Service Model:-

Cloud computing is based on Service Model. The Service Models are categorized into
three basic models. Cloud computing services are divided into three classes, according to the
abstraction level of the capability provided and the service model of providers, namely:

1. Infrastructure as a Service
2. Platform as a Service
3. Software as a Service.

Figure (a) depicts the layered organization of the cloud stack from physical infrastructure to
applications.

Figure (a) Cloud Service Models

These abstraction levels can also be viewed as a layered architecture where services of a
higher layer can be composed from services of the underlying layer. The reference model
explains the role of each layer in an integrated architecture. A core middleware manages physical
resources and the VMs deployed on top of them; in addition, it provides the required features
(e.g., accounting and billing) to offer multi-tenant pay-as-you-go services.

Cloud development environments are built on top of infrastructure services to offer

application development and deployment capabilities; in this level, various programming models,
libraries, APIs, and mashup editors enable the creation of a range of business, Web, and scientific
applications.
Once deployed in the cloud, these applications can be consumed by end users.

1) Infrastructure As a Service :-

IaaS is also known as hardware as a Service (HaaS). It is one of the layers of the
cloud computing platform. It allows customers to outsource their IT infrastructure such as
Servers, Networking, Processing, Storage, Virtual machines, and other resources. Customers
access these resources on the Internet using a pay-as-per use model.
 In traditional hosting services, IT infrastructure was rented out for a specific was rented out
for a specific period of time, with pre-determined hardware configuration. The client paid for the
configuration and time, regardless of the actual use. With the help of the IaaS cloud computing
platform layer, clients can dynamically scale the configuration to meet changing requirements
and are billed only for the services actually used.

IaaS cloud computing platform layer eliminates the need for every organization to maintain
the IT infrastructure.

The capability provided to the consumer is to provision processing, storage, networks, and
other fundamental computing resources where the consumer is able to deploy and run arbitrary
software, which can include operating systems and applications.

The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure but has control
over operating systems, storage, deployed applications, and possibly limited control of select
networking components.

Examples:

▪ Amazon EC2
▪ Eucalyputs
▪ OpenNebula

System architecture:-

IaaS provided services

I) Resource Management Interface:-

✓ Several types of virtualized resource:

Virtual Machine –

As an IaaS provider, we should be able to provide the basic virtual machine

operations.

Example:-
 Creation, suspension, resumption and termination

Virtual Storage –

As an IaaS provider, we should be able to provide the basic virtual storage

operations.

Example:-

Space allocation, space release, data writing and data reading

Virtual Network –

As an IaaS provider, we should be able to provide the basic virtual network

operations.

Example:-

IP address allocation, domain name register, connection establishment and bandwidth

provision

ii) System Monitoring Interface

✓ Several types of monitoring metrics :

Virtual Machine –

As an IaaS provider, we should be able to monitor some system states of each virtual
machine.

Example:-

CPU loading, memory utilization, IO loading and internal network loading

Virtual Storage –

As an IaaS provider, we should be able to monitor some storage states of each

virtual storage.

Example:-

Virtual space utilization, data duplication and storage device access bandwidth

Virtual Network –

As an IaaS provider, we should be able to monitor some network states of each

virtual network.

Example:-

Virtual network bandwidth, network connectivity and network load balancing

IaaS enabling technique
Virtualization
Virtualization is an abstraction of logical resources away from underlying physical
resources.

➢ Virtualization technique shift OS onto hypervisor.

➢ Multiple OS share the physical hardware and provide different services.
➢ Improve utilization, availability, security and convenience.

• Properties supported by virtualization technique :

✓ Manageability and Interoperability

✓ Availability and Reliability
✓ Scalability and Elasticity

Properties are explained in above 1.2.2.

Computing Virtualization
Storage Virtualization
Network Virtualization

Computing System:-

IaaS is typically understood as virtualized compute resources, so for the purposes

of this article, we will define IaaS compute as a virtual machine. Providers manage the
hypervisors and end users can then programmatically provision virtual “instances” with desired
amounts of compute and memory (and sometimes storage).

Most providers offer both CPUs and GPUs for different types of workloads. Cloud
compute also typically comes paired with supporting services like auto scaling and load balancing
that provide the scale and performance characteristics that make cloud desirable in the first place.

Network System:-
 Networking in the cloud is a form of Software Defined Networking in which traditional
networking hardware, such as routers and switches, are made available programmatically,
typically through APIs.

More advanced networking use cases involve the construction of multi-zone regions
and virtual private clouds, both of which will be discussed in more detail later.

Storage Network:-

The three primary types of cloud storage are block storage, file storage, and object
storage. Block and file storage are common in traditional data centers but can often struggle with
scale, performance and distributed characteristics of cloud.

Thus, of the three, object storage has thus become the most common mode of storage
in the cloud given that it is highly distributed (and thus resilient), it leverages commodity hardware,
data can be accessed easily over HTTP, and scale is not only essentially limitless but
performance scales linearly as the cluster grows.

2) Platform as A Service:-

Platform as a Service (PaaS) provides a runtime environment. It allows programmers

to easily create, test, run, and deploy web applications. You can purchase these applications from
a cloud service provider on a pay-as-per use basis and access them using the Internet
connection. In PaaS, back end scalability is managed by the cloud service provider, so end- users
do not need to worry about managing the infrastructure.

PaaS includes infrastructure (servers, storage, and networking) and platform

(middleware, development tools, database management systems, business intelligence, and
more) to support the web application life cycle.

The capability provided to the consumer is to deploy onto the cloud infrastructure
consumer-created or acquired applications created using programming languages and tools
supported by the provider.

The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure including
network, servers, operating systems, or storage, but has control over the deployed applications
and possibly application hosting environment configurations.

Examples:-

✓ Microsoft Windows Azure

✓ Google App Engine
✓ Hadoop

PaaS is the development platform that abstracts the infrastructure, OS, and middleware to drive
developer productivity.

System architecture:
PaaS enabling technique:-
Runtime Environment:-

Runtime environment refers to collection of software services available.Usually implemented

by a collection of program libraries.

Common properties in Runtime Environment:

✓ Manageability and Interoperability

✓ Performance and Optimization
✓ Availability and Reliability
✓ Scalability and Elasticity

Properties are explained in above 1.2.2.

PaaS provide services:-

i) Programming IDE

✓ Programming APIs
✓ Development tools

Programming API’s:-

The Programming API’s are designed to provide access and functionality for a cloud
environment. This means integration with databases, messaging systems, portals, and even
storage components.

Many environments today don’t use only one cloud provider or even platform. Now, there
is a need for greater cross-platform compatibility. More providers are offering generic HTTP and
HTTPS API integration to allow their customers greater cloud versatility. Furthermore, cross-
platform API’s allow cloud tenants the ability to access resources not just from their primary cloud
provider, but from others as well.
 The programming APIs supported from runtime environment may be various between
different cloud providers, but there are still some common operating functions.

Computation, storage and communication resource operation

Development tools:-

PaaS vendors offer a variety of tools that are necessary for the software development,
including a source code editor, a debugger, a compiler, and other essential tools. These tools may
be offered together as a framework. The specific tools offered will depend on the vendor, but
PaaS offering should include everything a developer needs to build their application.

Users make use of programming IDE to develop their service among PaaS.

✓ This IDE should integrate the full functionalities which supported from the underling
runtime environment.
✓ This IDE should also provide some development tools, such as profiler, debugger and
testing environment.

ii) System Control Interface:-

✓ Policy based approach

✓ Workflow based approach

Policy based approach:-

✓ Typically described as a principle or rule to guide decisions and achieve rational

outcome(s).
✓ Make the decision according to some requirements.

Workflow Control:-

✓ Describe the flow of installation and configuration of resources.

✓ Workflow processing daemon delivers speedy and efficient construction and
management of cloud resources.

3) Software as a service:-
SaaS is also known as "On-Demand Software". It is a software distribution model in
which services are hosted by a cloud service provider. These services are available to end-users
over the internet so, the end-users do not need to install any software on their devices to access
these services.

The capability provided to the consumer is to use the provider’s applications running on
a cloud infrastructure. The applications are accessible from various client devices through a thin
client interface such as a web browser (e.g., web-based email).

The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure including
network, servers, operating systems, storage, or even individual application capabilities, with the
possible exception of limited user-specific application configuration settings.

SaaS is the finished applications that you rent and customize.

Example:-

✓ Google Apps (e.g., Gmail, Google Docs, Google sites, …etc)

✓ SalesForce.com
✓ EyeOS

SaaS enabling technique

Web Service

Web 2.0 is the trend of using the full potential of the web

✓ Viewing the Internet as a computing platform

✓ Running interactive applications through a web browser
✓ Leveraging interconnectivity and mobility of devices
✓ Enhanced effectiveness with greater human participation

Properties provided by Internet:

➢ Accessibility and Portability

Properties are explained in above 1.2.2.

SaaS provide services

1) Web-based Applications

Conventional applications should translate their access interface onto web-based platform.

General applications
Business applications
Scientific applications
Government applications
Applications in different domains:-

General Applications –

Applications which are designed for general propose

Example:-

office suit, multimedia and instant message

Business Applications –

Application which are designed for business propose.

Example:-

ERP, CRM and market trading system

Scientific Applications –

Application which are designed for scientific propose.

Example:-

aerospace simulation and biochemistry simulation

Government Applications –

Applications which are designed for government propose.

Example:-

national medical system and public transportation system service

2) Web Portal:-

Apart from the standard search engine feature, web portals offer other services such
as e-mail, news, stock prices, information, databases and entertainment.

Portals provide a way for enterprises to provide a consistent look and feel with access
control and procedures for multiple applications and databases, which otherwise would have been
different entities altogether.

Client portal essentially does is it puts your data and customers in a unified space that is
made accessible to your customers as well. Not only that but it also streamlines the processing of
the information in an organization.

Examples:-

✓ iGoogle
✓ MSNBC
✓ Netvibes
✓ Yahoo!
Deployment Model:-
A cloud deployment model represents a specific type of cloud environment, primarily
distinguished by ownership, size and access.

There are four deployment models mentioned below:

Public Cloud
Private Cloud
Community Cloud
Hybrid Cloud

Each can exhibit the previously discussed characteristics; their differences lie primarily in
the scope and access of published cloud services, as they are made available to service
consumers.

1. Public Cloud :-
This Model differs from the previous model in that it is open for the public; it is not
private and not exclusively for community. In this Model, a public cloud can be provisioned for
public to use it to satisfy their needs. The owner, manager, and operator of this cloud could to be
a government, private organization, a business or academic organization, and sometimes many of
them can be in one cloud and get the service from the same provider.

In public clouds, resources are offered as a service, usually over an internet connection,
for a pay-per-usage fee. Users can scale their use on demand and do not need to purchase
hardware to use the service.

The cloud infrastructure is made available to the general public or a large industry group
and is owned by an organization selling cloud services.

Also known as external cloud or multi-tenant cloud, this model essentially represents a
cloud environment that is openly accessible.

Advantage:-

✓ It offers greater scalability.

✓ Its cost effectiveness helps you save money.
✓ It offers reliability which means no single point of failure will interrupt your service.
 ✓ Services like SaaS,(PaaS),(IaaS) are easily available on public cloud platform as it can
be accessed from anywhere through any internet enabled devices.
✓ It is location independent – the services are available wherever the client is located.

Disadvantage:-

✓ No control over privacy or security.

✓ Cannot be used for use of sensitive applications.
✓ Lacks complete flexibility as the platform depends on the platform provider.
✓ No Stringent protocols regarding data management.

Characteristics:-

✓ Homogeneous infrastructure
✓ Common policies
✓ Shared resources and multi-tenant
✓ Leased or rented infrastructure
✓ Economies of scale

Example:-

✓ Amazon AWS
✓ Google Apps
✓ Salesforce’s.com
✓ Microsoft BPOS
✓ Microsoft Office 365

3) Private Cloud:-
In this model, the cloud provider provides cloud infrastructure to a single organization
that has many consumers. This infrastructure is to be used exclusively for their use and need.
The owner, manager, and operator of this could be the organization itself, a third party, or the
organization and third party together. This private cloud could be on premises or off premises.
The only big advantage that private cloud has over public cloud is that of data security and
privacy. Private cloud is also known as an internal cloud or corporate cloud.

The cloud infrastructure is operated solely for an organization. It may be managed by

the organization or a third party and may exist on premise or off premise. Also referred to as
internal cloud or on-premise cloud, a private cloud intentionally limits access to its resources to
service consumers that belong to the same organization that owns the cloud.
Advantage:-

✓ Offers greater security and privacy.

✓ Offers more control over system configuration us per the company’s need.
✓ Greater reliability when it comes to performance
✓ Enhances the quality of service offered by the clients
✓ Saves Money.

Disadvantage

✓ Expensive when compared to public cloud

✓ Requires IT Expertise

Characteristics

✓ Heterogeneous infrastructure
✓ Customized and tailored policies
✓ Dedicated resources
✓ In-house infrastructure
✓ End-to-end control

Compare Between Private Cloud And Public Cloud

Public Cloud Private Cloud

Infrastructure Homogeneous Heterogeneous
Policy Model Common defined Customized & Tailored
Resource Model Shared & Multi-tenant Dedicated
Cost Model Operational expenditure Capital expenditure
Economy Model Large economy of scale End-to-end control

4) Community Cloud:-
In this model, the cloud provider provides cloud infrastructure to many organizations that
forms community that shares mission, security requirements that forms community that shares
mission, security requirements, compliance consideration, or policy. This infrastructure is to be
used exclusively for their uses and needs. The owner, manager, and operator of this cloud could
be one of organizations, a third party, or the organization and third party together. This
Community cloud could be on premises or off premises.

The cloud infrastructure is shared by several organizations and supports a specific

community that has shared concerns (e.g., mission, security requirements, policy, and
compliance considerations).
 Advantage:-
✓ Cost of setting up a communal cloud versus individual private cloud can be cheaper
due to the division of costs among all participants.
✓ Management of the community cloud can be outsourced to a cloud provider. The
advantage here is that provider would be an impartial third party that is bound by
contract and that has no preference to any of the clients involved other than what is
contractually mandated.
✓ Tools residing in the community cloud can be used to leverage the information
stored to serve consumers and the supply chain, such as return tracking and just-
in-time production and distribution.

Disadvantage:-

✓ Costs higher than public cloud.

✓ Fixed amount of bandwidth and data storage is shared among all community
members.

Characteristics:-

✓ Openness and impartiality

✓ Flexibility and Scalability
✓ High Availability and Reliability
✓ Security And compliance
✓ Convenience and Control

Example:-

✓ Our government organization within India may share computing infrastructure in

the cloud to manage data.

4) Hybrid Cloud:-
This model comprises two or more deployment models (private, community, or public).
The cloud infrastructure can be combination of those models. Data center within an organization,
private cloud, and public cloud can be combined in order to get services and data from both in
order to create a well managed and unified computing environment. A cloud can be considered
hybrid if the data moves from a data center to a private cloud or public cloud or vice versa.
 The cloud infrastructure is a composition of two or more clouds (private, community, or
public) that remain unique entities but are bound together by standardized or proprietary
technology that enables data and application portability.

Advantage:-

✓ It is scalable.
✓ It is cost efficient.
✓ Offers greater flexibility.
✓ Offers better security.

Disadvantage:-

✓ Infrastructure Dependency
✓ Possibility of security breach through public cloud

Characteristics:-

✓ Dynamic or frequently changing workloads

✓ Big data Processing
✓ Separating critical workloads from less-sensitive workloads
✓ Moving to the cloud incrementally, at your own pace.
✓ Temporary processing capacity needs
✓ Flexibility for the future
✓ Best of the worlds

Example:-

✓ cloud bursting for load-balancing between clouds.