BOOC, MARY GRACE TEDLOS

MAED-SCIENCE
Comprehensive Examination
ED SCI 111- Advanced Natural Science
Summer SY 2020-2021
July 31- August 1, 2021

Direction: Answer each question comprehensively.

1. Propose a program for conservation of natural resources.

The program that I would like to propose will be to ensure that garbage is recycled.
Plastics and paper bags are among the wastes that have resulted in tons of garbage. Recycling
is the process of repurposing previously used materials. This minimizes the amount of
garbage available, resulting in less pollution of the soil and water. There are more tips to
reutilize our garbage, but in today's atmosphere, recycling is critical if we want to leave this
earth to future age groups. It is excellent for the environment because we are repurposing
obsolete things that are no longer useful.
We are helping to reduce air and water pollution by conserving resources and sending less
rubbish to landfills. The population continues to grow with each passing day. As a result, the
amount of waste created has increased dramatically. The greater the amount of waste
produced, the more area is necessary to dump it.
Therefore, students, parents, and teachers can make a difference in reducing waste at
school. And the best place to start making a difference is right in our own home. Learn how
we can reduce, reuse, and recycle materials to decrease household waste.

2. Identify at least two (2) communicable diseases, its cause and prevention and
treatment.

Diseases that can be transmitted from one person to another or from an animal to a person
are known as communicable diseases. Viruses and bacteria can spread through the air, but
they can also transmit through blood or other physiological fluids. Communicable disease is
often referred to as infectious or contagious sickness.
There are several frequent communicable diseases that we experience nowadays; I would
pick the 2019 NCOV (COVID-19) and Pertussis or whooping cough.

a. 2019 NCOV (COVID-19)

Infection with the new coronavirus (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, or
SARS-CoV-2) causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
COVID-19 is caused by a virus that spreads readily among humans, and more
information about how it spreads is being uncovered all the time. According to data, HIV
primarily spreads from person to person among individuals in close proximity (within about 6
feet, or 2 meters). When a person with the virus coughs, sneezes, breathes, sings, or talks,
respiratory droplets are discharged. These droplets can be inhaled or land in the mouth, nose
or eyes of a person nearby. When a person is exposed to small droplets or aerosols that persist
in the air for several minutes or hours, the COVID-19 virus can spread. This is known as
airborne transmission. It's unclear how common this method of virus transmission occurs.
To prevent this disease, we need to know the facts and take the necessary actions to
protect yourself and others. Follow the recommendations of your local health authorities.
 -Clean your hands frequently to prevent the spread of COVID-19.
-Use soap and water or an alcohol-based hand rub to clean your hands.
-Keep a safe distance away from somebody coughing or sneezing.
-When physical separation isn't possible, wear a mask.
-Keep your hands away from your eyes, nose, and mouth.
-When you cough or sneeze, cover your nose and mouth with your bent elbow or a tissue.
-If you're sick, stay at home.
-Seek medical help if you have a fever, cough, or difficulty breathing.
The only way to treat COVID-19 is to take care of ourselves and seek medical aid.
 If testing is not available, stay at home for 14 days and avoid contact with others.
 Do not go to work, school, or public venues while you are in quarantine. Request that
someone bring you supplies.
 Maintain a 1-meter separation from others, including family members.
 Wear a medical mask to protect others, as well as yourself if you require medical
attention.
 Hands should be washed often.
For seriously ill patients and those at risk of severe disease, optimal supportive care involves
oxygen, as well as more advanced respiratory assistance, such as ventilation, for critically ill
patients.

b. Pertussis or whooping cough

Whooping cough is caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis. Small droplets

containing these bacteria may fly through the air whenever a person with whooping cough
sneezes, laughs, or coughs. If you breathe in the droplets, you may become ill.
Another vital aspect of prevention is to safeguard those who are close to you. If someone
in your family has whooping cough, have them cover their mouth or cough into their elbow
to prevent the disease from spreading. When they're with others, have them wash their hands
frequently and consider wearing a mask.
Antibiotics can help reduce coughing and other symptoms if you catch whooping cough
early on. They can also aid in the prevention of infection spreading to others. However, the
majority of patients are detected too late for antibiotics to be effective.
To treat whooping cough, don't take over-the-counter cough medicines, cough
suppressants, or expectorants (medicines that make you cough up mucus). They are
ineffective. You can become dehydrated if your coughing bouts are severe enough to prevent
you from drinking enough fluids. If this occurs, contact your doctor as soon as possible.
There are a few things you may do to feel better and recover faster:
 get plenty of sleep. This can help your body battle the infection more effectively.
 As often as you feel like it, eat small meals. The vomiting that might be
precipitated by severe coughing fits can be avoided by eating less and more
frequently.
 The air is clean. Coughing can be relieved by keeping the air around you clear of
dust, smoke, and other irritants.
 Drink plenty of water. Drink plenty of water or juice to stay hydrated. Call your
doctor right away if you detect indications of dehydration, such as dry lips or
less frequent urination.
Knowing this is critical since it allows you to reduce the number of clinic visits and drugs
you require, allowing you to avoid health problems and save money. Self-care helps to cut
down on the high costs of disease-related healthcare.

3. Discuss the salient feature of Stem Cell Therapy.

Stem cells are a type of cell that has the ability to self-renew and specialize into other
types of cells, allowing tissues and organs to be formed. Understanding how a fertilized egg
develops germ layers and numerous types of cells, which then grow into many tissues and
organs with distinct biological roles, is still a challenge for scientists. The study of stem cells
has emerged as a key area in biology and medicine in the twenty-first century. The following
are the important features of Stem Cell Therapy.
A. Stem cell as a treatment of cardiovascular disease. Cardiovascular diseases can
deplete the heart tissue of oxygen, causing scar tissue to develop and altering blood
pressure and blood flow. Due to the release of multiple growth factors, stem cells from
adult bone marrow can develop into those necessary to repair blood arteries and the heart,
according to study.
B. It helps heal incision and wounds. Stem cell treatment has been shown in
studies to help promote the formation of new healthy skin tissue, increase collagen
synthesis, stimulate hair growth after wounds or hair loss, and replace scar tissue with
freshly created healthy tissue.
C. It can be a treatment to neurodegenerative diseases. Transplanted adult cells
can help in the creation of new brain neurons, cells, and synapses following brain traumas
or cognitive degeneration, according to recent advancements in the treatment of diseases
like Parkinson's and Huntington's.
D. It can help to fight Autoimmune Disease. For people with severe and
debilitating diseases like rheumatoid arthritis and lupus, stem cell treatment for
autoimmune illnesses offers a new alternative. When your immune system assaults your
own tissues, cells, and organs, you get autoimmune disorders. Stem cell treatment is a
minimally invasive technique at ASAP (Advanced Spine and Pain) that aims to keep
downtime to a bare minimum.
E. Lastly, it can aid the orthopedic conditions. This therapy can help those who
are in pain due to orthopedic problems, spine illness, or sports-related injuries. They treat
the fundamental causes of pain at (Advanced Spine and Pain) ASAP while also providing
a chance for healing and long-term comfort.
Because of their ability to regenerate and mend damaged tissue, stem cells are a
fascinating field of medicine. Stem cells and their potential for tissue regeneration are
already used in certain contemporary therapies, such as bone marrow transplantation.
Other treatments being researched include implanting stem cells into a damaged body
area and instructing them to grow and differentiate into healthy tissue.

4. Discuss GMO products including its advantages and disadvantages.

GMOs, or genetically modified organisms, are the result of a type of scientific farming in
which crops are given chemicals to improve their growth and productivity. It's becoming
increasingly widespread in many of the foods we eat on a daily basis. However, because of its
premise, it has sparked intense disputes throughout the world, with proponents and opponents
arguing their points. The following are the advantages and disadvantages of GMO:
Advantages of GMO

They offer more useful knowledge for genetics. The mapping of GMO genetic
material has enhanced our understanding of genetic changes and opened the
path for the improvement of genes in crops to make them more productive and
safer to eat. Crops, for example, can be modified to withstand extreme
temperatures or generate better yields, resulting in a higher degree of genetic
variety in climate-sensitive areas.
They allow for more profit. GMOs have proven a highly effective way for
farmers to increase their earnings by allowing them to spend less time
managing their resources. It is also cost-effective since these organisms are
intended to be pest-resistant, which eliminates the need for pesticides,
resulting in greater savings.
They add more value to crops. Another compelling incentive to produce GMO
crops is that they will provide increased nutritional value, particularly to
people who previously lacked essential vitamins and minerals. Plant genes
may be introduced to rice or maize crops to increase their nutritional content,
which is especially beneficial in impoverished communities. Furthermore,
because GMOs are resistant to pests and other plant diseases, farmers will be
able to boost agricultural yields without needing to apply pesticides.
They are known to decrease the value of food. Advanced crops and better
yields undoubtedly imply lower expenses, which may be passed on to
customers in the shape of lower-cost food. This will be extremely beneficial to
families that cannot afford to buy goods on a regular basis. This also implies
that hunger will be avoided.
They yield products that are found to be safe. GMOs and other similar items
have been proven to be safe for human consumption after extensive research
and assessment. In fact, research suggests that they are even safer than
traditional crops.

Disadvantages of GMO

 They would make plants that leave unwanted residual effects to remain in the soil
for a long period of time. Growing GMOs entails inserting new genetic material
into a crop's genome, which, like bacterial genetic engineering in agriculture,
entails the introduction of new genes into crops such as maize. Now, research into
the consequences of large-scale GMO cultivation has uncovered a number of
issues about GMO strains that have the ability to change agriculture ecosystems.
GM plants, in particular, have left undesired or lingering effects in the soil for
long periods of time after they were removed, raising concerns among agricultural
authorities. Despite the lack of genetically engineered plants, data reveals that
their strain survived for up to 6 years.
 They can pose a threat to the insects that are important to the ecosystem. Some
insects are thought to be at risk from GM crops since their DNA might be fatal to
them. This is a major problem when it comes to insects that are beneficial to the
ecology, such as butterflies, but are not harmful to crops.
 They can produce more weeds and can threaten the live of animals. Engineered
plants have been discovered to act as intermediaries in the transmission of genes
 to wild plants and the emergence of weeds. To keep them under control, scientists
are developing new herbicides that are harmful to animals that eat GMO crops,
such as cows, but are not required for non-GMO weeds. The absorption of these
herbicides has been proven in tests to have harmful effects on some species and
the environment as a whole.
 They threaten crop diversity. Those who oppose the creation of GMOs argue that
these goods have a negative impact on genetic diversity. They claim that genes
from GM crops can transfer to organic farm crops, jeopardizing agricultural
diversity. If crop diversity declines, it will have a significant influence on the
population dynamics of other species and the ecosystem as a whole. While the
danger of a genetically modified crop's strain pollinating an already existing non-
GM crop is uncertain and unlikely since cross pollination requires particular
conditions, a large-scale plantation has the capacity to release a GM strain during
pollination, thereby raising the risk. Hybrid strains are formed as a consequence of
cross pollination with non-GM plants, which implies there is a larger potential of
ecological uniqueness. New artificial strains will be introduced into the
environment, which might reduce biodiversity by competing with one other.
 They believe to change the field of agriculture in negative way. Research into the
long-term impacts of cultivating GM crops on a big scale has raised a number of
concerns, particularly about GMO strains in ecosystems. These strains, according
to experts, have the potential to negatively impact agriculture.
GMOs are definitely a fantastic way to save money on our daily meals. However, before
using this agriculture technique and practice, it is critical to thoroughly investigate its benefits
and drawbacks. As a result, we can evaluate if these items are the best alternative for us to
make the most money.

5. Discuss HIV its causes, prevention and treatment.

The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a virus that attacks the immune system
and damages it. The immune system is the body's defense system against infection and
disease. HIV infection, if left untreated, can progress to a deadly condition known as
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) (AIDS).

People with HIV who have access to high-quality healthcare are much less likely to
acquire AIDS once they begin HIV treatment. HIV has become a manageable condition,
according to specialists such as the World Health Organization (WHO) and many individuals
with HIV live long, healthy lives.

HIV is contracted through contact with HIV-infected blood, sperm, or vaginal

secretions. The majority of people contract HIV by having unprotected intercourse with an
HIV-positive person. Sharing drug needles with someone who is HIV-positive is another
typical way to obtain it. During pregnancy, birth, or breastfeeding, the virus can be
transferred from a woman to her infant. Outside the body, HIV has a hard time surviving. As
a result, it cannot be shared by casual touch such as kissing or exchanging drinking glasses
with someone who is infected.

HIV is frequently shared by those who are unaware that they are infected. As a result,
it's critical to always practice safer sex in order to protect yourself and others. Until you're
confident you and your partner aren't infected with HIV or another sexually transmitted
infection, use a condom every time you have sex (including oral sex) (STI). At any given
time, don't have more than one sex partner. The safest sex is with one partner who has sex
only with you.

Before you have your first sex, talk to your spouse. Check to see if he or she is HIV-
positive. Get tested as a group. In the meanwhile, use condoms. Before sex, don't drink a lot
of alcohol or use illegal substances. You can let your guard down and not engage in safer sex.
Personal things such as toothbrushes and razors should not be shared. Never let anyone else
use your needles or syringes.

You can take antiretroviral therapy to help prevent yourself from HIV infection if you
are at a high risk of contracting the virus. Experts may advise this for persons whose sexual
habits place them at high risk of contracting HIV, such as males who have sex with men and
those who have a lot of sex partners. People who inject illegal narcotics, particularly if
needles are shared. Adults who have an HIV-positive sex partner. Even if you're taking the
drug, you should still practice safer sex to keep your risk low.

A combination of drugs known as antiretroviral therapy, or ART, is the standard

treatment for HIV. Antiretroviral drugs reduce the virus's ability to multiply. These
medications can help you stay healthy by reducing the quantity of virus in your body.

A doctor will do two tests on a regular basis to monitor your HIV infection and its
impact on your immune system: the viral load, which measures the amount of virus in your
blood, and the CD4+ cell count, which measures how well your immune system is
performing.

It's critical to follow your doctor's instructions for taking your medications when you
begin therapy. When treatment fails, it's usually because HIV has developed a resistance to
the medication. This can occur if you do not take your medications as prescribed.

Many HIV-positive persons enjoy long and normal lives. However, because of the
potential of immune system damage, it is critical to follow a pharmaceutical regimen,
improve one's overall health, maintain communication with doctors, and support one's mental
health.