19-07-2023

Basic Electrical
Engineering
Unit 5

Ideal voltage source

• An ideal voltage source is a voltage
source that supplies constant voltage to a
circuit independent of the load.
• An Ideal voltage source is a two-terminal
device whose voltage at any instant of
time is constant and is independent of the
current drawn from it.
• Ideal Voltage Source have zero internal
resistance. Practically an ideal voltage Practical voltage source
source cannot be obtained.
• Sources having some amount of internal
resistances are known as Practical
Voltage Source.
• Due to this internal resistance; voltage
drop takes place, and it causes the
terminal voltage to reduce. The smaller is
the internal resistance (RS) of a voltage
source, the more closer it is to an Ideal
Source.

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Ideal Current Source

• An Ideal current source is a two-
terminal circuit element which supplies the
same current to any load resistance
connected across its terminals.
• It is important to keep in mind that the
current supplied by the current source is
independent of the voltage of source
terminals.
• It has infinite internal shunt resistance.

Practical Current Source

A practical current source is represented

as an ideal current source connected with
the resistance in parallel.
It has finite internal shunt resistance.

Linear Network: A network in which values of

the circuit elements (resistance, inductance and
capacitance) remain constant, irrespective of Active Network: If electric circuit
change in voltage or current, is known as 'linear contains at least single energy source, it is
network'. Ohm's law is applicable to such called 'Active network'. It may be either
network. voltage or current source.
Non Linear Network: On the other hand, if Passive Network: A circuit in absence of
values of the circuit elements change with an energy source containing only passive
change in voltage or current, such a network is elements is called 'Passive network'.
called 'Non-linear network'. Ohm's law is not
applicable to such a network.

Lumped Network: If all the network

Bilateral Network: If characteristics or behavior elements are physically separable, such a
of the circuit is independent of direction of current network is called 'lumped network'. Most
through various elements, such a network is called of the electrical networks are lumped in
'bilateral’. Network comprised of pure resistance nature.
is bilateral one. Distributed Network: A network in
Unilateral Network: If characteristic or behavior which elements are not physically
of the circuit depends on direction of separable is known as 'distributed
current through one or more elements it is called network'.
'Unilateral Network’. A diode allows flow of
current only in one direction when it is forward
biased, circuit consisting of diode is unilateral one.

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Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law

• “The algebraic sum of the products of
currents and resistances in each of the
conductors in any closed path (or mesh) in a
network plus the algebraic sum of the emfs in
that path is zero”.
• In any electrical network, algebraic sum of
voltage drops across various elements in any
closed loop or mesh is equal to algebraic sum S IR +Semf = 0 (round the mesh)
of EMFs in that loop.

Kirchhoff’s Current Law

• “In any electrical network, the algebraic sum
of the currents meeting at a point is zero.”
Or
• “The algebraic sum of all currents entering
and exiting a node must equal zero.”

S I = 0 ……at a junction or node

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Delta to Star
Compare the resistances between terminals 1 and 2.

Compare the resistances between terminals 2 and 3.

Compare the resistances between terminals 3 and 1

Adding equation 1 and 4

Delta to Star
Adding equation 1 and 4

Which gives us the final equation for resistor P as:

Similarly:

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Star to Delta
Eq…………1

Eq…………2
add eq 4,5,& 6 , then
𝐴𝐵𝐶 𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶
Eq…………3 𝑃𝑄 + 𝑄𝑅 + 𝑅𝑃 =
𝐴+𝐵+𝐶
Multiply eq 1*2, 2*3 and 3*1, then 𝐴𝐵𝐶
𝑃𝑄 + 𝑄𝑅 + 𝑅𝑃 = . . Eq7
(𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶)
𝐴 𝐵𝐶
𝑃𝑄 = 𝑒𝑞 … … 4 Divide eq 7 to 1 , then
𝐴+𝐵+𝐶 Divide Eq 7 to 3 , then
𝐴𝐵𝐶
𝑄𝑅 = 𝑒𝑞 … … 5
𝐴+𝐵+𝐶
𝐴𝐵 𝐶 Divide Eq 7 to 2 , then
𝑅𝑃 = 𝑒𝑞 … … 6
𝐴+𝐵+𝐶

Delta to Star If all resistance are same:

Star to Delta
𝑿→𝑿 𝟑 𝐘 → 𝟑𝒀
𝑌∗𝑌 𝑌
𝑋∗𝑋 𝑋 𝐴= +𝑌+𝑌 = + 2𝑌 = 3Y
𝑃= = =𝑋 3 𝑌 𝑌
𝑋 + 𝑋 + 𝑋 3𝑋

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Superposition Theorem
Superposition Theorem states that “In any
linear, bilateral network containing at least two
energy sources, the current flowing through a
particular branch is the algebraic sum of the
currents flowing through that branch when each
independent source is considered separately and
all other independent sources are replaced by
their respective internal resistances.”

Note: Voltage source – Short circuit

Current Source – Open Circuit

Explanation
Consider the ckt shown in fig. and we have
to find current Through AB Terminal by
superposition theorem.

Step 1:- Consider 10 V w.r.t 20V short

circuit then find current AB terminal

Step 2:- Consider 20 V w.r.t 10 shot circuit

then find current AB terminal

Step 3 As per superposition

𝐼1 = 𝐼 + 𝐼
𝐼2 = 𝐼 + 𝐼
𝐼𝐴𝐵 = 𝐼 − 𝐼

I’ and I’’ can be calculated by

using KVL or branch current
method.

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Thevenin’s Theorem
Thevenin's Theorem states that
“Any linear active bilateral circuit
containing several voltages/current source
and resistances can be replaced by just one
single voltage in series with a single
resistance connected across the load“.

Explanation
Consider the ckt shown in fig. and we have to find
current Through AB Terminal by Thevenin’s theorem.

Step 1: Identify Load branch (Always Given)

Step 2: Find Thevenin’s equivalent resistance
1. All independent voltage source short circuit
2. All independent current source open circuit
3. Remove Load branch and find equivalent
resistance across load terminal.
10 and 20 ohm resistance are parallel to each other so Req = 6.67Ω

Step 3: Find Thevenin’s voltage

1. All independent voltage and current source as it is
2. All passive element as it is except load branch
3. Remove Load branch and find Thevenin’s voltage
(open circuit voltage)

This current of 0.33 amperes (330mA) is common to both

resistors so the voltage drop across the 20Ω resistor or
the 10Ω resistor can be calculated as:
VAB = 20 – (20Ω x 0.33amps) = 13.33 volts.
Step 4: Draw Thevenin’s voltage equivalent circuit:

Then the Thevenin’s Equivalent circuit would

consist or a series resistance of 6.67Ω and a
voltage source of 13.33v. With the 40Ω resistor
connected back into the circuit we get:

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