Introduction to Digital Image

Processing

by
Dr.R.Hemalatha, Associate Professor, ECE
SSN College of Engineering

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 Session Objectives

• To introduce the basics of digital image.

• To elaborate the elements of a image processing system.

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 Session Outcomes

At the end of the session, you will be able,

• To know the processing of an digital image.
• To identify the key stages and components of an image
processing system.

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U1-CO1 Outline

1
Image Processing Basics

2 Fundamental Steps in Image

Processing
3 Components of an Image
Processing System

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 Image
• An image may be defined as a two – dimensional function, f(x,y),
where ‘x’ and ‘y’ are spatial (plane) coordinates, and the
amplitude of ‘f’ at any pair of coordinates (x,y) is called the
intensity or gray level of the image at that point.
• When x, y and the amplitude values of ‘f’ are all finite discrete
quantities, then it is a digital image.
• Digital Image Processing refers to processing digital images by
means of a digital computer.
• A digital image is composed of a finite number of elements, each
of which has a particular location and value, called as picture
elements, image elements, pels or pixels.

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 History of Digital Image Processing

1920-Bartlane 1922-Improved digital 1929-Early 15 tone

cable picture (5 tone) image digital image

1980-
Drastic
evolution

1970-CAT 1964-Ranger 7-Moon

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Bartlane Cable Picture transmission system

• Early 1920s: One of the first applications of digital imaging

was in the news-paper industry
– The Bartlane cable picture transmission service
– Images were transferred by submarine cable between
London and New York
– Pictures were coded for cable transfer and reconstructed
at the receiving end on a telegraph printer

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 Photographic reproduction method

• Mid to late 1920s: Improvements to the Bartlane system

resulted in higher quality images
– New reproduction processes based on photographic
techniques
– Increased number of tones in reproduced images

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 Computer based Processing

• 1960s: Improvements in computing technology and the onset of

the space race led to a surge of work in digital image processing
– 1964: Computers used to improve the quality of images of
the moon taken by the Ranger 7 probe
– Such techniques were used in other space missions
including the Apollo landings

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 Key Stages in Digital Image Processing
Image Morphological
Restoration Processing

Image
Segmentation
Enhancement

Image Object
Acquisition Recognition

Representation
Problem Domain & Description
Colour Image Image
Processing Compression

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 Key Stages in Digital Image Processing -
Acquisition
Image Morphological
Restoration Processing

Image
Segmentation
Enhancement

Image Object
Acquisition Recognition

Representation
Problem Domain & Description
Colour Image Image
Processing Compression

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 Key Stages in Digital Image Processing -
Image Enhancement
Image Morphological
Restoration Processing

Image
Segmentation
Enhancement

Image Object
Acquisition Recognition

Representation
Problem Domain & Description
Colour Image Image
Processing Compression

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 Key Stages in Digital Image Processing -
Image Restoration
Image Morphological
Restoration Processing

Image
Segmentation
Enhancement

Image Object
Acquisition Recognition

Representation
Problem Domain & Description
Colour Image Image
Processing Compression

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 Key Stages in Digital Image Processing -
Morphological Processing
Image Morphological
Restoration Processing

Image
Segmentation
Enhancement

Image Object
Acquisition Recognition

Representation
Problem Domain & Description
Colour Image Image
Processing Compression

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 Key Stages in Digital Image Processing -
Segmentation
Image Morphological
Restoration Processing

Image
Segmentation
Enhancement

Image Object
Acquisition Recognition

Representation
Problem Domain & Description
Colour Image Image
Processing Compression

UEC1722 Digital Image and Video

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 Key Stages in Digital Image Processing -
Object Recognition
Image Morphological
Restoration Processing

Image
Segmentation
Enhancement

Image Object
Acquisition Recognition

Representation
Problem Domain & Description
Colour Image Image
Processing Compression

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 Key Stages in Digital Image Processing -
Representation & Description
Image Morphological
Restoration Processing

Image
Segmentation
Enhancement

Image Object
Acquisition Recognition

Representation
Problem Domain & Description
Colour Image Image
Processing Compression

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 Key Stages in Digital Image Processing -
Image Compression
Image Morphological
Restoration Processing

Image
Segmentation
Enhancement

Image Object
Acquisition Recognition

Representation
Problem Domain & Description
Colour Image Image
Processing Compression

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 Key Stages in Digital Image Processing -
Colour Image Processing
Image Morphological
Restoration Processing

Image
Segmentation
Enhancement

Image Object
Acquisition Recognition

Representation
Problem Domain & Description
Colour Image Image
Processing Compression

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Fundamental steps in Digital Image
Processing

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 Fundamental Steps in Image Processing
• Image acquisition
• Preprocessing – to improve the image in ways that increase
• the chances for success of the other processes
• Segmentation – to partition an image into objects
• Representation – to transform raw data into a form suitable for
subsequent computer processing
• Description or feature selection – it deals with extracting features
• Recognition – process of assigning label to an object based on
the information provided by its descriptors
• Interpretation – assigning meaning to an ensemble of recognized
objects
• Knowledge base – to take decision

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Components of an Image Processing System

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 Summary

• The digital image and its processing is introduced

• Origin of digital image processing is provided
• Fundamental steps in digital image processing is explained

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 Test your understanding

1. What is image processing?

2. What are pels?
3. List the different steps of image processing.
4. What are the components required to build an image
processing system?
5. Differentiate image enhancement and restoration.

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 Do it yourself

 Generate an image of a graded circle lying in the middle of a

square using MATLAB.

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 References
• Gonzalez and Woods, Digital Image Processing, Pearson,
Third Edition, 2008.

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