory to the
new object as soon as it is created. This method can also be used to
initialize variables.

47. Write a code to display the current time?

import time

currenttime= time.localtime(time.time())
print (“Current time is”, currenttime)

48. What are Access Specifiers in Python?

Python uses the ‘_’ symbol to determine the access control for a specific
data member or a member function of a class. A Class in Python has three
types of Python access modifiers:
• Public Access Modifier: The members of a class that are declared
public are easily accessible from any part of the program. All data
members and member functions of a class are public by default.
• Protected Access Modifier: The members of a class that are
declared protected are only accessible to a class derived from it. All
data members of a class are declared protected by adding a single
underscore ‘_’ symbol before the data members of that class.
• Private Access Modifier: The members of a class that are declared
private are accessible within the class only, the private access
modifier is the most secure access modifier. Data members of a
class are declared private by adding a double underscore ‘__’ symbol
before the data member of that class.

49. What are unit tests in Python?

Unit Testing is the first level of software testing where the smallest testable
parts of the software are tested. This is used to validate that each unit of
the software performs as designed. The unit test framework is Python’s
xUnit style framework. The White Box Testing method is used for Unit
testing.
53. What is Python Switch Statement
From version 3.10 upward, Python has implemented a switch case feature
called “structural pattern matching”. You can implement this feature with
the match and case keywords. Note that the underscore symbol is what
you use to define a default case for the switch statement in Python.
Note: Before Python 3.10 Python doesn’t support match Statements.
Python3
match term:
case pattern-1:
action-1
case pattern-2:
action-2
case pattern-3:
action-3
case _:
action-default

54. What is Walrus Operator?

The Walrus Operator allows you to assign a value to a variable within an
expression. This can be useful when you need to use a value multiple times
in a loop, but don’t want to repeat the calculation.
The Walrus Operator is represented by the `:=` syntax and can be used in
a variety of contexts including while loops and if statements.
Note: Python versions before 3.8 doesn’t support Walrus Operator.
Python3
names = ["Jacob", "Joe", "Jim"]

if (name := input("Enter a name: ")) in names:

print(f"Hello, {name}!")
else:
print("Name not found.")