ATOM, MOLECULES, AND IONS

Democritus (400 BC) Atomic Structure

- A Greek philosopher. - The arrangement of subatomic particle in an
- The first to introduce the concept of atom atom.
“Matter is composed of indivisible
particle(atomos)” Ernest Rutherford
- Hypothesize that atoms are different in size, - Reported an experiment and made findings that
shape, mass, lead to a better understanding of atomic
position and arrangement. structure, he called it “ NUCLEAR MODEL”.

John Dalton (1800’s) Nuclear Model Atoms

Dalton’s Atomic Theory - contain nucleus (protons and neutrons) and
1. All matter consist of tiny particles called electrons surrounded the nucleus.
atoms
2. Atoms are indestructible and unchangeable. History of the Atom
3. Element are characterized by the weight of
their atom. Democritus (460 BC)
4. When elements react it is their atoms that - proposed that all matter is made up of small
have combine to units called atoms without experiments or with
form new compounds. little evidence.

The Laws of Chemical Combination Dalton (1803)

- believed that atoms are indestructible.
The Law of Conservation of Mass - stated that compounds are created by
- from Antoine Lavoisier's 1789 discovery that combining two atoms, and all atoms of given
mass is neither created nor destroyed in elements are identical in their mass and
chemical reactions. In other words, the mass of properties.
any one element at the beginning of a reaction
will equal the mass of that element at the end of Mendeleev (1869)
the reaction. - created the periodic table of elements stating
that “physical and chemical elements are
Law of Definite Proportion “(Law of Constant
periodic functions of their atomic numbers.”
Composition or Proust's Law)”
- Joseph Proust (1754-1826)
Eugene Goldstein (1885)
- two ore more different types of atom in fixed
- discovered positive particles and it has a
ratios are combine to form compounds - if a
charge equal and opposite to the electron.
compound is broken down into its constituent
elements, the masses of the constituents will
Henri Becquerel (1896)
always have the same proportions, regardless of
- discovered radioactivity.
the quantity or source

Law of Multiple Proportion “(Dalton's Law)” JJ Thomson (1897)

- two elements form more than one compound, - discovered electrons.
the various masses of one element combining
with a fix mass of another element are related by Ernest Rutherford (1907)
small whole number ratios. - discovered the modern model of atom and
concluded that all positive charge were in the
Atom center, while the negative electrons orbited the
- smallest unit into which matter can be divided nucleus.
without the release of electrically charged
particles. Millikan (1910)
- It also is the smallest unit of matter that has the - used an oil drop experiment to determine the
characteristic properties of a chemical element. charge of a single proton.
- the atom is the basic building block of
chemistry. Neils Bohr (1913)
- composed of electrons, protons, and neutrons. - explained that outer orbits in an atom could
hold more electrons than inner orbits.
Fredrick Soddy (1913) Relative Atomic Mass and % Abundance
- came up with the concept of isotopes.

Heisenberg (1925)
- thought of the uncertainty principle which
states that one can never know the exact *For chemical computation relative atomic mass
location and energy of an electron. must be used rather than individual mass
number.
Chadwick (1932) **relative atomic mass takes into account all of
- discovered the neutron. the naturally occurring stable isotopes of an
element.
Atomic Number and Mass Number ***percentage composition ( % abundance)
**** same as average atomic mass (amu)
Atomic Number (Z) = number of protons =
number of electrons. What is Relative Abundance?
The percentage of atoms with a specific atomic
By International Agreement (atoms cannot be mass found in a naturally occurring sample of an
weigh) Masses of all atoms of all element is element is known as its relative abundance
established relative to the mass of carbon atom
which is exactly 12 atomic mass unit (amu). How to compute “Percent Abundance”?

1 amu = 1.66054 𝑥 10^-24 g (M1)(x) + (M2)(1-x) = M(E)

Mass Number (A) = total count of the number of where,

protons + number of neutrons in a nucleus M1 denotes the mass of one isotope’
(whole number) x denotes its relative abundance.
M2 denotes the mass of the second isotope.
Atomic mass = the weighted average mass of an
M(E) denotes the periodic table element’s
atom of an element based on the relative
atomic mass.
natural abundance of that element's isotopes.
Ions
Mass Spectrometer
- are atoms that contain uneven number of
- is an analytical tool that can measure masses of
protons and electrons which result in overall
atoms and molecules.
positive or negative charge.​
- useful for measuring the mass-to-charge ratio
- when releasing an atom it becomes positively
(m/z) of one or more molecules present in a
charged and when it gains, it becomes negatively
sample.
charged.
- charge of an atom is equals to the number of
electrons it gains or loss

Neutral Atom
- no electrical charge
Isotopes Anion
- are atoms with the same atomic number but - negatively charged
different mass number. Cation
- positively charged
Types of Isotopes

Monoatomic
1. Stable isotopes(Radioactivity-less or
- an ion that contains only one atom
permanent isotopic. )
– The nuclei of these isotopes are permanent and
Polyatomic Ions (Molecular)
do not disintegrate automatically.
- an ion containing multiple atoms
2. Radioactive or temporal isotopes
Molecules ​
– The nuclei of these isotopes are temporary. For
- is a particle/s that are made up of one or more
this reason, the nuclei of the isotopes
atoms.
themselves disintegrate.
Diatomic Molecule
Splitting of Atoms - contains only two atoms can be the same or
- Atomic Fission not.
2. Polyatomic Molecule 3. For compounds containing a metallic ion of
- contains more than one kind of atom variable charge

Chemical Formulas ​
- shorthand way of expressing the composition
of a chemical substance using chemical symbols.

Molecular Formula (MF)​

- gives the exact number of each element in a
substance.​
- true formula Molecular Compound ​
- Example : ​Glucose = C6H12O6 1. For one pair of element, that form several
different compounds. Use Greek prefixes.
Empirical Formula (EF)​
- show which elements are present and in what Mono - 1​
ratio the exist in the substance. Di - 2​
- shows the ratio at its smallest whole number Tri - 3​
value. Tetra 4
- (MF) Glucose = C6H12O6​
(EF) Glucose = CH2O Example:​
CO - Carbon Monoxide
Structural Formula (SF)​ CO2 - Carbon Dioxide​
- conveys particular ways in which NO2 - Nitrogen Dioxide
element/atoms are chemically combine together. N2O4 - Dinitrogen tetroxide
- (MF) Water = H2O
(SF) Water = 2. For binary compound..​

Condense Formula Example:​

- the formula where the symbols of atoms are HCL - Hydrogen Chloride
listed in order as they appear in molecule's HI - Hydrogen Iodide​
structure with bond dashes omitted or limited. HBr - Hydrogen Bromide
SiC - Silicon Carbide

3. For binary compound as acids. Use prefix

-hydro for first element and​-ic suffix for second
element then last word is acid

Example:​
Naming Compounds HCL - Hydrochloric acid
HI - Hydroiodic Acid​
Ionic Compound ​ HBr - Hydrobromic acid
1. Binary Compound HF - Hydroflouric acid
– metal cations take their names from the
elements while the anions take the first part of 4. Oxy- Acids hydrogen, oxygen and another
the name of the element and add suffix -ide at element​
the end. - anions ending with -ate change -ate to –ic + acid​
- anions ending with -ite change -ite to –ous + acid

H3PO4 - Phosphoric Acid Phosphate (PO4 -3)​

H3PO3 - Phosphorous Acid Phosphite (PO3 -3)​
2. Ternary Compounds HNO3 - Nitric Acid Nitrate (NO3 -1)​
- which contain three element, the cation goes HNO2 - Nitrous Acid Nitrite (NO2 -1)​
first in its name before the poly atomic ion which H2C2O4 - Oxalic Acid Oxalate (C2O4 -2)​
usually end up with -ite or -ate HC2H3)2 - Acetic Acid Acetate (C2H3O2 -1)